Nowadays, intergenerational mobility and gender equality have captured widespread attention. This study aims to examine the relationship between the two to provide policy insights that benefit both polarized issues. This study reviewed the existing literature and formulated hypotheses that early childhood development has long-lasting impacts on adults' outcomes and is a decisive factor in determining social mobility in adulthood. Gender equality policies play huge roles in this period, mitigating adverse effects from childhood and providing opportunities for disadvantaged children in early childhood development. This study tests the hypotheses with multiple regression and performs sensitivity analysis with an alternative proxy. The result is that public spending on childcare, female labour market participation, and child poverty are statistically significant with social mobility, while weeks of maternity leave and poverty rates of single-earner families are not.

It is by now well known that the construction sector has challenges regarding reaching equal gender balances and despite various types of actions to increase the share of women, the industry remains one of the most gender-segregated industries in the world with hardly ten percent of women in the Swedish construction sector. However, the previous industry initiatives for gender equality solely focused on increasing the share of women have been criticized by research as it disregards what may lie behind the skewed gender balances. Consequently, this thesis has investigated what gender inequalities, barriers, and opportunities that are experienced within a construction company to identify improvement areas for gender change. This was done by interviewing four men and four women in a construction company from an interpretivism standpoint and the results were found to be contradictory where proequality could be opposed with inequalities. The findings from this study could be considered by construction companies that attempt to improve gender equality. Particularly as this study has found that it exists internal barriers linked to culture and gender that may impede gender change. / Det är vid det här laget känt att byggsektorn har utmaningar när det gäller att uppnå en jämn könsfördelning och trots olika typer av åtgärder för att öka andelen kvinnor är branschen fortfarande en av de mest könssegregerade branscherna i världen med knappt tio procent kvinnor i den svenska byggsektorn. Branschens tidigare jämställdhetsinitiativ endast med fokus på att öka andelen kvinnor har dock kritiserats av forskning eftersom de bortser från vad som kan ligga bakom den skeva könsfördelningen. Följaktligen har detta examensarbete undersökt vilka ojämställdheter, hinder och möjligheter som upplevs inom ett byggföretag för att identifiera förbättringsområden för jämställdhetsförändring. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua fyra män och fyra kvinnor på ett byggföretag med en tolkande ansats och resultaten visade sig vara motsägelsefulla, där positiv inställning till jämställdhet kunde motsägas av ojämställdheter. Resultaten från denna studie skulle kunna beaktas av byggföretag som försöker förbättra jämställdheten. Särskilt eftersom denna studie har hittat interna hinder kopplade till kultur och kön som skulle kunna hindra en förändring av könsstrukturen.

