<p>Denna uppsats är en explorativ studie ur relationistiskt perspektiv av vad som bidrar till välbefinnande och hälsa i vårdsammanhang. För att ange och beskriva relationella förhållanden har Martin Bubers dialogfilosofi använts som teoretisk modell. Grundrelationer som uppstår mellan Jag-Du eller Jag-Det och återfinns i dimensionerna, människa-det andliga, människa-människa, människa-natur. Denna filosofi har tillsammans med Katie Erikssons vårdteori i ”Vårdandets idé” använts i en hermeneutisk analys av praktiska vårdmöten. Utifrån dessa teorier har en jämförelse och därefter syntes varit utgångspunkt i analysarbetet. Vårdmötena skildrar vård ur olika perspektiv, patient, anhörigvårdare samt vårdpersonal, inom olika vårdsammanhang. Studien är subjektiv och inte generell i sin kvalitativa ansats men resultatet visar ändå på viktiga relationella samband som bidrar till upplevelser av hälsa och helhet i läkeprocessen. Det är viktigt att dessa relationsaspekter som resurs för läkedom får plats i vårdplaneringen utifrån Hälso- och sjukvårdslagens intentioner. Denna helhetssyn har dock inte funnits i tillräcklig utsträckning inom befintlig offentlig sjukvård på grund av ett endimensionellt biomedicinskt synsätt på människan som haft tolkningsföreträde inom denna under en längre period. Denna studie visar på det subjektiva värdet av den mångdimensionella synen på och bemötandet av människan, patienten inom vården. Detta medför möjlighet till upplevelse av helhet och delaktighet i läkeprocessen.</p>

Denna uppsats är en explorativ studie ur relationistiskt perspektiv av vad som bidrar till välbefinnande och hälsa i vårdsammanhang. För att ange och beskriva relationella förhållanden har Martin Bubers dialogfilosofi använts som teoretisk modell. Grundrelationer som uppstår mellan Jag-Du eller Jag-Det och återfinns i dimensionerna, människa-det andliga, människa-människa, människa-natur. Denna filosofi har tillsammans med Katie Erikssons vårdteori i ”Vårdandets idé” använts i en hermeneutisk analys av praktiska vårdmöten. Utifrån dessa teorier har en jämförelse och därefter syntes varit utgångspunkt i analysarbetet. Vårdmötena skildrar vård ur olika perspektiv, patient, anhörigvårdare samt vårdpersonal, inom olika vårdsammanhang. Studien är subjektiv och inte generell i sin kvalitativa ansats men resultatet visar ändå på viktiga relationella samband som bidrar till upplevelser av hälsa och helhet i läkeprocessen. Det är viktigt att dessa relationsaspekter som resurs för läkedom får plats i vårdplaneringen utifrån Hälso- och sjukvårdslagens intentioner. Denna helhetssyn har dock inte funnits i tillräcklig utsträckning inom befintlig offentlig sjukvård på grund av ett endimensionellt biomedicinskt synsätt på människan som haft tolkningsföreträde inom denna under en längre period. Denna studie visar på det subjektiva värdet av den mångdimensionella synen på och bemötandet av människan, patienten inom vården. Detta medför möjlighet till upplevelse av helhet och delaktighet i läkeprocessen.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / e recent literature in philosophy of science has been reassessing the positivist legacy. One of the items on the agenda is the alleged opposition between the theses put forth by positivists such as Carnap and the so-called post-positivists , such as Kuhn. Although the laer came to be viewed as a critic of several important positivist theses, more recent authors such as Friedman, Reisch, Earman, Irzik and Grünberg, maintain that several of the most characteristic theses of the Kuhnian view of science were already present in Carnap s philosophy. Against this kind of reading, authors such as Oliveira and Psillos argue that within Carnap s philosophy there is no place for Kuhnian theses like incommensurability, holism or the theoryladenness of observations. e first article of this dissertation presents the reasons for each of those readings and assesses them having in view the perspectives from which they are offered. It argues that it is possible to show that some aspects of Kuhn s thesis have a counterpart in the works of Carnap, although those theses vary in importance for Carnap and Kuhn. e second article presents aspects that can be seen as antagonistic in the two views, namely, the conceptions that relate to that distinction made famous by Reichenbach between contexts of discovery and justification. / A literatura recente em filosofia da ciência vêm reavaliando o legado positivista. Um dos itens dessa reavaliação é a suposta oposição entre as teses defendidas por positivistas como Carnap e os chamados pós-positivistas , como Kuhn. Embora este último tenha sido percebido como um crítico de diversas teses positivistas importantes, autores mais recentes como Friedman, Reisch, Earman, Irzik e Grünberg, sustentam que várias das teses mais características da concepção kuhniana