Trots att Sverige anses ha en av världens mest jämställda arbetsmarknader, framställs den som en av världens mest könssegregerade horisontellt och vertikalt. Studien är utförd på BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg som är ett svenskt skogsindustriföretag som tillverkar både pappersmassa och papper.Jag har i samråd med BillerudKorsnäs fått uppdraget att skildra produktionsoperatörernas upplevelse av jämställdheten och om det finns några organisatoriska förklaringar till att könsfördelningen ser ut som den gör. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera hur könsmönster och kön skapas, upprätthålls och förändras inom produktionen med hjälp av frågeställningarna;Vilka föreställningar om kön uttrycker intervjupersonerna? Vilken betydelse ser intervjupersonerna att kön har för arbetsplatsen idag? Om och på vilket sätt åskådliggörs tecken på könsmönstrens förändring? En kvalitativ metod är använd med semistrukturerade intervjuer som insamlingsmetod av empirin. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av West och Zimmermans (1987) teori om att göra kön samt Ackers (1990) teori om kön och organisationer. Resultatet visar att könsmönster och kön inom produktionen inte upplevs ha någon betydelse för arbetsplatsen. Förklaringarna ligger i att arbetet inte längre anses vara fysiskt tungt och därför kan utföras av både män och kvinnor. Trots detta framkommer det att uppfattningar om skillnader mellan kvinnor och män förekommer, att kvinnor och män är olika,där skillnaderna till stor del handlar om vad kvinnor och mäns egenskaper anses bidra med till arbetsplatsen. Kvinnor anses bland annat vara noggranna til lsin natur vilket ger en indikation på att männen inte skulle vara det.Resultatet visar även att förklaringarna både förvisas ut i det omgivande samhället och in i organisationen. Resultatet visar således att den sociala konstruktionen av kön och dess könsmärkning i och utanför organisationen ligger till grund för den låga andelen kvinnor inom produktionen. / Although Sweden is considered to have one of the world's most equal labor markets, it is presented as one of the world's most gender-segregated horizontally and vertically. This study is carried out at BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg, which is a Swedish forest industry company that manufactures both pulp and paper. In consultation with BillerudKorsnäs, I have been commissioned to describe the production operators' experience of gender equality and whether there are any organizational explanations for the gender distribution as it does. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze how gender patterns and gender are created, maintained and changed within production using the issues; What notions of gender express the interviewees? What significance do the interviewees see that the gender has for the workplace today? If and in what way are signs of the change in gender pattern illustrated? A qualitative method is used with semi-structured interviews as a method of collecting the empirical data. The theoretical framework consists of West and Zimmerman's (1987) theory of making gender and Acker's (1990) theory of gender and organizations. The result shows that gender patterns and gender in production are not felt to have any significance for the workplace. The explanations lie in the fact that the work is no longer considered physically heavy and can therefore be carried out by both men and women. Despite this, it appears that perceptions of differences between women and men occur, that women and men are different, where the differences are largely about what women and men's properties are considered to contribute to the workplace. Women are considered to be accurate in nature, which gives an indication that the men would not. The result also shows that the explanations are both exiled in the surrounding society and into the organization. The result thus shows that the social construction of the sex and its gender labeling in and outside the organization forms the basis for the low proportion of women in production.

Women are central to human development and yet, nowhere around the globe are they treated as equals to men. Although the need to empower them has been widely recognised, equality is not more than a theoretical construct and empowerment remains low, especially for female Dalits (the most disadvantaged social group in India). This study thus seeks to explore the impact of public secondary school education on the empowerment of Dalit women in Andhra Pradesh, India. Twelve female Dalits were interviewed to better comprehend the effects of their educational experiences from their own perspective. Nine indicators for empowerment were used, among them decision making, social and physical mobility, choices surrounding sexuality and self-reported attitude changes. Findings showed a positive effect of education on empowerment, although deeply embedded social and patriarchal thought patterns were challenged only partly. The study suggests that education clearly needs to exceed primary schooling to result in empowerment. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

This paper takes a critical stance to the conventional thinking about the relationship between Islam and gender equality in a functional idea analysis on the family codes in Algeria and Tunisia. With two different outcomes in spite of their historical and cultural similarities, this paper seeks to understand the developments from neo-colonial and Islamic feminist perspectives. The analysis investigates three variables brought from these theories: militarization, anti-westernism and Islamic law interpretation, and their possible effect on the shaping of the family code. By applying them to the historical, cultural and social contexts of the countries and comparing them to each other, the conclusion is made that all of the variables could be used to understand the family code-outcomes. This results in a hypothesized causal mechanism which can be tested on other muslim states, when seeking to understand differences in institutionalized gender equality around the world.