Jämställdhet och trygghet är begrepp som utgör en del av de sociala hållbarhetsmålen och förväntas därmed integreras i stadsutvecklingsarbetet. Det offentliga rummet är till för alla där rummet bidrar till en känsla av delaktighet och samhörighet, men stämmer det? Statistik tyder på att det är betydligt fler kvinnor än män som känner sig otrygga utomhus, den upplevda oron och rädslan kan i vissa fall begränsa kvinnor från att befinna sig ute i det offentliga. Det offentliga rummet ska inte begränsa individens användning av det, snarare motivera individen till att gå ut och socialisera sig. Historiskt har det offentliga rummet använts av män och har därför planerats utifrån mäns behov och perspektiv. Då det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan män och kvinnor behöver genusperspektivet implementeras vid planering av fysiska miljöer. Utförandet av studien delas in i två delar där första delen består av litteraturstudien som var nödvändig för att samla kunskap inom fokusområdet. Litteraturstudien har besvarat frågor vad gäller den upplevda tryggheten, vad den möjligtvis kan bero på och varför det uppstår skillnader mellan män och kvinnor. Andra delen består av en intervjustudie och dokumentstudie som utförts för att sammanställa kvalitativ information om hur kommunala stadsplaneringen arbetar för att främja tryggheten. Fyra respondenter deltog och delade med sig av sina erfarenheter, sedan kompletterades de svaren med dokumentstudier där översiktsplaner granskades i första hand. Kvinnor och män upplever otrygghet på olika sätt och det skiljer sig även inom grupperna. Det är svårt att ta fram åtgärder som funkar för alla utan att gå över gränsen vad gäller livliga och attraktiva stadsrum. Det är synnerligen svårare att ta fram åtgärder som ur ett genusperspektiv främjar kvinnors trygghet i samhället. Åtgärderna inom fysisk utformning ökar tryggheten för alla, det finns inget specifikt som främjar kvinnors trygghet. Vanliga faktorer som främjar tryggheten i stadsmiljöerna är belysning, vegetation och möjligheten till rörelse och aktivitet. Då trygghetsarbetet är en fördel för alla bör den tillämpas och utvecklas inom alla kommuner för ett tryggt Sverige. Det finns en vilja att inkludera genusperspektivet i det kommunala arbetet, däremot har det varit svårt att tillämpa den. Yrkespersoner inom stadsplanering tänker större än genusperspektiv; det ska vara jämlikt där alla ska kunna ta del av samhällets stadsmiljöer. Oavsett perspektiv är det viktigt att ta del av fler perspektiv inom stadsplaneringen, i frågan om trygghet bör däremot jämställdhetsperspektivet användas då det finns en tydlig skillnad bland könen. Vad gäller genus och trygghet har kommunerna kommit olika långt i sitt arbete. Inom kommuner ses trygghet som en egen separat aspekt eller en aspekt som faller inom en större kategori, social hållbarhet. Trygghet förekommer i alla översiktsplaner, däremot är det inte lika tydligt att implementeringen av genusperspektiv är viktigt.  Trygghetsperspektivet används väl inom planering, den fortsätter utvecklas och många ser vikten i hur viktigt det är med social hållbarhet. Genusperspektivet däremot behöver utvecklas i högre grad, i alla fall om hur den ska tillämpas i planeringen. Med det sagt, bör perspektivet även tillämpas i trygghetsarbetet, skillnaden bland könen ska inte vara så stor som den är. / Equality and security are concepts that form part of the social sustainability objectives and are therefore expected to be integrated into urban development work. Public space is for everyone, where space contributes to a sense of inclusion and belonging, but is this true? Statistics suggest that women are significantly more likely than men to feel unsafe outdoors, and perceived anxiety and fear may in some cases limit women from being out in public. Public space should not limit an individual’s use of it, rather motivate the individual to go out and socialize. Historically, public space has been used by men and has therefore been designed with men’s needs and perspectives in mind. As there is a clear difference between men and women, the gender perspective needs to be implemented in the planning of physical environments. The execution of the study is divided into two parts, the first of which consists of the literature study that was necessary to gather knowledge in the focus area. The literature study has answered questions regarding the perceived safety, what it could possibly be due to and why differences occur between men and women. The second part consists of an interview and document study conducted to compile qualitative information on how municipal urban planning works to promote security. Four respondents participated and shared their experiences, then these responses were complemented by document studies, with municipal comprehensive plans being the primary focus. Women and men experience insecurity in different ways, and even within groups. It is difficult to come up with measures that work for everyone without overstepping the boundaries of lively and attractive urban spaces. It is particularly difficult to develop measures that promote women’s security in society from a gender perspective. Measures in physical design increase security for everyone; there is nothing specific that promotes women’s security. Common factors that promote security in urban environments are lighting, vegetation and the possibility of movement and activity. Since security work is a benefit for everyone, it should be applied and developed in all municipalities for a secure Sweden. There is a desire to include the gender perspective in municipal work, but it has been difficult to apply it. Professionals in urban planning think bigger than gender perspectives, it should be equal where everyone should be able to take part in society’s urban environments. Regardless of the perspective, it is important to take advantage of more perspectives in urban planning, but in the issue of security, the gender equality perspective should be used as there is a clear difference between the sexes. When it comes to gender and security, the municipalities have progressed differently in their work, and it is prioritized differently. Within municipalities, security is seen as its own separate aspect or an aspect that falls within a larger category, social sustainability. Security appears in all comprehensive plans, but it is not as clear that the implementation of gender perspectives is important. The security perspective is well used in planning, it continues to develop, and many see the importance of social sustainability. The gender perspective, on the other hand, needs to be developed further, at least in terms of how it should be applied in planning. With that being said, the perspective should also be applied in security work; the difference between the sexes should not be as huge as it is.

This thesis examines the struggle for equal gender representation in the Olympic swimming and athletics arena. It investigates the relationship in participation and representation between men and women in athletics and swimming from the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896 to Rio de Janeiro in 2016.  When the modern Olympic Games resumed in 1896, they had been recreated by a group of privileged men. These men had created a forum for the aristocratic masculine world and initially had no intention of including women in their creation.  The contemporaries around the turn of the century in 1900 considered women to be weak, inappropriate and that femininity was the exact opposite of everything that the masculine competitive sport represented. Muscle, fitness and sweat were not something that the weak female bodies would be associated with. Man was created for the public sphere and woman for the home domains. The sports movement was a mirror of the prevailing privileged upper-class society and came to conform to the prevailing social and culturally constructed norms that were prevalent in the meantime. The women made a first breakthrough in the masculine sports sphere in the early 20th century and then they managed to make a real breakthrough in the 1920s. This created concern among the privileged men. Should women athletes change in a more masculine direction, would they even lose interest in traditional female responsibilities such as home and family formation?  The struggle for equal representation continued throughout the 20th century and only in connection with the feminine radicalization of the 1960s and 1970s as a real change did it begin to be seen again in the Olympic competition arenas and only after the turn of the millennium has real equality regarding representation been achieved.  In this thesis, I have studied  the athletics and swimming women inclusion to into the Olympic space. I spotlight how the two sports have developed from an equality and gender equality point of view. My survey prove a clear connection and have put figures on men and women's participation and demonstrated inequalities in the Olympic space.

