Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

本研究旨在探討單親就業家長所面臨之工作與家庭平衡問題，並就性別觀點，針對男女單親家長所具有之正式與非正式支持系統差異進行檢視，以進一步探究影響支持其工作與家庭角色平衡之因素。本研究之方法，係以育有未滿18歲未成年子女之十一位單親就業家長為研究對象，包含五位男性與六位女性，採用深度訪談法進行質化資料分析。主要研究結果如下： 一、工作與家庭平衡概況方面：無論男女單親家長均面臨較高的工作與家庭平衡困境，但女性單親家長因家庭角色影響工作角色之程度較男性單親為高，而男性單親家長因工作角色影響家庭角色之程度則較女性單親為高。 二、工作與家庭平衡支持方面：非正式系統中，男性單親獲得工作與家庭角色平衡支持的程度較女性單親為高；正式系統中，男性單親在企業職場獲得較高工作角色支持，而女性單親則是在政府社會服務與結構性非正式系統中獲得較高的工作與家庭平衡支持。 三、工作與家庭平衡能力之影響因素方面：托顧服務及請休假制度均有助於單親家長取得家庭角色之平衡，工作彈性化措施則有助於單親家長取得工作角色之平衡；此外，傳統父系社會觀念直接影響男女單親家長取得非正式系統對支持家庭角色平衡之性別差異，職業取向則間接影響男女單親家長取得企業職場支持工作角色平衡之性別差異。 　　最後，根據上述研究結果，本文參考歐美先進國家之友善單親相關政策與方案，嘗試對政府之社會與勞動部門、非營利之單親服務機構及企業組織，就政策面與實務面分別提出相關改善建議，以供未來研究政策規劃與執行之參考。 關鍵詞：單親家長、工作與家庭平衡、友善家庭政策、社會支持系統、性別差異 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the work and family balance challenges of employed single parents in Taiwan. From the gender perspective, this study also examines the differences between single fathers and single mothers in formal and informal support systems. Further, this thesis explores the impact of the factors which support the single parents to balance their work and family roles. Adopting in-depth interview, this study interviews employed single parents who raise children under 18, including five fathers and six mothers. The main findings of this research are as follows: 1. Both single fathers and mothers face higher work-family balance difficulties, but single mothers’ family-work conflicts are higher than single fathers, while single fathers’ work-family conflicts are higher than single mothers. 2. Single fathers have more informal support resources to the balance of work and family roles than single mothers, and also get more support on job than single mothers from companies. Instead, single mothers get more resources from government’s social services and structured informal system to balance work and family roles than single fathers. 3. Family care service and leave program are both useful to help single parents to obtain the balances between work and family, and the measures of work flexibility are helpful for single parents to balance their job roles. In addition, under the informal systems, the patriarchal concept of traditional Chinese society affects gender differences directly in terms of single parents’ balance of family roles. On the other side, career orientation affects gender differences indirectly to obtain the balance of job roles in companies. According to the study, this thesis makes some suggestions on policy planning and implementation for government's social and labor departments, nonprofit organizations as well as companies. Keywords: single parent, work and family balance, family-friendly policies, social support system, gender difference