Cette thèse analyse la portée actuelle des droits humains au sein des groupements religieux à travers la question de la discrimination des femmes dans l’accès aux fonctions cultuelles. Si actuellement, le principe de liberté de religion conditionne l’appréhension juridique du caractère discriminatoire de l’exclusion des femmes de certaines fonctions cultuelles, l’enracinement de l’égalité des sexes dans les sociétés contemporaines amorce de nouveaux traitements et réflexions en ce qui concerne les atteintes aux droits des femmes et les discriminations sexuelles liées au religieux, au niveau du droit positif et dans le cadre des droits internes de certaines religions. / This thesis focuses on the current impact of human rights within religious communities, through the topic of women’s discrimination in access of some religious functions. If the principle of religious freedom conditions the legal understanding of discriminatory nature of women’s exclusion from some religious functions, the implantation of gender equality in contemporary societies initiates new treatments and reflexions about women’s rights violations and gender discriminations from religious, at the level of positive law and of some religious laws.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana Aparecida Francisco.pdf: 689094 bytes, checksum: cbf5382a4fb666a28214be0963b80eb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / This dissertation aims the study of the trajectory of the construction of Fersol s Gender Equality Policy and Race/Ethnicity in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility between 1996-2010, as well as the changes occurred during this period. The guiding question of the research was: What are the meanings, from the perspective of the subjects speeches, of the experience of a Gender Equality Policy and Race/Ethnicity developed by the Company in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility? The hypothesis is that the experience turned out to be a viable alternative to a proposal for Corporate Citizenship and inclusion in the labor market, with advances of limits and possibilities, the prospect of a continuous realization process. The terms of reference were: the issue of gender, ethnicity/race and corporate social responsibility, based on contemporary writers in the areas of Social Sciences and Social Work. The methodology adopted was qualitative research, a case study including literature, documentary and field researches. 08 semistructured interviews were conducted with the following subjects: Fersol s President and employees. The survey results pointed to confirm the primary hypothesis, the meanings analysis revealed the materiality of a Corporate Social Responsibility action, peculiar to the institutional history and the social and political position of Fersol s President with boundaries, advances and contradictions / A presente dissertação tem por objeto de estudo a trajetória da construção da Política de Equidade de Gênero e de Raça/Etnia na Empresa Fersol, na área da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, no período de 1996-2010, bem como das mudanças ocorridas nesse período. A pergunta norteadora da pesquisa foi: Quais os significados, a partir das falas dos sujeitos da pesquisa, da experiência de uma Política de Equidade de Gênero e de Raça/Etnia desenvolvida pela Empresa Fersol, na área da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial? A hipótese formulada é que a experiência da Política de Gênero e de Raça/Etnia desenvolvida pela Fersol, na área da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, expressa ser uma alternativa viável de uma proposta de Empresa Cidadã e de inclusão no mercado de trabalho, com limites e possibilidades de avanços, na perspectiva de um processo contínuo de efetivação. Os conceitos de referência foram: questão de gênero, questão étnico/racial e responsabilidade social empresarial, com base em autores contemporâneos das áreas de Ciências Sociais e de Serviço Social. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada foi a qualitativa, um estudo de caso compreendendo a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Foram realizadas 08 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os sujeitos da pesquisa a saber: o Presidente e os/as funcionários(as). Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram a confirmação da hipótese levantada, na medida em que a análise dos significados desvelou a materialidade de uma ação de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, muito peculiar à história institucional e à postura política e social do Presidente da Fersol, com limites, possibilidades, avanços e contradições

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Magalhaes Fontes.pdf: 1430927 bytes, checksum: ae2dda16429c8bcf00a5e06f2be3bda1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / The present study analyzes the role of the labor courts in Brazil regarding gender equality, to verify to what extent the social demands for equality are reflected in labor suits, and the results of these cases. For this purpose, the role of women in the world of work and the question of gender equality are examined from the perspective of gender awareness, with analysis of the forms of discrimination in the workplace. Finally, an analysis of court decisions in labor suits based on issues of gender equality is undertaken to note the difficulties faced and the results attained, to enable reaching conclusions on the role that can be played by the labor courts in promoting gender equality. / O presente estudo tem por objeto a análise do papel da Justiça do Trabalho relativamente à igualdade de gênero, de forma a verificar se as demandas sociais a ela relativas se transformam em litígios trabalhistas e, em caso positivo, qual tem sido o resultado destes. Para tanto, apresenta proposta de reflexão acerca do papel da mulher no mundo do trabalho, com base na teoria da divisão sexual do trabalho e relacionando a questão de igualdade de gênero sob a perspectiva da consciência de gênero, analisando, ainda, formas de discriminação no ambiente laboral. Por fim, propõe-se a analisar, mediante a realização de pesquisa jurisprudencial, a existência de reclamações trabalhistas com fundamento em igualdade de gênero, bem como as dificuldades e os resultados alcançados por estas, examinando a existência ou não de um papel a ser desempenhado pela Justiça do Trabalho na promoção da igualdade de gênero.

