Submitted by Leandro Farias Aguiar (leandro.aguiar@itau-unibanco.com.br) on 2014-12-18T21:11:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-12-19T11:49:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-19T13:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro Farias Aguiar.pdf: 1287260 bytes, checksum: 097e9c6f1a265980f82a58af67b081c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Ao se reportar resultados voláteis e, sem a devida evidenciação contábil (disclosure), pode-se transmitir uma imagem negativa aos investidores e levantar dúvidas em relação aos resultados futuros, a transparência e a capacidade de gerenciamento do risco por parte dos gestores das instituições financeiras. Nas últimas décadas, a utilização da contabilidade de hedge para a gestão do risco e resultado tem estado em evidência nos grandes bancos do Brasil e do exterior. Isto ocorre pois é onde se dá a convergência das demonstrações financeiras tanto em 2005 na Europa quanto em 2010 no Brasil para o novo padrão contábil internacional (IFRS) aplicado pelo IASB. Este padrão tem exigido dos bancos grandes esforços para estar em conformidade com as novas regras estabelecidas. Nesta mesma lógica, enquanto a contabilidade de hedge nos bancos assume um papel de destaque na gestão dos riscos e resultados; a divulgação precisa e concisa das demonstrações financeiras fornece aos acionistas, investidores e demais usuários importantes informações sobre o desempenho e a condução do negócio. Isto proporciona ao mercado uma melhor condição de avaliar os riscos envolvidos e de estimar os resultados futuros para a tomada de decisão de investimento. Dentro deste contexto, foi avaliado a qualidade e o grau de evidenciação das demonstrações contábeis dos principais bancos brasileiros e europeus aos requisitos do IFRS 7, IFRS 9 e outros mais de elaboração do próprio autor. Todos esses requisitos referem-se à divulgação de informações qualitativas e quantitativas pertinentes a contabilidade de hedge. Portanto, estão associados a estratégias de gestão de risco e resultado. A avaliação do grau de evidenciação das demonstrações financeiras ao IFRS 7 e IFRS 9 foi feita através de um estudo exploratório onde se analisou as notas explicativas em IFRS dos dez maiores bancos no Brasil e na Europa pelo critério 'tamanho dos ativos'. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que 59,6% das instituições analisadas cumprem as exigências do IFRS7. Outra descoberta é que o índice de cumprimento dos bancos brasileiros é maior que os bancos europeus; 68,3% vs. 50,8%. Em relação ao IFRS 9 o percentual é de apenas 23% o que é explicado pelo fato da norma ainda não estar em vigor em ambas as regiões onde poucas instituições tem se antecipado de forma voluntária para atendê-la. A avaliação da qualidade das notas explicativas referente ao hedge contábil foi feita de maneira discricionária através da observação das informações prestadas para atender aos requisitos do IFRS 7 e 9 e dos demais requisitos adicionados pelo autor. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as notas carecem de maior detalhamento dos instrumentos de hedge utilizados, bem como os objetivos de cada hedge, para dar maior transparência ao usuário da informação sobre os riscos protegidos nos respectivos balanços. O crescimento do volume de informações prestadas nas notas explicativas dos grandes bancos brasileiros e europeus após a adoção do IFRS não configurou um aumento proporcional do conteúdo informacional, prevalecendo, ainda, a forma sobre a essência. Este movimento abre espaço para discussões futuras com os agentes de mercado sobre o tamanho e o conteúdo informacional adequado nas notas explicativas, com o intuito de buscar um equilíbrio entre o custo e o benefício da divulgação da informação sob a ótica da relevância e da materialidade. / When reporting volatile results without the proper accounting disclosure, you can convey a negative image to investors and raise doubts in relation to future results, transparency and risk management capacity on the part of managers of financial institutions. In recent decades, the use of hedge accounting for risk management and result has been in evidence in the large banks of Brazil and abroad. This occurs because it is where the convergence