da ciência já estariam presentes na filosofia positivista. Contra esse tipo de leitura, autores como Oliveira e Psillos argumentam que não há na filosofia de Carnap e outros positivistas lugar para teses como a da incomensurabilidade, do holismo ou da impregnação teórica das observações, características das concepções kuhnianas. O primeiro artigo desta dissertação apresenta as razões para cada uma dessas leituras e avalia cada uma tendo em vista a perspectiva a partir da qual elas são oferecidas. Defende que é possível mostrar que algumas teses kuhnianas têm uma contraparte já nos trabalhos de Carnap, muito embora tais teses ocupem posições e importâncias diferenciadas em Carnap e Kuhn. O segundo artigo apresenta aspectos que podem ser vistos como antagônicos nas filosofias de ambos, a saber, as concepções que dizem respeito àquela distinção feita famosa por Reichenbach entre contextos de descoberta e justificação.

Text in Afrikaans / The researcher has identified the research problem for the study as the underlying dynamics of physical violence amongst adolescent girls in the school system. The purpose of this study was to investigate these dynamics. The researcher viewed the girls from a holistic perspective and tried to explore and describe the girls' behavior by bringing their environment into consideration. A qualitative study was used to determine the dynamics of physical violence among adolescent girls in the school system. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. From this data it is evident that the dynamics of physical violence among girls is a multi-dimensional and complex phenomenon and cannot be attributed to a single factor. Because of this the researcher tried to make recommendations that touched each level of the girls' functioning. In such a way the researcher tried to address the problem holistically. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie)

The aim with this research is to present children with autism an alternative method through animal assisted therapy to communicate and socialize. Since children with autism cannot be guided to mastery of full maturity by means of the ordinary education system, separate provision of highly specialized fomative and formal education is essential. Autism prevents a child from reaching out to the world and other people. Autism implies a lack of communication with others and entails a disturbed dialogue with the world. This is revealed by the strange and odd behaviour of the child with autism. The aim of this research is to use animal assited therapy to bridge the gap between numerous problems experienced by the child with autism ascribed to his inadequate affective life, inablitity to form relationships with others, his language, speech and communication problems and poor sensory integration. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / Euro-centric (Western) therapeutic approaches in psychotherapy are criticized by several authors as being unsuitable in an African context. The reconciliation of the contrasting approach of world- and human views regarding individualism (Western) and collectivism (Africa) is being questioned. In this research a qualitative approach was used. The objectives were to explore, describe and to explain the use of gestalt play therapy with the adolescent who suffered trauma due to the loss of one or both parents, in a multicultural context. Case studies were done on three adolescents in eight therapeutic sessions of Gestalt play therapy. The finding and conclusion of this research showed that Gestalt play therapy could be used with the traumatised adolescent in a multicultural context. The child could be understood from a holistic point of view as the individual as well as a member of a cultural group. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This study is an investigation of the congruence in methodology between out-comes based education and environmental education. EE and OBE advocate for an integration of educational approaches and methodology. The focus being the introduction of integrated cross-curricula approach to education. Questionnaires were administered to educators in the sampled schools in order to get the understanding and perceptions of educators about the compatibilty of EE and OBE methodologies. The hypothesis: OBE in South African Education allows for the implementation of EE methodologies. The finding is that common approaches i.e. interdisciplinary and cross-curricular approaches and similar methods are used in OBE and EE. Several proposals were made: There should be workshops, support and mentoring approaches to EE and OBE. Resources should be available to educators and learners and there should be research on OBE and EE methodologies should be made / This study is aimed at examining the compatibility in methodology and approaches of South African