‘Gender ideology’ is a term used by radical conservative congregations to contemn issues around gender, such as reproductive rights and gender studies, for it is seen as a conspiracy against traditional family values. Congregations that use the term also embrace other forms of anti-gender rhetoric as they aspire to influence decision-makers to adopt policies against gender matters, for instance same-sex marriages and transgender rights. As the discussion of ‘gender ideology’ is spread, campaigns against gender matters evolves. The campaigns are often focusing on whether gender should be discussed within, and be a part of, the education. It is a threat for the achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030, which indeed focus on gender equality and quality education. The campaigns are seen all over the world but have become especially successful within South America. In Brazil, the campaign Escola sem Partido, has created a movement against gender and political indoctrination, where the term gender has become a central dispute for what is considered legitimate knowledge.     This thesis aims to investigate, through a critical discourse analysis of ‘testimonies’ from Escola sem Partido’s website and through collecting interviews with professors and students at a university in Brazil, the conflict about gender equality. Since the term gender has become a central term of dispute within the discussion of ‘political indoctrination’ at a high level of education.   The result of this thesis shows that the perception of gender reflects the perception of one’s education. The view on what is experienced legitimate knowledge determines whether professors are experienced as political or not. It is found within the ‘testimonies’ that professors personal agenda steers the education to involve gender matters when it should not, as gender matters are viewed as political. Moreover, that professors use their classes to systematically instill ideas and attitudes into their students minds. In opposition to this perception, it was found within the interviews that gender matters should be addressed in school. Universities role of promoting tolerance, and the value of engaged professors who allows critical thinking of societal issues, are two important factors for fighting prejudices against minorities, gender and varieties of sexualities and development for gender equality.

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Cette étude porte un regard croisé sur les droits pénaux français et libanais concernant le statut de la femme. Il s’agit de voir l’évolution divergente des deux États qui, à une époque donnée, avaient des dispositions pénales comparables discriminant les femmes et leur accordant un statut inférieur à celui des hommes. En dépit des réformes juridiques et des droits « acquis » par les femmes, elles continuent à être les premières victimes des violences et discriminations ; certains droits qui leur sont reconnus sont, souvent, remis en question et des inégalités persistent en droit et en fait. Cette étude propose de se pencher sur l’analyse du droit pénal dans sa globalité sous une perspective de genre pour dévoiler les origines des inégalités entre les sexes et l’interaction entre le droit et le genre. Ces éléments permettront de comprendre les raisons de l’évolution limitée du statut de la femme en droits pénaux français et libanais et de réfléchir sur la manière dont le droit pénal libanais pourrait être réformé et le droit pénal français pourrait poursuivre effectivement son évolution par la prise en considération du concept de genre. L’objectif consiste à consolider les droits des femmes et leur statut aux niveaux juridique et pratique et, plus généralement, à atteindre une réelle égalité entre les sexes par l’acceptation des différences existant entre les femmes et les hommes comme étant une source de richesse et non d’inégalités / This study takes a cross-look at French and Lebanese criminal law on the subject of the status of women. It is a question of seeing the divergent evolution between the two States, which at one time had comparable penal provisions discriminating women and granting them a status inferior to that of men. Despite reforms and "acquired" rights, women continue to be the first victims of violence, discrimination, and certain recognized rights are often questioned, inequalities persist in law and in fact. This study proposes to look at the analysis of criminal law from a gender perspective to understand the origins of inequalities, to consider the interaction between law and gender. These elements will help to understand the reasons for the limited evolution of the status of women in French and Lebanese criminal law, to reflect on how the Lebanese criminal law could be reformed and French criminal law could effectively continue its evolution by taking in consideration the concept of gender. The aim is to consolidate women's rights and their status at the legal and practical level and, more generally, to achieve gender equality by accepting differences between women and men as means of wealth and not a source of inequality

