Background: Macroenvironmental effects are causing change in consumers decision making. These changes can affect the consumers choice of groceries, hence also the purchasing of sustainable groceries. Generation Z are perceived to be environmentally conscious, however the cohort choosing the sustainable choice of groceries are both rejected and accepted by previous literature. Further, Swedish students are facing budget austerity during the autumn of 2022 as the CSN grant and loan isn’t raised until the spring of 2023. With increased inflation, rising living costs, students are forced to make choices that are not entirely up to them. Purpose: The aim of the research is to investigate which factors influence the decision making for Swedish generation Z students when grocery shopping for sustainable food. Further also to research if budget austerity has an impact on choosing the sustainable option when shopping for groceries. Method: The method explains how the qualitative, exploratory interviews were conducted, and the study chooses a non-probable, convenience sample to be able to gather as much data as possible from the students and investigate what the deciding factors are. Conclusion: The findings indicate that there are many factors influencing the decision making for Swedish generation Z students. However, the main factor is the price affecting the generation Z students to not choose the sustainable groceries, one reason could be budget austerity. It is also observed that generation Z students are not as sustainable conscious as the literature reveals.

This study employs three ordinary least squares regression equations to analyze retail grocery store prices. The grocery stores studied were from the Tucson metropolitan area. The price data collected consisted of a typical market basket purchased in this market. Different price categories were analyzed in order to determine the relevance of interstore comparisons between two different brand categories, national brand and cheapest brand categories. Grocery prices for the two brands were tested to determine if the organization of retail grocery stores (chain and independents), location of the store, store neighborhood average income, and size (in square feet) of the grocery store affected price.

The food industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Swedish e-commerce today. However, e-commerce still represents a very small part of the total food sales in Sweden. Experts have noted that, in order for e-commerce to expand in this field, Internet food sales must increase. The aim of this study is to form an understanding of why Swedes do not purchase more food products online. The theoretical framework consists of various marketing theories concerning consumer behavior and the acceptance of new innovations. The methodology used for the purpose of this study has a qualitative approach and in order to answer the questions at hand two focus groups were assembled. The first group of respondents consists of young adults aged 22-29 years old and the second group consists of parents with children living at home. This categorization is motivated firstly by the fact that the group of young adults have had access to the Internet from a very early age, thus affecting the way they relate to and use it. Secondly the group of parents with children living at home was chosen because they belong to the category of consumers with the greatest online purchasing power. The focus groups were analyzed separately and by applying a comparative analysis some similarities and differences were addressed. The results of this study indicate that Swedes do not purchase food products online because of three main reasons. First there is poor knowledge of how e-commerce of food products online works, which makes consumers skeptical. Secondly consumers want to survey the perishable products, which the Internet cannot offer. Finally grocery shopping is a habitual behavior which is difficult to change. In addition, the results showed that parents with children living at home belong to the group of consumers that is more likely to embrace e-commerce related to the food industry. / Livsmedelsbranschen är en av de branscher som har kraftigast tillväxt inom e-handeln i Sverige. Trots detta utgör e-handeln fortfarande en mycket liten del av den totala livsmedelsförsäljningen. Experter anser att det är viktigt att livsmedelsförsäljningen ökar på Internet för att e-handeln över lag ska kunna nå nya höjder. Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en förståelse för varför svenskar inte handlar livsmedel i större utsträckning på Internet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten baseras främst på olika marknadsföringsteorier som berör konsumentbeteende och acceptans av nya innovationer. Studiens metod är av kvalitativ ansats och två fokusgrupper har använts till förfogande. Den första fokusgruppen består av unga deltagare i åldrarna 22-29 år och den andra består av föräldrar till hemmavarande barn. Den unga gruppen valdes för att de är den första vuxna generationen som växt upp med Internet och därmed är internetvana. Föräldrarna valdes då de är den grupp som e-handlar mest på Internet idag. Fokusgruppernas resultat har analyserats var för sig men vissa likheter och skillnader har tagits upp i en jämförande analys. Resultatet för denna studie visade en indikation på att svenskar inte e-handlar livsmedel av fram för allt tre anledningar. Först och främst finns det en stor okunskap över hur det går till när man handlar livsmedel på Internet, vilket gör konsumenterna skeptiska. Man vill även ha kontroll över vilka färskvaror som man inhandlar, vilket Internet inte kan erbjuda. Slutligen är handel av livsmedel ett invant beteende, vilket är svårt att förändra.  Dessutom visade resultatet att föräldrar till hemmavarande barn är den grupp som har lättast att ta till sig e-handel inom livsmedel.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da carga tributÃria do ICMS do segmento de mercearia, optantes pelo Simples, no estado do CearÃ, apÃs a implantaÃÃo da sistemÃtica de substituiÃÃo tributÃria para o setor por meio do Decreto 29.560/2008. Para isso, empregou-se um modelo de diferenÃas em diferenÃas para comparar as empresas sobre o regime de recolhimento EPP e ME versus Normal, considerando as informaÃÃes de 2007 a 2010. Sendo que, 2007 refere-se ao perÃodo antes, enquanto 2008 a 2010 sÃo as informaÃÃes apÃs o Decreto. De acordo com os resultados do modelo Pooled, o Decreto 29.560/2008 teve Ãxito ao alcanÃar a substituiÃÃo tributÃria entre o regime Normal em relaÃÃo ao ME e EPP para os anos de 2008 e 2010. Por outro lado, em 2009 observa-se que a carga da Normal à superior à EPP e inferior à ME. Ou seja, existe efeito substituiÃÃo tributÃria para empresas do regime Normal em relaÃÃo a ME e EPP, durante os anos de 2008 e 2010. Verificou-se tambÃm que existe diferenÃa entre a arrecadaÃÃo de ICMS das empresas sob o regime de recolhimento EPP e ME em relaÃÃo a Normal, sendo que esta arrecada mais do que aquelas. Jà em 2009 e 2010, diferenÃa à nula entre as arrecadaÃÃes de ICMS das empresas cearenses optantes do SN entre os regimes, Normal versus EPP e ME. / This work has like objective evaluate the tributary chargeâs behaviour of the ICMS in the grocery segment, which chose for SIMPLE, in the state of CearÃ, after the implantation of the systematic of tributary substitution for the sector by means of Decree 29.560/2008. For this, it was applied one model from differences-by-differens in order to compare the companies on regime of collection EPP and ME versus NORMAL, considering the informations of 2007 to 2010. As we know, the year of 2007 concerning to the previous period while 2008 to 2010 mean the informations pos Decree. Acordding to the results from the model POOLED, the Decree 29.560/2008 obtained success in reaching the tributary substitution during the Normal regime related to ME and EPP to the years of 2008 and 2010. On the other hand, it was observed that in 2009 the charge of the NORMAL is superion to EPP and inferior to ME. There is, in facto, a tributary substitution effect to the company linked to the NORMAL regime related to ME and EPP during the years of 2008 and 2010. It was observed that there is difference between the collection of ICMS from those companies on the EPP collection regime and ME related to NORMAL, where this collect more than those. In the years of 2009 and 2010, the difference is invalid among the collection of ICMS of the companies from Cearà which chose SN between the regime NORMAL vs EPP and ME.

