No description available.

A ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS) foi constatada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 2000/2001, tendo desde então ocasionado elevados prejuízos aos sojicultores. O emprego de cultivares geneticamente resistentes/tolerantes é um componente fundamental de um programa integrado para controle desta doença. A pesquisa tem encontrado muita dificuldade, pois o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi apresenta grande variabilidade patogênica e as poucas fontes de resistência/tolerância disponíveis não são adaptadas às condições brasileiras. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar a performance de linhagens experimentais de soja derivadas de cruzamentos entre genitores tolerantes à ferrugem asiática, com a finalidade de incrementar a tolerância a FAS. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante os anos agrícolas 2008-09, 2009-10 e 2010-11, nas Estações Experimentais Anhumas e Areão e na sede (ESALQ), áreas estas pertencentes à Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" e situadas no município de Piracicaba - SP. Os experimentos com as progênies nas gerações F2:4, F2:5 e F2:6 foram delineados em blocos aumentados de Federer, sendo cada experimento subdividido em conjuntos experimentais com testemunhas comuns. Para estimar o efeito ferrugem e o nível de tolerância de cada genótipo a FAS, em cada local e ano agrícola, foram conduzidos dois experimentos com aplicações de fungicidas diferentes: no primeiro experimento aplicou-se fungicida para controle apenas das doenças de final de ciclo (DFC), enquanto que no segundo experimento, foi aplicado fungicida com princípios ativos para o controle tanto das DFC quanto da FAS. Nos experimentos com controle de DFC e FAS houve tendência de médias maiores para PG e PCS. A metodologia do contraste de reações das plantas a fungicidas distintos foi eficiente em estimar o efeito ferrugem e a reação de cada genótipo a FAS. A pressão do fungo da FAS sobre as progênies variou entre os anos agrícolas, tendo sido maior em 2009-10. O local Anhumas destacou-se entre os demais, possibilitando altas médias de produtividade de grãos (PG) em todos os anos agrícolas avaliados. Este ambiente também mostrou-se apropriado para estimar o efeito ferrugem. Os genitores 1 (USP 04-18.032) e 5 (USP 11-38) foram os que originaram as progênies mais precoces e os genitores 3 (USP 97-08.135) e 10 (USP 191-104-11) as progênies mais tardias. Os genitores 8 (USP 191-102-03) e 10 (USP 191-104-11) foram os que mais contribuíram para elevadas médias de PG e peso de cem sementes (PCS). Já o genitor 4 (BUSP 16-015) destacou-se na média de PG, além de ter apresentado valor alto de capacidade média de combinação para PG, na média dos três anos agrícolas. O cruzamento 7x10 (USP 14-06-20 x USP 191-104-11) destacou-se originando o maior número de progênies com desempenho superior em PG e tolerância a FAS. Por outro lado, os genitores 1 (USP 04-18.032), 3 (USP 97-08.135) e 9 (USP 191-103-12) foram os que menos contribuíram para a geração de progênies com alta PG. Houve variação entre as progênies dentro de cruzamentos para as estimativas dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica. Consequentemente, as progênies 231- 2224-12 (6x8 = USP 97-10.046 x USP 191-102-03), 231-6127-06 (1x8 = USP 04- 18.032 x USP 191-102-03) e 231-1120-08 (7x10 = USP 14-06-20 x USP 191-104-11) foram as mais indicadas para a seleção recorrente para tolerância a FAS. / The Asian soybean rust (FAS) was reported for the first time in Brazil in 2000/2001 and has since caused considerable damage to soybean crops. The use of genetically resistant cultivars is a key component of an integrated program to control this disease. In the researches has been found many difficulties because the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi shows great variability in pathogenicity and the small number of sources of resistance that are available has no adaptability to Brazilian environmental conditions. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of experimental soybean lines derived from crosses among soybean rust tolerant parents, in order to increase the horizontal resistance (tolerance). The experiments were conducted during the crop years 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11, in three experimental stations (Anhumas, Areão and ESALQ), areas belonging to the College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" and located within the municipality of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments with progenies in generations F2:4, F2:5 and F2:6 were designed in augmented block of Federer, with each experiment divided into sets with common checks. In order to estimate the effect of FAS and the level of tolerance of each genotype to FAS, in each location and crop year, there was conducted two experiments with applications of different fungicides: in the first experiment was applied one fungicide for controlling only the soybean late season leaf diseases (DFC), while in the second experiment were applied one fungicides with active principles for controlling DFC as well as FAS. In the experiments with control of DFC and FAS there was tendency of superior means for PG and PCS. The methodology of contrasting the plant reactions to