of both financial statements in 2005 in Europe as in 2010 in Brazil for the new international accounting standard (IFRS) applied by the IASB. This pattern has required large banks ' efforts to comply with the new rules. In this same logic, while the hedge accounting assumes an important role in managing of risks and results; an accurate and concise disclosure of the financial statements provides to shareholders, investors and other users, important information about the performance and the conduct of business. This gives the market a better condition to assess the risks involved and to estimate the future results to investment decision-making. Within this context, it was evaluated the quality and the degree of evidencing of the financial statements of the main European and Brazilian banks to the requirements of IFRS 7 and IFRS 9 and other more elaborated by author. All these requirements relate to disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information pertinent to hedge accounting. Therefore are associated with risk and result management strategies. The assessment of the degree of disclosure of the financial statements to IFRS 7 and IFRS 9 was made through an exploratory study which examined the explanatory notes under IFRS of the ten largest banks in Brazil and in Europe by the criterion 'asset size'. The results obtained in this study indicate that 59.6% of the analyzed institutions meet the requirements of IFRS7. Another discovery is that the index of performance of Brazilian banks is greater than European banks; 68.3% vs. 50.8%. In relation to IFRS 9 the percentage is only 23%, which is explained by the fact that the standard has not yet come into force in both regions where few institutions has been anticipated voluntarily to server her. The quality evaluation of the explanatory notes relating to hedge accounting was made discretionary manner through observation of information supplied to meet the requirements of IFRS 7 and 9 and of other requirements added by the author. The results obtained indicate that the notes require further details of hedging instruments used and the objectives of each hedge, to give greater transparency to the user information about the risks protected in their balance sheets. The growth in the volume of information provided in the explanatory notes of the great European and Brazilian banks after the adoption of the IFRS did not configure a proportional increase of informational content, still prevail, the form over the essence. This move makes room for future discussions with the market players about the proper size and informational content in the explanatory notes, in order to seek a balance between the cost and the benefit of disclosure of information from the perspective of relevance and materiality.

Les normes IFRS, de part leur affiliation directe au modèle comptable anglo-saxon, soulèvent la question de la pertinence de leur mise en application au sein de l’Europe Continentale.Cette recherche tente d’éclairer cette question, en présentant, à partir d’une étude de cas de l’activité de cotation crédit Banque de France (BdF), les incidences du passage aux IFRS sur leur méthodologie d’analyse financière et sur le diagnostic crédit des groupes français.Cette recherche fait état d’un effet favorable des normes IFRS sur le diagnostic du risque de crédit des groupes français.Cet effet favorable passe aussi bien par un gain informatif des normes IFRS que par l’adaptation sélective et prudentielle de la méthodologie d’analyse financière BdF aux conventions IFRS. / IFRS, by their direct affiliation to the Anglo-Saxon accounting model, raise the question of their relevance to the Continental Europe context.This study aims to shed light on this question by highlighting, from a practical case study of the French Central Bank credit rating system, the implications of IFRS adoption in France for the methodology of financial statement analysis and credit rating of French groups.Results show a positive effect of new standards regarding the credit risk of non financial groups. They point out also that this effect can be equally attributed to the gain of transparency occasioned by the IFRS but also to the selective and conservative approach of the French Central Bank Credit Methodology.