Despite policy efforts by the Chinese state to eradicate gender inequality, statistics show that the issue of gender discrimination in the work domain has become increasingly acute in modern day China. The prevailing gender inequality derives from China’s deeply rooted masculine oriented cultural and societal structure, and traditional norms and values towards women in the work domain are fighting the policies against gender inequality that the Chinese state has implemented. Studies show that foreign affiliations have the ability to transplant corporate culture internationally, which also infers a transplantation of certain policies. One of the many western countries that have seen its corporations establish offices in China is Sweden - a country which puts a lot of focus and emphasis on promoting gender equality. Chinese and Swedish cultural and societal structure differs a lot, and so does the focus on gender equality. The theory suggests that gender equality is highly prioritized in Sweden, while it is less prioritized in China. This constitutes an interesting phenomena regarding how managers at Swedish based corporations, established in Shanghai, manage Swedish gender equality policies cross-culturally. The purpose of this study is to describe and explore how Swedish based corporations that are established in Shanghai, China, manage gender equality policies cross-culturally. In order to answer our research question, we performed four face to face semi-structured interviews together with four suitable Swedish based corporations at their offices in Shanghai. The results from this study concluded that the Swedish based corporations transfer the vast majority of their policy framework to their offices in Shanghai, particularly gender equality policies. The gender equality policies were often included in the corporations Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) framework. The study could conclude that even though no adaption was done to the policy documents per se, the Swedish corporations did adapt modestly to how they manage the policies in practice in Shanghai. This followed as a consequence of a wish to respectfully adapt to Chinese legal and cultural prerequisites. Due to China's legal prerequisites, some policies, such as parental leave, could not be fully implemented at the Shanghai offices. In other words, in those instances, the policy documents were trumped by legal employment regulations. Cultural prerequisites affected how the managers in the shanghai offices dealt with the policy documents in practice. Our study could found that policy management was closely connected to the corporate culture in the Shanghai offices. Our study could thus conclude that the Swedish based corporations adapt the policy management in practice to the meet Chinese culture, without compromising the Swedish corporate culture and values. / Oberoende av de satsningar som den kinesiska staten har infört för att utrota ojämlikhet mellan män och kvinnor visar statistik att könsdiskriminering inom kinas företagsvärld ökar. Den rådandeojämlikheten härstammar från Kinas maskulint orienterade samhälle, och traditionella normer och värderingar motarbetar de jämställdhetsfrämjande policyer som den kinesiska staten har implementerat. Studier visar att globala företag har möjlighet att överföra och etableraföretagskulturen internationellt, vilket även innefattar specifika policyer. Ett land vars företag har etablerat många företagskontor i Kina är Sverige: ett land som har ett högt fokus på att främjajämställdhet. Den kinesiska kulturen och dess samhällsstruktur skiljer sig avsevärt från den svenska, vilket även inkluderar att arbetet för jämställdhet skiljer sig mycket mellan de två länderna. Teorin förklarar att jämställdhet är högt prioriterat i Sverige, medan den är mindre prioriterad i Kina. Avvikelsen mellan länderna leder till ett spännande forskningsfenomen, nämligen kring hur de svenska företag som är etablerade i Shanghai hanterar jämställdhetspolicyer interkulturellt. Syftet med vår studie är att beskriva och utforska hur svenska företag som är etablerade i Shanghaihanterar jämställdhetspolicyer interkulturellt. För att besvara vår forskningsfråga har vi genomfört fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fyra lämpligt utvalda svenska företag på deras kontor i Shanghai. Resultatet av vår studie visar att de svenska företagen överför majoriteten av sina policyer till kontoren i Shanghai, framförallt de policyerna som är relaterade till jämställdhet. Dessa jämställdhetspolicyer är oftast inkluderade i företagens ramverk för Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR, företagets samhällsansvar). Studien kan dra slutsatsen att svenska företag inte anpassar innehållet och betydelsen av sina jämställdhetspolicyer, men att de anpassar och förändrar hur de hanterar och arbetar med dem på kontoren i Shanghai. Anledningen till anpassningen är att de svenska företagen vill bemöta kinas kulturella och legala förutsättningar. Till följd av Kinas legala förutsättningar kan inte alla policyer etableras likadant i Shanghai som i Sverige; exempelvis vad gäller föräldraledighet. Sådana policyer övervins av de lokala legala bestämmelserna. De kulturella skillnaderna påverkar hur chefer på de kinesiska kontoren hanterar policyerna i praktiken. Studien visar att policyhantering är nära relaterat till företagskultur, och att det är genom företagskulturen som policyerna hanteras i praktiken. Således visar studien att de svenska företag som deltog i vår forskning anpassar hur de hanterar jämställdhetspolicyer i praktiken för att bemöta den kinesiskakulturen, utan att kompromissa den svenska företagskulturen och dess värderingar.