The aim of this thesis is to describe current trends in global retail, the current state of retail in Czech Republic and possible need of bringing innovation to the outburst of Millennials generation economic activity. Introduction is devoted to theoretical description of retail and its meaning. As part of the thesis, there is a significant part containing relations within the worldwide retail and also its current trends and development. Furthermore, part of the thesis is devoted to the development and ongoing evolution of retail in the Czech Republic. Theoretical definition in the third chapter deals with buying behavior as well as the factors which have an impact on it. Millennials are the bearers of the innovation need in the world retail sector. The thesis put emphasis on this generation essential features characteristic, as well as their purchasing behavior. Quantitative research includes evaluation of their behavior and attitudes on the czech market in relation to information about groceries and consumer goods, then to their use of technology (smartphones) in the buying process of groceries and consumer goods, and also evaluation and description of their specific attitudes to purchase behavior and different characteristic aspects resulting from global characteristics of Millennials.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Den offentliga upphandlingen kan med väl genomtänkta krav på varor och tjänster bli en stark drivkraft och en föregångare för hållbar utveckling. Trots en svag och oklar lagstiftning inom området finns det idag stora möjligheter att ställa krav både på socialt ansvarstagande och miljöhänsyn i samband med offentliga upphandlingar. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur Värnamo kommun gör för att inkludera hållbarhet med inriktning på miljö i sina avtal med utvalda livsmedelsleverantörer. Vidare undersöks hur Värnamo kommun säkerställer att upphandlade varor och tjänster lever upp till avtalad kvalitet samt hur det faktiska tillvägagångssättet stämmer överens med den teori som finns. Metod: Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ art och har utförts genom en fallstudie. Utgångspunkten är ett positivistiskt synsätt och uppsatsen använder sig av ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Slutsats: I Värnamo kommun finns det en tillsatt kompetensgrupp som arbetar enbart med upphandling av livsmedel, denna grupp har kunskap och kännedom om hur marknaden och upphandlingsprocessen ser ut. Vid upphandling läggs i princip allt fokus kring avtalet, både när det gäller vilka krav som ställs och vad som ska följas upp. Trots att det inte är enkelt för offentliga verksamheter att göra inköp och kvalitetssäkringar enligt teorin finns det delar av teorin som redan idag uppfylls och det finns också en bas för vidare utveckling. Kvalitetssäkring sker i störst utsträckning innan avtalet signeras, vilket ur en tidsaspekt är en liten del av processen. Enligt teorin skall kvalitetssäkring ske kontinuerligt flera gånger per år. Det blir tydligt att teorin lämpar sig bättre för privat sektor eftersom det inom den offentliga sektorn finns mindre incitament för att hjälpas åt att utvecklas då nästa upphandling kan innebära att samarbetet ha nått vägs ände. / Background: Public procurement can with well thought through demands on goods and services become a strong driving force for sustainable development. Even with a weak and uncertain legislation within the field there are grand opportunities to demand both social responsibility and environmental accountability in public procurement. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Värnamo municipality do to include sustainability with focus on the environment in their agreements with chosen grocery suppliers. Further it is investigated how Värnamo municipality make sure their procured goods and services are to terms with agreed standard, and if the actual approach is in line with theory on the subject. Method: The essay is of qualitative nature and has been performed in the way of a case study. The standpoint of the essay is a positivistic point of view and is performed with a deductive approach. Conclusion: In Värnamo municipality there is an appointed group with special competence that is working solely with the procurement of groceries, this group have knowledge about how the market and the procurement process works. In the time of procurement nearly all the focus is in the documented agreements, both regarding demands put and what is to be followed up. Even though it is not simple for a government controlled business to make procurements and quality assurances according to theory there are parts of theory that today are fulfilled and there is a foundation for further development. Quality assurance is by the most part done before the agreement is signed, which compared to the entire process is a small portion. According to theory quality assurance should happen multiple times yearly. It is apparent that theory is better suited for the private sector since in the public sector there are fewer incentives to help the other party improve where the next procurement can mean the cooperation has come to an end.

