Doctor of Philosophy (Economics) / This dissertation asks how foreign assistance to one or both sides in a civil war affects the dynamics of the conflict. This overarching question is subsequently divided into two further questions: 1) how does foreign intervention affect the capabilities of the recipient, and 2) how does this affect the nature of the warfare. The puzzle for the first is that the impact of foreign intervention on combat effectiveness frequently varies significantly between recipients. This variation is explained by recipients’ different abilities to convert the inputs of foreign intervention into the outputs of fighting capability. The nature of the warfare in civil war will change in line with the balance of military capabilities between the belligerents. The balance of capabilities will be responsible for the form of warfare at a particular place and time whether it be conventional, irregular or guerrilla/counter-guerrilla. The argument is then illustrated with two extensive case studies, of civil wars in Angola and Afghanistan, where temporal and spatial variation in the type of warfare is shown to correlate with the type, degree, and direction of foreign intervention.

<p>Colombia vive un conflicto armado desde hace más de cuarenta años, involucrando grupos guerrilleros, paramilitares y el gobierno. Los grupos armados ilegales están muy involucrados en actividades económicas ilícitas. Por eso resulta interesante investigar la tesis de Collier y Hoeffler de que las insurgencias son motivadas principalmente por avaricia, aplicándola al caso colombiano, ya que esta tesis ha influenciado mucho la discusión sobre los movimientos insurgentes en la última década.</p>

<p>Kriget i Afghanistan som startade 2001 har bidragit till att många civila skadats och fått sätta livet till. En av anledningarna till detta är det ökade användandet av flygstridskrafter för att skydda egen marktrupp. Flygattacker är på många sätt en bra metod för att snabbt kunna bekämpa fientliga individer samt med stor eldkraft kunna verka över stora ytor. Baksidan av att använda flygbombningar är att det i flera fall drabbar dem som inte är det utpekade målet. Kan detta vara en bidragande faktor till ett ökat missnöje mot koalitionen i Afghanistan och en direkt ökning för stödet till rebellerna? Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan koalitionens flygbombningar i Afghanistan och ett ökat stöd till talibanerna från civilbefolkningen. Den hypotes som jag utgår ifrån i mitt arbete är att flygbombningar som leder till civila förluster ökar stödet tilltalibanerna i Afghanistan. För att få ett svar på min hypotes använder jag mig av statistik över antalet civila dödsfall i flygattacker mellan åren 2006-2008. Statistiken kopplas ihop med statistik över det ökade antalet rebellattacker under samma period för att se om det finns en korrelation mellan dem. Därefter presenteras ett urval av intervjuer med människor som drabbats av flygbombningar gjorda av olika nyhetsbolag samt uttalanden från utomstående personer för att styrka indikationerna från statistiken om att fler civila dödsoffer leder till ökat stöd för talibanerna. Resultatet av undersökningen verifierar min hypotes. En slutsats av undersökningen är att koalitionens användningav flygbombningar måste ändras för att minska de civila dödsoffren och på så sätt inte vända befolkningen emot dem.</p> / <p>The war in Afghanistan that started in 2001 has contributed to numerous civilians that have been injured and killed. One reason for this is the increased use of air power to protect ground troops. Airstrikes can be a good way to quickly strike against individuals and to operate across vast areas with great firepower. But the drawback of aerial bombing is that it in many cases affects those who are not the designated target. Could this be a contributing factor to increased dissatisfaction with the Coalition forces in Afghanistan and a direct increase in support to the rebels? The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a connection between the coalition air campaign in Afghanistan and the increased support for the Taliban from civilians. The hypothesis which I test in my work is that air campaign, leading to civilian casualties increases support for the Taliban in Afghanistan. To get an answer to my hypothesis, I use statistics on the number of civilian deaths in air strikes between the years 2006 to 2008. As well as on the increasing number of insurgent attacks during the same period to see if there is a correlation between them. I also present support from secondary sources, including interviews with people affected by air bombardments and expert comments that indicate that the number of civilian casualties results in increased support for the rebels. The results validate my hypothesis. One conclusion of the study is that the coalition's use of the air campaigns must be modified to reduce the civilian deaths in order not to turn the population against them.</p>