different fungicides was effective for estimating the effect of FAS and the level of tolerance of each genotype to FAS. The pressure of the fungal FAS on progenies ranged among crop years, being highest in 2009-10. The location Anhumas stood out among the rest, enabling high average seed yield (PG) in all evaluated crop years; this environment also proved to be suitable for estimating the rust effect. The parents 1 (USP 04-18032) and 5 (USP 11-38) were those that originated the earliest progenies and parents 3 (USP 97-08135) and 10 (USP 191-104-11) the later progenies. The parents 8 (USP 191-102-03) and 10 (USP 191-104-11) were the main contributors to higher average PG and one hundred seed weight (PSC). However, the parent 4 ( BUSP 16-015 ) exceeded for PG, besides also have presented high value of average combining ability for PG, in average of the three crop years. The cross 7x10 (USP 14-06-20 x USP 191-104-11) stood out by originating the highest number of progenies with superior performance in PG and tolerance to FAS. On the other hand, the parents 1 (USP 04-18 032), 3 (USP 97-08 135), and 9 (USP 191-103-12) have contributed with the smallest number of superior progenies in PG. There was variation among progenies within cross, for the estimates of adaptability and phenotypic stability parameters. Consequently, the progenies 231-2224-12 (6x8 = USP 97-10 046 x USP 191-102-03), 231-6127-06 (1x8 = USP 04-18 032 x USP 191- 102-03), and 231-1120 - 08 (7x10 = USP 14-06-20 x USP 191-104-11) were the most suitable for the utilization as parents in the recurrent selection for tolerance to FAS.

Cette thèse analyse l’évolution du pouvoir des abbés de onze abbayes bénédictines masculines du diocèse de Rouen entre la fin du XIIe siècle et le milieu du XVe siècle, mettant l’accent sur les plus grandes d’entre elles (Le Bec, Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Wandrille…) mais prenant aussi en charge des maisons plus modestes et méconnues. Au cœur du raisonnement figurent la relation des abbés avec les pouvoirs royaux français et anglais. Après l’intégration de la Normandie au domaine royal capétien en 1204, les abbés devinrent royaux : en étudiant en particulier les actes de la pratique, cette thèse propose une définition de cette catégorie. Le rôle de Philippe Auguste dans la définition des rapports entre les crosses et les couronnes est mis en valeur. La suite du XIIIe siècle et le début du XIVe siècle sont marquées par une continuité politique assez remarquable, doublée d’une prospérité économique ; cela se traduisit par une réelle liberté des élections dans les monastères normands et l’avènement des abbés gestionnaires, qui parvinrent même à conserver les biens de leurs abbayes situées dans les terres du roi d’Angleterre. Les débuts de la Guerre de Cent ans furent un véritable tournant : à partir de ce moment-là, les abbés durent s’engager dans les affaires politiques et la guerre (notamment dans le conflit entre le roi de France et le roi de Navarre puis au moment de la conquête de la Normandie par Henri V, après sa victoire à Azincourt en 1415). S’appuyant sur une prosopographie de cent-quatre-vingt-huit abbés, la thèse étudie par ailleurs le profil de ces supérieurs (origines sociales et géographiques, formation, etc.) et l’évolution de la figure abbatiale au fil de ces trois siècles : de plus en plus de supérieurs furent formés à l’université ou gravitaient dans les cercles de pouvoir de l’Église ou de la royauté. En conséquence, ils fréquentaient de moins en moins leurs cloîtres, habituant les moines à leur absence, tandis que la liberté des élections était progressivement rognée sous l’influence du pape et des rois. L’étude, notamment, des sources narratives et figurées montre que les représentations de leur pouvoir évoluèrent en parallèle : de plus en plus attentifs à leur prestige extérieur, marqué notamment par le port des insignes pontificaux, ils ressemblèrent de moins en moins aux moines qu’ils dirigeaient. Cette thèse propose de lire la mise en place de la commende dans la continuité de ces évolutions du pouvoir abbatial, qui apparaissent moins comme une crise que comme une mutation. / This thesis analyzes the evolution of the power of the abbots of eleven male Benedictine abbeys of the diocese of Rouen between the end of the 12th century and the middle of the 15th century, focusing on the largest of them (Le Bec, Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Wandrille...) but also on more modest and unknown monasteries. At the heart of the reasoning lie the relationship of the abbots with the French and English royal powers. After the integration of Normandy in the Capetian royal domain in 1204, the abbots became royal: studying in particular the acts of the practice, this thesis proposes a definition of this category. The role of Philip Augustus in the building of these relationships between crosiers and crowns is underlined. The political continuation of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, coupled with economic prosperity, resulted on the one hand in a real freedom of elections in the Norman monasteries and on the other hand in the advent of abbots managers, who even managed to preserve the property of their abbeys located in the lands of the King of England. The beginnings of the Hundred Years’ War were a real