The diploma thesis "Presentation of the financial statements in accordance by Czech account legislature (ČÚS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in particular entity" aims to assess the presentation of the financial statements according with Czech accounting standard and IFRS. It focuses on the differences resulting from accounting under both accounting systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo, como investigação acadêmica de abordagem multidisciplinar, tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a identificação de possíveis caminhos que minimizem as discrepâncias verificadas entre os valores contábil e econômico das marcas. Neste contexto, em que o Brasil vivencia a transição para o International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), faz-se mister investigar a relação destas normas com a evidenciação da significância econômica desses bens, com o intuito de analisar as restrições normativas à contabilização das marcas, e identificar causas e impactos dessas discrepâncias. A pesquisa, de características essencialmente exploratória e qualitativa, aborda os conceitos teóricos de Ativos Intangíveis, Marcas, Brand Equity, Brand Value e Normativa Contábil, e utiliza a consulta bibliográfica e a entrevista presencial como formas de coleta de dados. No estudo, foram comparados os valores contábil e econômico das 31 marcas brasileiras listadas nos rankings de marcas mais valiosas divulgados em 2011 pelas três principais consultorias especializadas em avaliação de marcas; e entrevistadas 11 pessoas entre acadêmicos e profissionais das áreas Contábil, Econômica, Administrativa e Financeira, com o propósito primário de entender a essência da problemática da evidenciação contábil da marca. Como resultado, identificou-se que a questão basilar para a solução desse problema reside na confiabilidade da mensuração do valor monetário da marca, e que, como ainda não há consenso científico sobre a aplicabilidade dos métodos disponíveis na literatura aos diferentes propósitos de avaliação desse bem, é preciso que se desenvolvam novos e contínuos estudos a fim de identificar um padrão metodológico consistente, uniforme e objetivo que melhor se aplique aos interesses da Contabilidade como instrumento de gestão. / The main goal of this study, an academic research of a multidisciplinary approach, is to contribute to the identification of possible ways to diminish the discrepancies found between the book and the economic value of brands. In this context, in which Brazil is experiencing the transition into the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), is implied the need to investigate the relationship of these standards with the disclosure of the economic significance of these goods, in order to reflect on the normative constraints about the accounting of brands, and identify causes and impacts of these distortions. The research, essentially of exploratory and qualitative characteristics, addresses the theoretical concepts of Intangible Assets, Brands, Brand Equity, Brand Value and Accounting Regulations, and makes use of personal interviews and literature consultation as form of data gathering. In this study, a comparison was drawn between the book and the economic values of 31 Brazilian brands listed in the rankings of most valuable brands, published in 2011 by the three main consultancy agencies specializing in brand valuation, and 11 interviews were conducted with academics and professionals in Accounting, Economics, Finance and Administration, with the primary purpose of understanding the essence of the issue of brand accounting disclosure. As a result, it was identified that the primary issue for the solution of this problem lies in the reliability of measuring brand value, and that, as there is still no scientific consensus on the applicability of the methods available in the literature for different purposes of assessment of the asset, you must, it is necessary to develop new and ongoing studies to identify a consistent methodology pattern, equable and objective that best applies to the interests of accounting as a management tool.

Redovisningen har för avsikt att ge underlag och information till samhället. Därför är det viktigt att redovisningen återger verkligheten. Den nuvarande leasingstandarden IAS 17 för europeisk internationell nivå har varit föremål för kritik eftersom den har sin ansats i en klassificering mellan finansiell eller operationell leasing. Företag i Sverige som tillämpar K3 kapitel 20 behandlar leasingavtal på samma sätt genom en klassificering. Detta har skapat möjligheter för företag att uppföra en redovisning där stora värden i form av tillgångar och skulder hamnar utanför balansräkningen genom operationella leasingavtal. Därav har det pågått en internationell diskussion mellan IASB och FASB under en längre tid om leasingavtal som klassificeras som operationella verkligen återger en rättvisande bild av företag som