Thesis (MBA. (Administration)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The purpose of this study was to investigate career-entry barriers for female professors and doctors at the University of Limpopo. The findings not only offer a wealth of strategies for career success and for overcoming professional and personal challenges, but also shed new light on critical factors that affect women and their experiences at work. The quantitative investigation was the main method used and thus formed the core of this study. The quantitative investigation was based primarily on confidentially structured questionnaire provided to 66 female professors and doctors. The findings from the study revealed that there are various personal, institutional and societal barriers affecting women’s participation at the university. At the personal level such factors as academic qualification (PhD), administrative experience, management skills, confidence, assertiveness, high visibility, hard work and diligence were found to enhance women’s participation in university. On the other hand, absence of these personal attributes were said to limit women’s confidence in applying for senior management positions. At the societal level support from family and friends was found to enhance women’s participation. At the institutional level the recruitment, appointment and promotion practices stood out as the main factors affecting women’s participation in university management. In some cases these policies were not clearly documented. The results revealed that to overcome career- entry barriers at the University of Limpopo, female professors must constantly overachieve, maintain good relationships with others, and hold onto personal and institutional values to do the right things, expand themselves constantly, and utilize strong mentors’ assistance as well as sponsorship. v Recommendations such as an urgent need for the formulation of equal opportunity policies, provision of professional development and mentoring opportunities and the creation of a family-friendly working environment by providing programs, facilities, and services that respond to the needs of people with children where suggested. From the recommendation it is clear that there are strategies that needs to be put in place to solve career entry barriers. A prerequisite to meet this is hard work, commitment, support structure and persistence.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida det råder ett samband  mellan andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och bolagets finansiella prestation bland svenska och finska börsnoterade bolag.  Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte utförs en kvantitativ studie med paneldata under åren 2017-2021. Urvalet består av 102 bolag jämnt fördelat mellan Sverige och Finland. Dessa bolag hämtas från Nasdaq OMX Stockholm och Helsinki. Studien tillämpar hypoteser som besvaras med hjälp av multipla regressionsanalyser.  Teoretiskt perspektiv: Uppsatsens teoretiska referensram består av Agency Theory, Upper Echelon Theory och Critical Mass som tillsammans kompletterar varandra och skapar förståelse för könsdiversifierade styrelsegrupper.  Slutsats: Studien visar tendenser att styrelser med större andel kvinnor bidrar till bolagens finansiella prestation. Finland visar signifikanta positiva svar i båda regressionerna medan Sverige visar ett signifikant negativt resultat i regressionen utan Critical Mass. Dock visar regressionen med Critical Mass för Sverige ett positivt signifikant resultat. / Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there is a connection between women on the board and the company's financial performance among Swedish and Finnish listed companies. Methodology: To answer the purpose of the study, a quantitative study is performed with panel data during the years 2017-2021. The sample consists of 102 companies evenly distributed between Sweden and Finland. These companies are retrieved from Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and Helsinki. The study's hypotheses are answered using multiple regression analyzes. Theoretical Framework: The thesis' theoretical frame of reference consists of Agency Theory, Upper Echelon Theory and Critical Mass, which together complement each other contributes to an understanding of gender-diversified board groups. Conclusions: The study shows that boards with a larger proportion of women contribute to the companies' financial performance. Finland shows significant positive responses in both regressions while Sweden shows a significant negative result in the regression that does not include Critical Mass. However, the regression that includes Critical Mass for Sweden shows a positive significant result.

Bakgrund: CSR-redovisning skiljer sig åt mellan olika länder. Tidigare studier har funnit tvetydiga resultat huruvida kultur är en bidragande faktor till detta. Få studier har dock inkluderat ett jämställdhetsperspektiv i dessa typer av analyser. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra och förklara hur kultur och jämställdhet påverkar CSR-redovisningen i olika länder. Metod: Studien har använt en kvantitativ forskningsmetod och en deduktiv ansats. Datan består av sekundärdata från börsnoterade företag i Sverige, Norge, Kina, Indien, Tyskland och USA. Resultat: Resultatet tyder på att kulturen i landet påverkar hur företag CSRredovisar. Däremot kan vissa kulturdimensioner påverka CSRredovisningen mer än andra. Dessutom indikerar resultatet att ett lands grad av jämställdhet kan påverka CSR-redovisningen. Kunskapsbidrag: Genom att analysera vad kultur och jämställdhet har för effekt på CSR-redovisning, belyser denna studie vikten av att beakta dessa faktorer. Studien bidrar genom detta till befintlig forskning kring kultur, jämställdhet och CSR-redovisning.