turning point: from then on, the abbots had to engage in political affairs and war (especially in the conflict between the King of France and the King of Navarre, then at the time of the conquest of Normandy by Henry V, after his victory at Azincourt in 1415). Based on a prosopography of one hundred and eighty-eight abbots, the thesis also studies the profile of these superiors (their social and geographical origins, their formartion and career, etc.) and the evolution of the abbatial figure over these three centuries: more and more superiors studied at the university and/or gravitated in the circles of power of the Church or of the kings. As a result, they were less and less physically present in their cloisters, accustoming the monks to their absence, while the freedom of the elections was gradually cut off under the influence of the pope and kings. Besides, the study, in particular, of the narrative and figurative sources shows that the representations of their power evolved in parallel: more and more attentive to their external prestige, marked in particular by the wearing of the pontifical insignia, they looked less and less like to the monks who they were ruling. This thesis proposes to read the setting up of the commendatory system in the continuity of these evolutions of the abbatial power, which appear less as a crisis than as a mutation.

This diploma thesis is exploring the topic of legitimacy and legality of the royal power in the late English and French Middle Ages. Specifically, it answers the question whether Edward IV and Charles VII were legitimate kings for their respective subjects, based on analysis and comparison of selected contemporaneous English and French sources. This thesis presents different points of view on the royal power and the royal office according to the medieval authors. It describes the often ambiguous and contradictory opinions on this issue as well as provides a deeper look at the traditions and customs surrounding it. This analysis is presented against the historical backdrop of prolonged armed conflicts and political changes in both kingdoms. The differences between the legal and political situation of Charles VII and Edward IV suggest a wide range of possible interpretations. This thesis, based on the critical analysis and comparison of the relevant historical sources, advocates the view supporting the legitimacy of both kings, based on their respective genealogical and legal claims as well as on the support granted by their subjects. Keywords: Charles VII, Edward IV, royal power, legitimacy, treaty of Troyes, Wars of the Roses, Hundred years war

No description available.

À partir de 1422 l’Anglais Jean de Lancastre (1389-1435), duc de Bedford, fut le régent du royaume français de son jeune neveu Henri VI. Le traité de Troyes (1420) prévoyant une présence anglaise pérenne en France, le régent dut mettre en place une structure de domination sociale consentie plutôt qu’entretenue par la coercition. C’est dans cette optique que le duc de Bedford instaura une politique culturelle et linguistique, fortement inspirée de celle des grands Valois, lui permettant de cultiver l’assentiment à son régime et de légitimer sa propre autorité. Cette politique est l’objet principal de notre recherche. Nous proposons en un premier temps d’analyser dans le détail les éléments constitutifs de la politique culturelle du régent Bedford, dont les somptueuses résidences, les riches manuscrits et le généreux patronage étaient autant de manifestations de la puissance anglaise en France. Ces dernières lui permettaient de s’insérer dans une société courtoise continentale, notamment auprès de son beau-frère et plus important allié, Philippe de Bourgogne. Parallèlement sa politique lui permettait aussi, notamment à travers l’imitation des rois de France, le déploiement de ce qu’on pourrait appeler des éléments de propagande. L’analyse de ces divers éléments révèle cependant qu’ils étaient peut-être moins destinés à convaincre les gouvernés qu’à consolider les convictions des gouvernants. Nous consacrons ensuite un chapitre dédié à l’exercice du pouvoir par l’écriture. Nous y analysons la production d’actes du duc de Bedford, autant en France qu’en Angleterre, sous le prisme de sa conformité ou de sa divergence d’avec les normes françaises. Le respect des traditions diplomatiques locales et de la langue des actes constituait, en soi, une affirmation des principes du traité de Troyes et un symbole de la continuité du pouvoir entre Valois et Lancastre. Parallèlement, la présence de certains éléments typiquement anglais dans l’administration militaire de la France de Bedford trahit une intégration imparfaite des pratiques locales. Nous y soulignons également l’importance du rôle des secrétaires français dans la coordination avec le royaume anglais d’Henri VI, certains se trouvant même à en intégrer l’appareil étatique. Si au final l’administration anglaise s’avère avoir été peu encline à l’adoption de pratiques étrangères, elle fut le théâtre d’importants changements linguistiques qui n’étaient pas étrangers à l’expérience de la France lancastrienne. En troisième lieu, nous soulignons la contribution d’autres figures importantes de la vie culturelle en France anglo-bourguignonne. La participation de personnages comme Richard Beauchamp et John