tillämpar IFRS standarder. Denna debatt handlar om en ökning av transparens inom redovisning och företagens finansiella rapportering är konstant närvarande i dessa debatter. Därför att denna finansiella information oftast är det enda intressenter har till sitt förfogande som beslutsunderlag. På grund av dessa problem och för att utveckla en rapportering som är mer konsekvent har IASB därav valt att skapa en ny standard för leasingavtal - IFRS 16 Leasing. IFRS 16 har ett annat tillvägagångssätt för leasing då den har sin ansats i en nyttjanderätt. Detta medför betydande förändringar för leasingtagare då de, baserat på nyttjanderätten, behöver rapportera leasingavtal som tillgångar och skulder i sina balansräkningar. IASB har redan implementerat IFRS 16 men däremot är det inte krav på att följa standarden fram tills 1 januari 2019 då IFRS 16 träder i kraft. Studiens syfte är att beskriva samt analysera vilka skillnader det finns mellan företag som tillämpar K3 kapitel 20 och den kommande standarden IFRS 16 gällande leasingavtal. Vidare är syftet med studien att med hjälp av typfall undersöka och åskådliggöra skillnader i finansiella rapporter samt relevanta nyckeltal och hur dessa effekter kan påverka företagets intressenter. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod har det konstruerats fiktiva typfall för att kunna dra slutsatser som besvarar denna uppsats syfte och forskningsfråga. Studien behandlar vad för skillnader det finns vid behandling av klassificering, värdering och definition av leasingavtal. Därmed kan det konstateras och påvisa att vid tillämpning av den kommande leasingstandarden IFRS 16, medför det att en ökning sker av tillgångar och skulder i företagens balansräkning. Detta innebär betydande förändringar eftersom de måste redovisa ett leasingavtals nyttjanderätt och förpliktelser. Dessa förändringar får en väsentlig påverkan på olika finansiella mått. Vidare kan det konstateras att intressenter berörs och påverkas på ett väsentligt sätt eftersom förändringar i finansiella rapporter påverkar deras analyser och i slutändan beslutsunderlag. / Accounting intends to provide support and information to society. Therefore, it is important that the accounting reflects reality. The current lease standard IAS 17 for European international level has been criticized because it has its purpose in a classification between financial or operational leases. Companies in Sweden applying K3 chapter 20 treat leases in the same way through a classification. This has created opportunities for companies to invent an account where major values in terms of assets and liabilities are off-balance-sheet through operational lease agreements. Hence, there has been an international discussion between the IASB and the FASB for a long time if leases classified as operational really reflect a fair view of companies applying IFRS standards. This debate is about an increase in transparency in accounting and corporate financial reporting is constantly present in these debates. Because this financial information is often the only information which stakeholder has at its disposal as a basis for decision making. Due to these problems and to develop a more consistent reporting, the IASB has chosen to create a new lease agreement - IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 has another approach to lease agreements as it is based on a right of use. This entails significant changes for lessees, as they, based on the right of use, need to report leases as assets and liabilities in their balance sheets. The IASB has already implemented IFRS 16, but it is not required to comply with the standard until 1 January 2019 when IFRS 16 enters into force. The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the differences between companies applying K3 chapter 20 and the forthcoming standard IFRS 16 regarding lease agreements. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to investigate and illustrate, by typical cases, differences in financial reports and relevant key ratios and how these effects may affect the company's stakeholders. Through a qualitative research method, fictional typical cases have been designed to draw conclusions that answer the purpose and research question of this paper. The study addresses what differences exist in the treatment of classification, valuation and definition of lease agreements. Thus, it can be established and demonstrate that, in application of the forthcoming leasing standard IFRS 16, an increase in assets and liabilities in the companies balance sheet is made. This implies significant changes as they must account for a lease agreements right of use and obligations. These changes have a significant impact on key ratios such as returnability, equity, debt ratio and leverage formula. Furthermore, the conclusion can show that stakeholders are affected in a significant way as changes in financial reports affect their analyzes and ultimately decision-making.