Out-comes Based Education and Environmental Education. Data collection was based on questionnaires administered to the primary school educators in the Rustenburg District. Extensive knowledge was gained concerning the nature, approaches and methodologies of Environmental Education and Out Comes Based Education. The educators' understanding of the compatibility or degree of agreement between OBE and EE methodologies, approaches and methods was examined. Problems related to the methodological incompatibility of EE and OBE are identified and solutions are proposed. The core of this study is to examine the compatibility between OBE and EE in terms of approaches and methodologies. It is noted by this study that compatibility between EE and OBE, is not without problems. This study will make valuable contributions to examine the extent of OBE as a curriculum policy for addressing methodological issues raised by EE. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Environmental Education)

Cognitive linguists posit that language as a system of meaning is closely related to cognition and to the associated perceptual and physiological structures of the body. From the cognitive semantic viewpoint, cognitive processes underpin and motivate linguistic phenomena such as categorisation, polysemy, metaphor, metonymy and image schemas. The pedagogical implication of the cognitive semantic perspective is that understanding these cognitive motivations facilitates language learning. This dissertation uses an applied cognitive semantic approach to `make sense' of a traditional knowledge system, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM views human physiology as a holistic and dynamic system that exemplifies the same principles as the cosmos-environment. TCM models result in a categorisation of physiological phenomena based on a complex system of experiential and cosmological correspondences. I suggest that the holistic epistemology of cognitive linguistics is well suited to an understanding of these holistic models. From a pedagogical viewpoint, I argue that an analysis of the cognitive motivations which underpin TCM categorisations and the polysemy of some key TCM terms can help the student make sense of TCM as a meaningful system of thought and practice. Both the theoretical and applied approaches explored in this dissertation should have relevance to other traditional knowledge systems, particularly traditional medical systems. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the meaning that psychotherapeutic patients associate with their self-esteem in order to contribute to a better understanding of what these patients' views of low and high self-esteem entail. A study of literature was conducted to expose different aspects of the term 'self-esteem' from several theoretical approaches. Furthermore, the substructure of the hypno-therapeutic approach (of which the medical hypno-analytical model was the main approach) was especially analysed to ground the psychotherapeutic treatment received by the research participants. Eleven research participants were involved in the study according to the extreme, as well as the confirming and disconfirming case methods of sampling. They were selected on the basis of homogenous characteristics, namely: white, Afrikaans-speaking men in the low to high average socio-economic sphere. This study was done within a qualitative or interpretive paradigm - the study therefore focuses on the understanding (verstehen) of the meaning individuals attach to their self-esteem and not on the explanation (erklärung) thereof. The data gathering techniques were the basic individual interview, the self-esteem induction and observation. The textual data, transcribed from audiocassettes, was analysed qualitatively with the help of the ATLAS.ti-program according to the principles and procedures of grounded theory (including open, axial and selective coding). Data analysis led to, amongst other things, the co-construction of 23 categories (with numerous subcategories) of which the central phenomenon was identified as 'low self-esteem'. Relations could be drawn between the core category and other categories and the following storyline, which could suggest a possible theory, was conceptualised: -Negative suggesting in the patient's past leads to low self-esteem, which is unhealthily handled within his emotional problematics by means of a negative thinking scheme for which therapy is received from a medical hypno-analytical perspective to treat the negative labels in order to facilitate attachment of positive meaning to his self-esteem. The meaning(s) ascribed by psychotherapeutic patients to their self-esteem seem to be, in accordance with the post-modern spirit of the age (Zeitgeist), holistic in nature. / Die doelstelling van hierdie studie was om die betekenis wat psigoterapeutiese pasiente met hul selfagting assosieer, kwalitatief te ondersoek ten einde 'n bydrae te maak tot 'n beter begrip van wat psigoterapeutiese pasiente se siening van lae en hoe selfagting behels. 