Talbot à la vie de cour instaurée par le régent témoigne de l’intégration, par les Anglais en séjour sur le continent, de nombreux éléments de culture française. Une telle activité culturelle persista d’ailleurs longtemps après la mort de Jean de Lancastre. Le patronage, la circulation des idées, des artistes et, surtout, l’intériorisation du récit lancastrien en France y résulta en une certaine acculturation des élites, entraînant subséquemment une transformation de la culture anglaise outre-Manche. Cette appropriation culturelle participa à la pérennité de la langue et de la littérature française dans l’Angleterre du XVe siècle, tout en contribuant paradoxalement à la promotion d’une identité proprement anglaise. / From 1422 the Englishman John of Lancaster (1389-1435), duke of Bedford, was regent of his young nephew’s French kingdom. Because the treaty of Troyes (1420) provided for a long-lasting English presence in France, the regent had to put in place a social domination structure based on consent rather than coercion. In this context, the duke of Bedford devised a cultural and language policy inspired by the attitudes of the most prominent members of the Valois family. It allowed him to bolster support for his regime and legitimize his power. This policy is the main object of our research. We first propose to examine each element of Bedford’s cultural policy. His magnificent households, precious manuscripts and generous patronage were outward symbols of the might and stability of English rule in France. These possessions also allowed their owner to present himself as a legitimate member of continental courtly society. As such, they were a mean to strengthen the bond with his most important ally, his brother-in-law Philip, duke of Burgundy. At the same time the regent depicted himself, and by extension Henry VI, as the legitimate ruler of France by actively imitating past French kings. Some of his cultural enterprises can be conceived as propaganda. However under careful scrutiny these representations of power appear to have been intended not only for the conquered, but also for the conquerors themselves. We devote a second chapter to the exercise of power through writing. We analyze the duke’s production of written documents, both sides of the Channel, in light of its compliance to or defiance of French diplomatic tradition. In itself, the adoption of local practices and language was both respectful of the spirit of the treaty of Troyes and a convenient way to conceal the dynastic rift between Valois and Lancaster. On the other hand, the continued use of typical English documents in Bedford’s organization of the military reveals the limited extent of his acculturation. We also consider the important role of the French secretaries in the coordination between the two kingdoms, which in theory were supposed to be kept separate. Some of them were so involved in English affairs that they moved to England to serve Henry VI. In the end however the English bureaucracy remained mostly unaffected by extraneous innovations. Nonetheless, the very significant linguistic shift it underwent was contemporary, and linked, to the demise of Lancastrian France. The last chapter examines the contribution of other important figures of the anglo-burgundian cultural environment. The continental activity of magnates like Richard Beauchamp and soldiers like John Talbot exemplifies the relative vitality of courtly life in Lancastrian France and highlights the adoption of some elements of French culture by the English there. The subsequent patronage, circulation of texts and artists and, ultimately, the internalization of the Lancastrian French narrative, led to the transformation of English culture. This cultural appropriation contributed to the perpetuation of French language and literature in fifteenth-century England. Paradoxically, it also reinforced a properly English identity.

Following the historic election of Barack Obama, the largest overhaul of the nation's health care system since the Great Society, and with the country still reeling from the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, a group of disenchanted conservative Republicans and elected leaders wary of government policy gave rise to a new political movement - the Tea Party. Since taking the American political system by storm in 2010, considerable research has focused on the electoral consequences of the Tea Party. Using an original dataset and the American National Election Study, I study the Tea Party Caucus at the elite level by analyzing roll call votes, incumbency, and endorsements, and at the mass level through an examination of congressional districts and constituencies. Findings show that members of the Tea Party Caucus and their Republican House colleagues are largely homogeneous. Exceptions to this include economic final passage votes, legislation receiving presidential support, district lean, census region, and presidential vote in congressional districts. Furthermore, evidence is seen that economic factors in members' districts affected the election of freshmen representatives in 2010, and that district variables strongly influence legislative voting behavior. Finally, discontinuity is discovered between the Tea Party movement at the mass level and the Tea Party Caucus at the elite level.