Bien que les recherches sur l'adoption obligatoire des IFRS ne montrent pas une amélioration claire de la qualité de l'information financière (augmentation de la transparence et/ou de la comparabilité des états financiers), elles mettent quasiment toutes en évidence des impacts bénéfiques pour ce qui concerne la liquidité, l'asymétrie d'information ou le coût du capital des entreprises qui les ont adoptées. Dans l'Union Européenne (UE), l'adoption obligatoire des IFRS a coïncidé avec l'adoption de la directive sur les abus de marché (MAD). Tandis que l'adoption obligatoire des IFRS a eu lieu en 2005, la date d'adoption de MAD varie entre 2004 et 2007 selon le pays de l'UE considéré. En outre, les IFRS et MAD ont le même objectif. Il s'agit d'accroître la transparence des entreprises cotées, soit par l'amélioration de la qualité de l'information financière (IFRS), soit en interdisant toute communication sélective afin que les investisseurs bénéficient tous de la même information au même moment (MAD). Notre première étude a pour objectif de dissocier les impacts respectifs de l'adoption de MAD et de l'adoption des IFRS sur la liquidité des titres afin de déterminer l'effet spécifique de chaque règlementation. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une partie importante des effets traditionnellement attribués aux IFRS provient de l'adoption simultanée de la directive sur les abus de marché. Notre deuxième étude porte sur le rôle de l'environnement informationnel. Examiner comment l'environnement informationnel affecte les effets de MAD et des IFRS sur la liquidité des titres est crucial pour déterminer si toutes les entreprises bénéficient identiquement de ces règlementations. En utilisant la taille des entreprises et le suivi des analystes financiers comme mesures de l'environnement informationnel des entreprises, nous montrons que les petites entreprises et les entreprises peu suivies par les analystes sont celles qui bénéficient le plus de l'introduction des IFRS. En revanche, les grandes entreprises et les entreprises fortement suivies par les analystes sont celles qui bénéficient le plus de l'adoption de MAD. Notre troisième étude traite de l'efficacité des modalités d'application de ces réglementations (enforcement). Nous montrons que les effets des IFRS et de MAD sur la liquidité des titres des entreprises soumises à ces réglementations dépendent fortement des modalités visant à garantir leur bonne application. En la matière, il est toutefois essentiel de bien dissocier les effets imputables à l'une de ces réglementations de ceux imputables à l'autre. Au total, nous mettons en garde les chercheurs à ne pas attribuer abusivement d'éventuels effets observés à une règlementation, notamment à l'adoption des IFRS, sans impérativement tenir compte de l'adoption concomitante d'autres réglementations, notamment MAD pour ce qui concerne l'Union Européenne. / While prior research on mandatory IFRS adoption fails to provide evidence of improvement in the quality of financial reporting (increased transparency and/or comparability), it provides almost unanimous evidence of beneficial capital-market impacts. Within the European Union (EU), mandatory IFRS adoption coincides with the adoption of the Market Abuse Directive (MAD). While the mandatory adoption of IFRS took place in 2005, MAD was passed between 2004 and 2007 depending on the EU country under consideration. Furthermore, both IFRS and MAD aim towards increased transparency, either by improving the quality of financial reporting (IFRS) or by prohibiting selective disclosures to enhance common information available to all market participants (MAD). Our first essay aims to disentangle the respective market impacts of MAD adoption and IFRS adoption in order to determine the specific effect of each regulation. Our evidence suggests that a significant part of the capital market effects usually attributed to IFRS comes, at least to some extent, from the contemporaneous adoption of the Market Abuse Directive. Our second essay focuses on the role of information environment. Investigating how information environment affects the market impacts of both MAD adoption and IFRS adoption is crucial to determine whether all firms benefit identically from these regulations. Using firm size and analyst following as proxies capturing firms' information environment, we provide evidence showing that small firms and firms with weak analyst following are those that benefit the most from the introduction of the IFRS mandate. In contrast, large firms and firms with high analyst coverage benefit the most from MAD adoption. Our third essay analyzes the role of enforcement. We find that the effectiveness of both IFRS and MAD is hampered by different enforcement levels across firms and countries. Moreover, the observed capital-market outcomes on one regulation differ if the effects of both regulations are not clearly dissociated. Thus, we caution researchers not to attribute capital-market outcomes primarily or solely to one regulation without taking into account the concomitant adoption of the other one.