Kriget i Afghanistan som startade 2001 har bidragit till att många civila skadats och fått sätta livet till. En av anledningarna till detta är det ökade användandet av flygstridskrafter för att skydda egen marktrupp. Flygattacker är på många sätt en bra metod för att snabbt kunna bekämpa fientliga individer samt med stor eldkraft kunna verka över stora ytor. Baksidan av att använda flygbombningar är att det i flera fall drabbar dem som inte är det utpekade målet. Kan detta vara en bidragande faktor till ett ökat missnöje mot koalitionen i Afghanistan och en direkt ökning för stödet till rebellerna? Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan koalitionens flygbombningar i Afghanistan och ett ökat stöd till talibanerna från civilbefolkningen. Den hypotes som jag utgår ifrån i mitt arbete är att flygbombningar som leder till civila förluster ökar stödet tilltalibanerna i Afghanistan. För att få ett svar på min hypotes använder jag mig av statistik över antalet civila dödsfall i flygattacker mellan åren 2006-2008. Statistiken kopplas ihop med statistik över det ökade antalet rebellattacker under samma period för att se om det finns en korrelation mellan dem. Därefter presenteras ett urval av intervjuer med människor som drabbats av flygbombningar gjorda av olika nyhetsbolag samt uttalanden från utomstående personer för att styrka indikationerna från statistiken om att fler civila dödsoffer leder till ökat stöd för talibanerna. Resultatet av undersökningen verifierar min hypotes. En slutsats av undersökningen är att koalitionens användningav flygbombningar måste ändras för att minska de civila dödsoffren och på så sätt inte vända befolkningen emot dem. / The war in Afghanistan that started in 2001 has contributed to numerous civilians that have been injured and killed. One reason for this is the increased use of air power to protect ground troops. Airstrikes can be a good way to quickly strike against individuals and to operate across vast areas with great firepower. But the drawback of aerial bombing is that it in many cases affects those who are not the designated target. Could this be a contributing factor to increased dissatisfaction with the Coalition forces in Afghanistan and a direct increase in support to the rebels? The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a connection between the coalition air campaign in Afghanistan and the increased support for the Taliban from civilians. The hypothesis which I test in my work is that air campaign, leading to civilian casualties increases support for the Taliban in Afghanistan. To get an answer to my hypothesis, I use statistics on the number of civilian deaths in air strikes between the years 2006 to 2008. As well as on the increasing number of insurgent attacks during the same period to see if there is a correlation between them. I also present support from secondary sources, including interviews with people affected by air bombardments and expert comments that indicate that the number of civilian casualties results in increased support for the rebels. The results validate my hypothesis. One conclusion of the study is that the coalition's use of the air campaigns must be modified to reduce the civilian deaths in order not to turn the population against them.

As consumers are getting better at avoiding the traditional marketing campaigns companies are using, it has become crucial for companies to differentiate their marketing. One way of doing this is to use guerrilla marketing, a marketing type more extreme, innovative and attention capturing than traditional marketing. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the use of guerrilla marketing affects consumer behavior in terms of brand attitude, brand image and purchase intention. Moreover, the effect on Word-of-Mouth will be explored, as this is a crucial implication if the guerrilla campaign is to be perceived as successful. Based on marketing theories and consumer behavior theories, an experiment is conducted through a focus group seminar, to determine if guerrilla marketing campaigns are perceived as being more creative and credible than traditional marketing campaigns. Furthermore, these determinants are used as instruments to study the effect on brand attitude, brand image and purchase intention. The study is exploratory and the chosen method is a qualitative data collection. The findings indicate that guerrilla marketing campaigns affect all consumer behavior elements, studied in our thesis, more than their equivalent traditional marketing campaigns. Suggestions for further research include studying if there is a cultural difference in how guerrilla marketing is perceived.   This thesis may be useful in increasing companies’ understanding of the concept of guerrilla marketing and how this can be used in a successful way.

Background: Swedish consumers are daily bombarded with 1500 advertising messages. 22 percent of the Swedish people are avoiding all advertising in traditional media according to SIFO's research. To master this problem innovative methods are a necessity to reach consumers. Guerrilla marketing is such a method. Purpose: The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the components and the activities that asuccessful guerrilla campaign consists of. He purpose is also to examine the motives behind theseactivities, why they were chosen and what objectives they were supposed to accomplish. Theambition is to find success factors for guerrilla marketing that result in publicity and increasedrecognition. Limitations: The Swedish market where a collaboration between two companies, Miami GuerrillaMarketing (Miami) and Stena Line, has been examined in a case study. The case study focuses on two successful guerrilla campaigns, 2008 and 2009, which resulted in publicity and increasedrecognition. Method: Case study Conclusion: A number of factors that lead to successful guerilla marketing, which gains publicityand increased recognition, have been identified in this dissertation. These are to: chose a new marketing communications strategy, chock and surprise the customers, use the novelty effect,generate strong emotions, match the media selection with the target audience and use uncon-­ventional media. Suggestion for further research: Experiment of guerrilla marketing in combination with traditionalmarketing and also studies of the effectiveness of the method.