Le concile de Constance est convoqué par le pape Jean XXIII en vue de mettre un terme au schisme qui déchire la chrétienté occidentale depuis 1378. Les Pères conciliaires sont également désireux de réformer l’Église et de mettre un terme aux abus qui y règnent. En tout état de cause, rien ne laisse supposer d’un premier abord que le concile de Constance soit l’occasion pour les Français qui s’y trouvent d’affirmer et de construire leur identité nationale. Pourtant, l’organisation du concile en nations favorise le regroupement des Français et rend nécessaire des prises de décisions communes. Entre 1415 et 1417, si les divergences existent entre les membres de cette nation composite, le sentiment national et la défense d’intérêts communs prennent une place croissante. Par ailleurs, la translation de la guerre de Cent Ans au concile rend les relations des nations anglaise et française de plus en plus conflictuelles. L’alliance du roi des Romains Sigismond avec Henri V isole les Français au concile. Face à toutes ces difficultés, la plus grande partie des membres de la nation française tend à s’unir et à faire corps autour de l’ambassade de Charles VI. Au nom de la loyauté envers la couronne, l’ambassade du roi de France cherche à prendre le contrôle de la nation française et à orienter ses décisions de façon à les rendre conformes aux intérêts du roi. / Pope John XXIII convened the oecumenical council of Constance to end the schism splitting the western Christianity since 1378. The council Fathers were also eager to reform and rid the Church of the prevailing influence peddling. Anyhow, at first glance nothing suggested that the council of Constance would give the attending French party an opportunity to assert and build up their national identity.Still, the council’ organisation around nations prompted the French to pool together and called for common stances in decision-making. Between 1415 and 1417, while differences still existed amongst the members of this composite nation, a feeling of national loyalty and the fight for common interests became increasingly important.In addition, due to the emergence of the 100 years’ war in the midst of the council, the French-English relationships became ever more conflicting. The French were isolated in the council as a result of the Roman king Sigismond’ alliance with Henry V.As a result of these mishaps, most members of the French nations felt prompted to unite and stand solidly behind Charles VI’ ambassadors.In the name of their pledge of allegiance to the Crown, the French king’s embassy endeavoured to gain control of, and orientate the French nation’s decision in a sense favouring the king’s interest.

The aim of the study is to conduct a qualitative rhetorical analysis of websites where Reggio Emilia-inspired preschools present their pedagogy to gain increased knowledge of the content that is written, focusing on the environment and materials. The environment is important in the Reggio Emilia pedagogy and they are convinced that the environment is of great importance for children's play, interaction, and upbringing into a democratic society. Rhetorical text analysis examines how the schools present their activities on their websites and how the environment and material the preschools use in their activities emerges in their presentations. With the help of three research questions, we find out how the pedagogical materials used in their pedagogical activities appear and how they describe the different environments at preschool. What material do they present and how it is presented, do they describe specifically what material they use, or do they only give a general description. Do they consider the recipient's experience and background in the presentation? We use rhetorical text analysis according to Lennart Hellspong and the Reggio Emilia pedagogy to find out how well they have phrased their presentations, we have used rhetorical analysis also to analyze the images that are included in the presentations. We investigate how the transmitter's ethos, character and personality, appear in the text. How the text affects the recipient's emotions and thoughts, pathos. We look at how the transmitter uses language and thinking, logos, as a compelling, persuasive, tool. We examine the child perspective that emerges, if the children are also assigned ethos and pathos through the text and how the educator's role and relationships appear in the text. The result shows that there are very few preschools that present their pedagogical activities at all on their website. Among the few who do, it varies a bit how they do it. Some use many images to supplement the descriptive text of the presentation of their material while others do not show any images at all. Some preschools specifically describe the different materials used, while others use collective names such as natural materials. The result shows that all the presentations we analyzed describe parts of the Reggio Emilia pedagogy but only about half of the preschools