Abstract Background and aims: Growing evidence supports the existence of clinically significant problems in social-emotional/behavioral (SEB) development among infants and toddlers and the importance of early identification of these problems. There is a lack of research on the occurrence and identification of problems in the SEB domain among the Finnish general population of 1 to 2-year-old children. The present study examined these important issues. Given the dearth of earlier research knowledge, particular emphasis was focused on analyzing possible moderating effects of the assessed child’s and informant’s gender on the results. Subjects and methods: Oulu toddler (N = 208, age 18 months), Oulu infant (N = 227, age 12 months), and Oulu Province (N = 1008, age 12 months) samples were collected during 2008–2013 in collaboration with child health centers. Both mothers and fathers completed questionnaires assessing their child´s SEB development (e.g. the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment; Briggs-Gowan & Carter, 2006) and the family’s sociodemographic characteristics. Child healthcare nurse (CHCN) worry reports concerning the children’s development and family well-being were also gathered. Main results and conclusions: In parental ratings, girls obtained higher SEB competence scores than boys, whereas boys got higher SEB problem scores than girls, particularly among the toddler sample. Thus, boys may have an elevated risk of parent-reported problem behaviors and delays in SEB competences even before the age of 2 years. Compared to fathers, mothers were prone to rate the toddlers higher in both SEB competences and problems, especially with regard to externalizing behavior problems and problems in boys. Elevated interparental rating differences were associated with relatively elevated maternal parenting stress. Therefore, it is recommended to gather data on young children’s SEB development from both parents when possible and to focus clinical attention on the issue if the parental reports differ significantly. Parents and CHCNs seldom recognized SEB problems and delays in competency as problematical in 1-year-old infants, even in the case of infants who were screened to be in the of-concern range on the age-appropriate measure of SEB development. Thus, further efforts are needed for developing the identification of early problems in SEB development by both parents and preventive child healthcare professionals in Finland. / Tiivistelmä Tausta ja tavoitteet: Kasvava näyttö tukee käsitystä, että kliinisesti merkittäviä sosioemotionaalisen ja käyttäytymisen (SEK) kehityksen ongelmia esiintyy jo vauva- ja taaperoikäisillä ja että näiden ongelmien varhainen tunnistaminen on tärkeää. SEK-kehityksen ongelmien esiintymisestä ja tunnistamisesta 1–2-vuotaiden väestössä Suomessa puuttuu tutkimustietoa. Tämä tutkimus arvioi näitä tärkeitä aiheita. Tutkimuksessa huomioitiin erityisesti sekä tutkittavan lapsen että arvioitsijan sukupuolen mahdollinen moderoiva vaikutus tuloksiin, koska aiempaa tutkimustietoa tästä näkökulmasta on vähän. Tutkittavat ja menetelmät: Oulu taapero (N = 208, ikä 18 kk), Oulu vauva (N = 227, ikä 12 kk) ja Oulun lääni (N = 1008, ikä 12 kk) -aineistot kerättiin vuosina 2008–2013 yhteistyössä lastenneuvoloiden kanssa. Sekä äidit että isät täyttivät lomakkeet, jotka arvioivat lapsen SEK-kehitystä (mm. the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment; Briggs-Gowan & Carter, 2006) ja perheen sosiodemografisia taustatekijöitä. Myös terveydenhoitajan raportit lapsen kehitykseen ja perheen hyvinvointiin liittyvistä huolista kerättiin. Päätulokset ja johtopäätökset: Vanhempien arvioimina tytöt saivat korkeampia pistemääriä SEK-taidoissa kuin pojat, kun taas pojat saivat korkeampia pistemääriä SEK-ongelmissa kuin tytöt, etenkin taaperoaineistossa. Pojilla saattaakin olla kohonnut riski vanhempien raportoimille käytösongelmille ja SEK-kehityksen viiveille jopa ennen 2 vuoden ikää. Isiin verrattuina äidit olivat taipuvaisia antamaan korkeampia pisteitä sekä SEK-taito- että -ongelmaosioissa taaperoikäisten aineistossa, etenkin koskien ulospäin suuntautuvia käytösongelmia ja poikien ongelmia. Suurentuneet eroavaisuudet vanhempien antamissa arvioissa olivat yhteydessä suhteellisesti kohonneeseen vanhemmuuden stressiin äideillä. Onkin suositeltavaa kerätä tietoa pienen lapsen SEK-kehityksestä kummaltakin vanhemmalta, jos mahdollista, ja kiinnittää kliinistä huomiota asiaan, jos vanhempien antamat tiedot eriävät merkittävästi. Vanhemmat ja terveydenhoitajat tunnistivat SEK-ongelmia ja taitojen puutteita harvoin huolenaiheiksi 1-vuotiailla, vaikka nämä vauvat olisivat seuloutuneet huolialueelle ikätasoon soveltuvalla SEK-kehityksen mittarilla. Tarvitaankin lisätoimia, jotta vanhemmat ja terveydenhuollon ammattilaiset oppivat paremmin tunnistamaan varhaisia SEK-kehityksen ongelmia Suomessa.