Title: Public attitudes towards the use of marketing and communication by global non-profit organizations Background: The importance of the non-profit sector and the commercialization in it is increasing. The organizations have to deal with more competition in the fundraising market on the one hand, and they are on the other hand confronted with people who are blocking the recognition of conventional marketing expressions. Guerrilla marketing is seen as a possibility to penetrate the jungle of marketing and create word of mouth about the organization and its activities. Purpose: This thesis evaluates the public attitudes towards the increasing use of marketing and communication by global non-profit organizations and investigates for which objectives the use of guerrilla tactics in the marketing and communication mix would be accepted. Limitations: Though the data for this thesis was collected through questionnaires in Sweden, Germany and The Netherlands, there are no country dependent differences investigated. Theory: Classification of NPOs; aims of NPOs; basic model of communication; dynamic model of expectations; relationship between expectation, satisfaction and donations; marketing mix; guerrilla marketing; viral marketing; live buzz marketing; promotional mix; word of mouth. Method: Survey with more than 100 participants; interview with the fundraising responsible of Greenpeace Germany Findings and Conclusions: The public accepts the use of marketing and communication and the therefore necessary expenditures for the purpose to spread the message and gain donators. Openness and honesty in the NPOs’ behaviour are considered more important than the use of less money for marketing and communication. Guerrilla marketing is not suitable for all aims of a NPO, but is accepted in order to spread the message and increase the media coverage.

<p>Title: Public attitudes towards the use of marketing and communication by global non-profit organizations</p><p>Background: The importance of the non-profit sector and the commercialization in it is increasing. The organizations have to deal with more competition in the fundraising market on the one hand, and they are on the other hand confronted with people who are blocking the recognition of conventional marketing expressions. Guerrilla marketing is seen as a possibility to penetrate the jungle of marketing and create word of mouth about the organization and its activities.</p><p>Purpose: This thesis evaluates the public attitudes towards the increasing use of marketing and communication by global non-profit organizations and investigates for which objectives the use of guerrilla tactics in the marketing and communication mix would be accepted.</p><p>Limitations: Though the data for this thesis was collected through questionnaires in Sweden, Germany and The Netherlands, there are no country dependent differences investigated.</p><p>Theory: Classification of NPOs; aims of NPOs; basic model of communication; dynamic model of expectations; relationship between expectation, satisfaction and donations; marketing mix; guerrilla marketing; viral marketing; live buzz marketing; promotional mix; word of mouth.</p><p>Method: Survey with more than 100 participants; interview with the fundraising responsible of Greenpeace Germany</p><p>Findings and Conclusions: The public accepts the use of marketing and communication and the therefore necessary expenditures for the purpose to spread the message and gain donators. Openness and honesty in the NPOs’ behaviour are considered more important than the use of less money for marketing and communication. Guerrilla marketing is not suitable for all aims of a NPO, but is accepted in order to spread the message and increase the media coverage.</p>

A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Joint Maritime Operations. / "Final Report."--Rept. document page. "4 February 2002"--P. ii. Description based on title screen as viewed on Aug. 18, 2003. Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-25). Also available in print.

Ce mémoire porte sur la présence de l'ironie comme stratégie esthétique et politique. Les œuvres analysées le sont dans l'objectif de connaître comment cette figure s'articule à l'intérieur de créations à contenu féministe et quels indices de l'ironie apparaissent de façon parfois récurrente. Ne prétendant pas universaliser le mode fonctionnel de l'ironie dans la militance féministe, ni dans les arts visuels, ce mémoire cherche plutôt à saisir de quelle manière l'ironie, en tant que méthode rhétorique, agit à l'intérieur de pratiques artistiques précises et distinctes les unes des autres. Le concept d'ironie est analysé principalement à partir des définitions qu'en donnent Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Linda Hutcheon et le Groupe MU, c'est-à-dire une figure avançant une affirmation et qui, à l'aide de certains éléments, en suggère à la fois la négation. Ce paradoxe qui conduit à la notion d'ambiguïté permet d'éliminer ce qui peut être perçu telle une attitude totalitaire, menant de force ou forcément le récepteur ou la réceptrice vers une Vérité. En fait, la stratégie ironique oblige à la réflexion et exerce l'esprit critique dans la mesure où le public oscille entre deux lectures contradictoires. Cette incitation à faire preuve d'une pensée critique à l'égard de thèmes fondamentaux à l'étude, notamment la notion de genre, révèle le type particulier d'engagement que propose la stratégie ironique. Ce travail se concentre sur divers courants féministes et conceptions du genre. Parmi les écoles de pensée abordées, une attention particulière est portée à l'égard de la philosophe et féministe Judith Butler. Celle-ci propose d'ouvrir les possibilités identitaires et de miser sur les différences, au-delà de la pensée binaire contraignante. Son concept de pratiques parodiques du genre a été retenu afin d'analyser subséquemment ce que la psychanalyste Joan Riviere qualifie de "mascarade de la féminité". À partir de ces concepts, les pratiques artistiques de deux collectifs d'artistes, soit les Guerrilla Girls et Les Fermières Obsédées, ainsi que de l'artiste Dana Wyse seront abordées de sorte à faire voir des variantes postmodernes qui élargiraient la définition d'un art militant. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : art et féminisme, ironie, genre, pratiques parodiques, Guerrilla Girls, Les Fermières Obsédées, Dana Wyse.