use concepts that are typical of pedagogy such as "the environment as the third pedagogue", "the competent child" and "the hundred languages". / Studiens syfte är att göra en kvalitativ retorisk analys av förskolors hemsidor som är inspirerade av Reggio Emilia för att få ökad kunskap om det innehåll som skrivs fram, med fokus på verksamhetens miljö och material. Miljön är viktig i Reggio Emiliapedagogiken och man är övertygad om att miljön har stor betydelse för barns lek, samspel, och fostran in i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Genom retorisk textanalys undersöks hur förskolorna presenterar sin verksamhet, på sina hemsidor, och hur miljön och materialet de använder i sin verksamhet träder fram i deras presentationer. Med hjälp av tre forskningsfrågor tar vi reda på hur det pedagogiska materialet man använder i sin pedagogiska verksamhet framträder och hur väl man beskriver de olika miljöerna på förskolan. Vilket material som presenteras och hur det presenteras, beskrivs det specifikt vilket material man använder eller ger man bara en generell beskrivning. Tar man hänsyn till mottagarens erfarenhet och bakgrund i sin beskrivning. Vi använder retorisk textanalys enligt Lennart Hellspong och Reggio Emiliapedagogiken för att ta reda på hur väl man formulerat sina presentationer, vi har använt retorisk analys även för att analysera de bilder som finns med i presentationerna. Vi undersöker hur sändarens ethos, karaktär och personlighet, framträder i texten. Hur texten påverkar mottagarens känslor och tankar, pathos. Vi tittar på hur sändaren utnyttjar språket och tänkandet, logos, som ett övertygande, persuasivt, redskap. Vi undersöker vilken barnsyn som framträder, om även barnen tilldelas ethos och pathos genom texten och hur pedagogens roll och relationer framträder i texten. Resultatet visar att det är väldigt få förskolor som presenterar sin pedagogiska verksamhet över huvud taget på sin hemsida. Bland de få som gör det varierar det en del hur man gör det. En del använder sig av många bilder för att komplettera den beskrivande texten i presentationen av sitt material medan andra inte visar några bilder alls. Vissa beskriver specifikt vilka olika material man använde medan andra använder sig av samlingsnamn som exempelvis naturmaterial. Resultatet visar att alla de presentationer vi analyserat beskriver delar av Reggio Emiliapedagogiken men bara ca hälften använder begrepp som är typiska för pedagogiken såsom ”miljön som den tredje pedagogen”, ”det kompetenta barnet” och ”de hundra språken”.

Les espaces fortifiés médiévaux du Velay (diocèse médiéval du Puy-en-Velay), sont analysés dans leur constitution et leur utilisation. L’enquête concerne un corpus de sites castraux, bourgs fortifiés, maisons fortes, prieurés et églises fortifiées de 145 communes situées en majorité dans le département de la Haute-Loire (France- Auvergne). Les changements que ces espaces fortifiés opèrent sur la période XIIIe-XVe s. sont mis en avant : morphologie spatiale et choix d’occupation des espaces, évolution de l’habitat individuel seigneurial et des enceintes en contexte rural et urbain. L’ensemble est documenté par des textes qui indique la nature des relations entre les différents groupes sociaux, acteurs de la construction du territoire fortifié : relations entre les seigneurs et l’évêque du Puy ou le roi, relations entre les seigneurs et les communautés urbaines ou rurales, émergence de nouveaux groupes sociaux (la petite noblesse). L’accent est mis sur l’articulation de ces espaces et le rapport social et symbolique que chacun des groupes sociaux entretient avec la fortification. Les intentions de dominations et les résistances de chacun des groupes sociaux sont ainsi mis en évidence par l’analyse du parcellaire, des édifices et de la forme de la fortification. / The fortified medieval areas of the Velay (medieval diocese of Puy-en-Velay) are analysed in their constitution and their use. The survey concerns a corpus of castle sites, fortified towns, fortified houses, priories and fortified churches in 145 communes, mostly in the department of Haute-Loire (France-Auvergne). The changes that these fortified spaces operate during the 13th-15th centuries are highlighted: spatial morphology and choices of occupancy of these areas, evolution of individual seigneurial habitats and enclosures in rural and urban context. The nature of the relations between the different social groups building this fortified territory is mainly documented by texts : relationships between the lords and the bishop of Le Puy or the king, relationships between the lords and the urban or rural communities, emergence of new social groups (the small gentry). The purpose focuses on the articulation of these areas and the social and symbolic relationships that each of the social groups has with fortifications. Thus, the intentions of domination and the resistance of each of the medieval social groups are revealed by analysing the plots, the buildings and the form of the fortification