In The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology, gender difference in the two-gender model is examined from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. For this purpose, three social constructivist theories of gender difference are brought into conversation with each other under the prism of lived body-body-person. In this way, the work aims to catch a glimpse of the gendered human being in all the spheres that open up their world. Key words: Helmuth Plessner, Philosophical Anthropology, anthropology, gender difference, gender studies, philosophy of the twentieth century, phenomenology, social philosophy, Judith Butler, Doing Gender, theory of interaction, constructivism

This theses deals with methods of making meaning of visual signs that appears most often in fragrance advertisement. This will be worked out through analysis of these visual signs. The aim of my theses is to find the most common and most frequent semiotic visual signs and stereotypes and to find out how these signs are trying to show us imagination of the smell of fragrance and also what they express. The hypothesis is a thought that contrasting of visual signs in a fragrance advertisement for women and in a fragrance advertisement for men contains different sign stereotypes and emphasizes different elements. In the theoretical part, which is, however, supported by concrete examples from practice, I describe semiotics in advertisement, advertisement in general, differences between promotional strategies of products for women and men. In the practical part the main subjects are examples of specific fragrance advertisement. I will show both denotative and connotative meanings of signs, their disposition in the room of an advertisement, the most common elements and I will also focus on differences between the advertising for both women and men. Key words: semiotic analysis, semiotics in advertisement, advertising, stereotypes, visual signs, gender difference, denotation, connotation, codes, fragrance.

Dekonstruktion bezeichnet ein durch den poststrukturalistischen Philosophen Jacques Derrida entwickeltes Lektüreverfahren, das sich gegen den tradierten hermeneutischen Ansatz richtet. Es stellt eine letztgültige, im Text enthaltene Bedeutung in Abrede, legt Brüche und Verwerfungen frei und postuliert die Unabschließbarkeit des Interpretationsvorgangs. Statt selbst einen Sinn zu behaupten, erfüllt sich der Zweck der Dekonstruktion in der Prozessualität, das heißt im Akt des Fragens selbst.

This study aimed to elucidate the role of smell diaries in Olfactory training (OT) and probe gender differences in intensity ratings and measured olfactory function throughout the OT course. Fifty olfactory loss patients (36 women and 14 men) undergoing OT rated odor intensities on a daily basis for at least 12 weeks. They exhibited significant improvement in measured olfactory function after OT; gender had no significant effect. As for the diaries, women rated odors with higher intensities than men, and ratings from women increased with time while men rated odors at the same level. Across all patients, there was a weak positive correlation between ratings and psychophysical test scores (r = 0.30, p = .04). Throughout the OT course, the increase in odor intensity ratings was more pronounced in women than it was in men (F[1, 44] = 7.9, p = .007). However, this gender-related difference was not found for measured olfactory function, suggesting pronounced gender-differentiated behaviors in terms of self-ratings of olfactory function.

Denna undersökning granskar hur representationen av de kvinnliga karaktärerna sker i Barbiefilmen Barbie Princess Adventure (2020). Granskningen genomfördes genom två separata analyser, en narrativ analys av filmen och en semiotisk visuell analys av de kvinnliga karaktärerna. Undersökningen visade på att filmen representerar en motsägelsefull femininitet. Majoriteten av den narrativa analysen visade på att de kvinnliga karaktärerna var bemyndigande, självsäkra och självständiga karaktärer med både maskulina och feminina egenskaper. I den visuella analysen och i delar av den narrativa analysen framstår karaktärerna som stereotypiskt gestaltade. De sex karaktärerna som granskades konstruerade alla en identitet av hyperfemininitet. Filmen visar på en representerad femininitet med möjligheter till jämställd individualism men i en begränsning av att de kvinnliga karaktärerna har ett hyperfeminitetisk utseende. I slutet av uppsatsen öppnar jag upp till vidare forskning och diskuterar framtiden för Barbiefilmerna. / This thesis will analyze how the female characters in the Barbie movie Barbie Princess Adventure (2020) are represented. The movie was analyzed by conducting two separate analyses. One narrative analysis of the movie and one semiotic visual analysis of six female characters. The analysis showed that the movie represented a contradictory femininity. The overall narrative analysis showed that the female characters were empowered, confident, independent and had both masculine and feminine skills and interests. The visual analysis and some conclusions from the narrative analysis showed that all the six female characters have a stereotypical image. They all show a hyperfeminine identity. The movie shows a femininity with possibilities but with the limitation of a hyperfemininen appearance. In the end of the thesis, I open up for further research on the subject and discuss the future for Barbie movies.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.