'n Literatuurstudie is uitgevoer om die onderskeie aspekte met betrekking tot die begrip 'selfagting' vanuit verskillende teoretiese benaderings te belig. Verder is die onderbou van veral die hipnoterapeutiese benadering (waarvan die mediese hipnoanalitiese model die hoofbenadering was) ge-analiseer om die psigoterapeutiese behandeling wat die navorsingsdeelnemers ontvang het, te fundeer. Elf navorsingsdeelnemers is volgens die ekstreme, sowel as die bevestigende en niebevestigende gevallemetodes van steekproeftrekking, by die studie betrek. Hulle is op grond van homogene eienskappe gekies, naamlik: blanke, Afrikaanssprekende mans binne 'n laag tot hoog gemiddelde sosio-ekonomiese sfeer. Hierdie studie is binne 'n kwalitatiewe of interpretatiewe paradigma gedoen - die studie fokus dus op die verstaan (verstehen) van die betekenis wat individue aan hul selfagting heg en nie op die verklaring (erklarung) daarvan nie. Die data- insamelingstegnieke was die basiese individuele onderhoud, die selfagtinginduksie in hipnoterapie en observasie. Die data is as tekstuele data, wat vanaf klankkassette getranskribeer is, op kwalitatiewe wyse met behulp van die ATLASJi-program aan die hand van die beginsels en prosedures van gegronde teorie (waaronder oop, aksiale en selektiewe kodering) ontleed. Data-ontleding het onder andere gelei tot die ko-konstruksie van 23 kategoriee (met talle subkategoriee) waarvan die sentrale verskynsel as 'lae selfagting' geidentifiseer is. Verbande kon tussen die kernkategorie en ander kategoriee getrek word, en die volgende gekonseptualiseerde storielyn wat op 'n moontlike teorie kan dui, is gekokonstrueer: - Negatiewe suggerering in die pasient se verlede lei tot sy lae selfagting wat hy binne sy emosionele problematiek deur middel van 'n negatiewe denkskema ongesond hanteer en dan psigoterapie ontvang vir die behandeling van sy negatiewe etikette sodat 'n positiewe betekenisgewing aan sy selfagting vanuit 'n mediese hipno-analitiese perspektief gefasiliteer kan word. Die betekenis(se) wat die psigoterapeutiese pasiente aan hul selfagting gee, blyk, in ooreenstemming met die postmodernistiese tydgees, holisties van aard te wees. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

The difficulties experienced by children in their middle school age resemble problems with emotional intelligence. It is increased by cultural differences between the child, therapist and social environment. This research problem led to a culturally sensitive Gestalt play therapy intervention programme, to enhance primary school children's emotional intelligence. An intervention was developed, applied and the outcomes thereof studied. The outcomes relate to play therapy techniques, emotional intelligence and cultural sensitivity. The researcher made use of applied research, and thus focused on solving the social problem as stated above, and making a contribution to real life issues. A literature study, related to the concepts of the unit of analysis showed the following: The primary school child has high energy levels and presents concrete reasoning abilities. His self-esteem is based on good interpersonal relationships and achieving tasks. Emotions and other physical and cognitive systems are interdependent. Emotional intelligence is the awareness, management and control of emotions, relate to the functions of the frontal lobes and also to the requirements of a healthy individual according to Gestalt therapy. Culture is connected to the field in Gestalt theory. Cultural sensitivity in this research study meant an attitude of acceptance of cultural differences. Gestalt therapy is based on holism, which includes the environment or field. Gestalt play therapy in a group context was found to be an effective way to teach emotional intelligence skills in a culturally sensitive way to primary school children. The intervention programme was applied to pilot- and research groups, compiled from children who were assessed with the Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (Naglieri and Das, 1997a) and who presented weaker frontal lobe processes in relation to their other cognitive skills. The outcomes of the research study identified the most effective Gestalt play therapy techniques, which are: The healing therapeutic relationship The use of experiential learning The Gestalt principle of "biding one's time" The study also delivered some unsuspected outcomes namely a relation between right-hemisphere processes and emotional intelligence. This study is still open for further research relating to the concepts discussed above, the intervention programme as well as the unsuspected outcomes. / Social Work / D.Diac.