The thesis focuses on the way the secondary students of an international British curriculum school in Spain portray gender equality. It analyses the themes emerging from a focus group discussion with a close consideration of the concepts of gender, gender equality, and gender mainstreaming. A crucial element underpinning the research is the concept of children’s voices, as the study aims at creating space for those voices to be expressed and heard. This paper addresses various notions constituting inextricable parts of the identified themes: the notions of fairness, responsibility, control, and heteronormativity. I argue that this kind of research is a necessity due to insufficient consideration of children’s voices in policy-making processes in education. I denounce the paucity of adults’ knowledge of school children’s needs and opinions. This paper aims at understanding how students define gender equality, how they associate it with the notions of responsibility, control and fairness, and how my assumptions, as an adult and as a teacher, differ from the perception of secondary students in question.

Ice hockey is a sport like many others that has been dominated by men throughout history. This shows both when it comes to sporting conditions and what gets exposure in media. This essay studies four Swedish newspapers reporting on the Swedish men’s and women’s hockey teams during the Olympics 1998 and 2018. With the help of a quantitative content analysis it analyzes to which degree the reporting is gender equal and what the difference between 1998 and 2018 is. The result of the essay is more equal now than it was 20 years ago. Women’s hockey gets more exposure in the media, female players are being quoted in the articles to a greater extent and the language in the articles about women’s hockey are more similar to the articles about men’s hockey in 2018. Even though there has been a progression, there is still a long way to go to full equality in the reporting on ice hockey. There was still more than twice as many articles about men’s hockey than women’s hockey in the four analyzed  newspapers in 2018 and men’s hockey is still the norm that women’s hockey is being compared to.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate teachers ́ perceptions and experiences of practical gender equality work in primary schools in Sweden. Method: The method followed a qualitative approach and was based on semi-structured interviews. The sample involved four teachers working in Swedish primary schools. The material gathered from these interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three main themes and six subthemes. The three main themes were: Work in progress, The teacher ́s responsibility and Future development. The main findings of the study have showed according to the interviews that the schools have some form of equality policy or equality plan, however, these were perceived by the teachers as restrictively theoretical. The teachers sensed a lack of systematic work regarding gender equality work. Challenges which the teachers met in the gender equality work were how to approach the students ́ own understandings concerning the matter, and further, how to address students more prominent traditional gender ideas without inhibiting their views. The soccer field was expressed by the teachers as a particularly conflicted area where offensive words and manners might occur. Additionally, the interviewed teachers perceived variances among the teachers in the collegium, regarding their individual knowledge in gender equality. Conclusion: The teachers perceived the gender equality work an important and necessary part in teaching the students to become future citizens of society. Therefore, further research is needed for establishing what resources are required to support the teachers pursue, successfully, their duties. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka lärares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av praktiskt jämställdhetsarbete i grundskolan i Sverige. Metoden hade en kvalitativ ansats och baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sammanlagt deltog fyra lärare som arbetade som klasslärare i grundskolan. Intervjumaterialet analyserades utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet utmynnade i tre huvudteman: Pågående arbete, Lärarens uppdrag och Utveckling framåt. Varje huvudtema hade två tillhörande subteman. Huvudfynden visade att samtliga skolor hade någon form av jämställdhetspolicy eller jämställdhetsplan men att de upplevdes väldigt teoretiska enligt lärarna. Lärarna upplevde att skolorna saknade systematiskt arbete i jämställdhetsarbetet. De erfarenheter och uppfattningar som eleverna har med sig hemifrån är ofta djupt rotade och lärarna ville inte tillrättavisa de eleverna som kanske har en mer traditionell uppfattning angående könsroller. Lärarna upplevde att fotbollsplanen var en konfliktfylld plats där kränkande ord och behandling kunde förekomma. I kollegiet ansåg lärarna att det rådde olika kunskapsnivåer om jämställdhet. Slutsatsen var att lärare uppfattade jämställdhetsarbetet som viktigt och nödvändig, där lärare har ett ansvar att lära elever att bli framtida samhällsmedborgare. Därför behövs ytterligare forskning kring vilka resurser som behövs för att lärare ska få rätt förutsättningar för att lyckas i jämställdhetsarbetet i grundskolan.