Anotation The diploma thesis entitled "The Phenomenon of food aid" deals with the topic of food aid, including its origins, its significance and functioning, as well as affiliates of the food bank. The diploma thesis also includes The Operational Programme of Material and Food Aid, provided for years 2014 to 2020 included. Another aspect of the thesis is an actual view over the problem of food wastage. They are measured a factors which affect the food security, and it also compares a several different institutions, dealing with the food aid. As a part of the research, there is a practical survey included. The practical part tries to primarily answer questions of food wastage. Than it searches kinds of the food groceries which are wasted most often, as well as their amount. The practical part also ascertains the willingness of the operators to provide the discarded food to a people in need. It also monitors the actual knowledge about the National Food Bank itself. A case study in the form of a short interview with a homeless person in included. The interview is thematically based on the possibility and the availability of food aid itself.

Today focus on the environemnt is bigger than ever before. UN writes in their climate agenda that they by 2030want to cut the food waste per capita in half. There are strict regulations today regarding how food needs to betransported and stored, but as soon as the consument takes, for example, milk from the frigde at a store there areonly a few guidelines about how the product should be stored. If a chilled or frozen product is not kept insidethe range of the given temperature, a microbilogical growth will begin. This leads to that the food goes bad or,in worst case, that the consumer gets poisoned. There is a change happening today in how the consumers shoptheir food and more focus is layed upon the customer to handle their grocery shopping by themselves. This project focuses on developing a solution that will help the consumer to keep their food at the right temperatureduring an extended period of time. The project is carried out in Stockholm during 20 weeks in collaborationwith IKEA of Sweden in Älmhult. The target group in this project is IKEA’s broad customer group.With help from a Human Centered Design process this project goes through the three phases; inspiration,ideation and implementation. The project has been formed with interaction through workshops with differentexternal actors like users and focus groups. The ideation resulted in four simpler concepts that verged in to twothrough external decision making with supervisors from IKEA of Sweden. During the project, the prototypeshave been used together with users to evaluate the usability of the concepts. The result consists of two concepts; Behålla and Blåsa, that are aimed to meet two different users that hasbeen identified through surveys and interviews. Behålla is a smaller product that is target towards the user thatbrings food with them to work or school, also to those who buys less groceries at the store. Blåsa is, in contrastto Behålla, a bigger product that is targeted towards the customers that buys a bigger set of chilled and frozengroceries. Additionally four color variations has been created to offer IKEA alternative executions. These conceptsare visualized with renderings through Adobe Illustratior. With these concepts IKEA can enlarge theirsustainability profile and offer their customers two new products to keep their chilled and frozen foods cold. / Fokus på miljön är idag större än någonsin. FN skriver i sin klimat agenda att de till 2030 siktar på att halveramatsvinnet per capita. Idag finns det hårda regleringar om hur livsmedel ska transporte-ras och förvaras, menfrån den sekund konsumenten tar ut exempelvis ett mjölkpaket ur kyldisken finns det bara få riktlinjer om hurprodukten bör förvaras. Om en kyld eller fryst produkt inte hålls inom det angivna temperaturspannet skerdet en ökning i den mikrobiologiska tillväxten i livsmed-let. Detta leder i sin tur att matvaran blir dålig eller, ivärsta fall, att konsumenten blir förgiftad. Idag sker det också en förändring i hur konsumenterna handlar sinalivsmedel och allt större vikt läggs på att konsumenten för sig själv ska genomföra sitt köp. Detta projekt fokuserar på att utveckla en lösning som ska hjälpa konsumenten att hålla sina matvaror tempereradeunder en viss tid. Projektet är genomfört i Stockholm under 20 veckor i samarbete med IKEA ofSweden i Älmhult. Målgruppen i detta projekt är den breda kundgrupp som IKEA erhåller. Med hjälp av enanvändarcentrerad designprocess går det här projektet genom de tre designfaserna; inspiration, idégenereringoch slutligen implementering. Projektet har formats av interaktion genom workshops med olika externa aktörerså som användare och fokusgrupper. Idégenereringsfasen resulterade i fyra stycken enklare koncept somavgränsades till två genom extern beslutsfattning med handledare från IKEA of Sweden. Under projektets gånghar prototyper använts tillsammans med användare för att evaluera användarvänligheten hos koncepten. Resultatet består av två stycken koncept; Behålla och Blåsa, som är ämnade att möta två olika kundgrupper somhar identifierats genom enkäter och intervjuer. Behålla är en mindre produkt som riktar sig till de användaresom tar med sig matlåda till jobbet eller skolan samt till dem som köper färre matvaror i butiken. Blåsa är, ikontrast till Behålla en större produkt, skapad med fokus på de kunder som köper fler kylda och frysta matvaror.Utöver detta har fyra färgvariation skapats av produkterna för att erbjuda IKEA alternativa utföranden. Dessakoncept är visualiserade med hjälp av renderingar som har gjort i Adobe Illustrator. Med dessa koncept kanIKEA utöka sin hållbarhets profil och erbjuda sina kunder två nya produkter för att hålla deras kylda och frystamatvaror kalla.

De etiska konsumenterna växer i antal (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010). och att äta veganskt blir allt mer populärt (The Nielsen Company, 2017). I takt med att de nya veganska produkterna intar marknaden saknas riktlinjer och forskning kring etiska budskap på veganska måltidsproteinförpackningar, något som skulle kunna hjälpa formgivare med hur de kan tänka när de designar dessa förpackningar. Den föreliggande studien undersöker om och hur olika varumärken som säljer vegansk processad mat förmedlar etiska budskap via texter, bilder, kostbenämningar och certifieringar på sina förpackningar samt hur konsumenterna ställer sig till budskapen. Studien genomfördes via en visuell innehållsanalys och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg att kommunikation av etiska budskap på förpackningar är positivt och kan ge mervärde till konsumenten utifrån målgrupp. Studien har även visat att varumärken med produktutbud för allätare till större del kommunicerar personliga preferenser medan varumärken med produktutbud för vegetarianer kommunicerar både etiska aspekter och personliga preferenser på sina förpackningar. / The ethical consumers are growing in numbers (Young, Hwang, McDonald & Oates, 2010), and consuming a vegan diet is becoming more popular (The Nielsen Company, 2017). As the new products are entering the market, guidelines and research on ethical consumption for vegan meat substitute packages are lacking. This thesis can therefore help graphic designers with creating this type of packaging. The present study investigates whether and how different brands who sell vegan processed food communicate ethical statement through text, images, dietary name and certification on their packaging and consumers attitude about it. The study was conducted with a visual content analysis and a survey. The results present that majority of the respondents believe that the communication of ethical statement on the packaging is positive and can bring added value to the consumer based on the target group. The study also presents that brands with a product selection for omnivores, to the greater part only communicate personal preferences while brands with a product selection for vegetarians communicate both ethical aspects and personal preferences on its packaging.

The diploma work deals with the analysis of the logistic chain of the selected company, which is a producer of frozen potato specialities. The diploma work deals with analysis system control quality, analysis stocking deep frozen products, distribution products end standard of provided service.