Koncerner som redovisar enligt IFRS ska från och med 1 januari 2019 tillämpa den nya leasingstandarden IFRS 16. Den traditionella och vedertagna uppdelningen av leasing har länge varit operationell och finansiell leasing. Den nya standarden innebär emellertid att uppdelningen mellan operationell och finansiell leasing försvinner. Istället ska företag enligt IFRS 16 redovisa merparten av sin leasing som en tillgång och en skuld på balansräkningen. K3 regelverket använder däremot fortfarande uppdelningen i de två olika kategorierna där ett operationellt leasingavtal likställs med ett hyresavtal och finansiell leasing med ett lånefinansierat förvärv. Ett moderföretag som tillämpar K3 regelverket kan välja att istället frivilligt tillämpa IFRS vid upprättande av sin koncernredovisning. Skillnaden i klassificering och redovisning av leasingavtal mellan de olika regelverken leder till att de finansiella rapporterna påverkas på olika sätt. Dessa skillnader påverkar företags nyckeltal, vilka ofta är relevanta mått och beslutsunderlag för företags olika intressenter såsom investerare och långivare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilket av de två regelverken K3 eller IFRS som en företagsledare kommer välja att tillämpa vid upprättande av koncernredovisning, om företaget är ett stort onoterat moderföretag med väsentligt värde i leasade tillgångar. Syftet är även att undersöka vilket regelverk som är mest förmånligt att tillämpa utifrån vilka effekter det medför på företagets redovisning och nyckeltal, med hänsyn tagen även till investerare och kreditgivare. För att kunna undersöka detta krävs en jämförelse av de två regelverken, vilket i denna studie görs med hjälp av konstruerade typfall som applicerar väsentliga lagrum och normer från respektive regelverk. Typfallen analyseras med stöd av IASBs kvalitativa egenskaper samt väsentliga nyckeltal och ekonomiska teorier. Resultatet av studien visar att när ett företag som redovisar operationell leasing enligt K3, tillämpar IFRS istället, förändras nyckeltalen på ett sätt som är ofördelaktigt för företaget. Således är slutsatsen att ett företag som redovisar operationell leasing kommer att välja att tillämpa K3 som regelverk vid upprättande av koncernredovisning. Om ett företag som redovisar finansiell leasing enligt K3, tillämpar IFRS istället, förändras nyckeltalen i princip inte alls. Ett företag som redovisar finansiell leasing kommer enligt vår slutsats istället välja att upprätta koncernredovisning enligt IFRS, eftersom nyckeltalen inte förändras men IFRS medför ökad legitimitet. Resultatet visar även att om ett företag som redovisar operationell leasing enligt K3, med ett avtal som löper under 12 månader, istället tillämpar IFRS, förändras nyckeltalen inte alls, eftersom leasingen redovisas på samma sätt enligt båda regelverken. Även vid detta scenario är slutsatsen att ett företag kommer välja att redovisa enligt IFRS i sin koncernredovisning, för att få ökad legitimitet. Utöver detta har vi i studien även kommit fram till att IFRS överlag visar en mer rättvisande bild av företags leasade tillgångar i de finansiella rapporterna, eftersom den redovisas enligt den ekonomiska innebörden före den juridiska formen. / January 1 2019, companies who are reporting according to IFRS will apply the new lease standard IFRS 16. The traditional and more commonly recognized form of leases has long been operating and financial leases. The new standard implicates that the split between operating and financial leases disappears, and companies should rather account for leased assets as an asset and a liability in their balance sheet. The legal framework K3, on the other hand, still separates them in two different categories, were an operating lease is equated with a rental agreement and financial lease is equal to a leveraged acquisition. A parent company that applies the K3 regulation may choose to apply IFRS voluntarily when preparing its consolidated financial statements. The difference between the classification and accounting of leasing contracts in the two different frameworks causes the financial statements to be affected differently. These differences are directly affecting the companies financial ratios, which are often relevant measures in decision making for companies' different stakeholders such as investors and lenders. The purpose of this study is to examine which of the two financial frameworks K3 or IFRS a business leader will choose to apply when establishing its consolidated financial statements, if the company is a large unlisted parent company with substantial value of its assets being leased. The purpose is also to examine which financial framework is most beneficial to apply based on the effects it entails on the company's accounting and key ratios, also considering investors and lenders. The result of this study shows that when a company reporting operating lease accounting according to K3, is reporting according to IFRS instead, its financial ratios are changed in an unfavorable way. The conclusion is that a company that is utilizing operating leases will choose to apply K3 as financial framework, when establishing its consolidated financial statements. If a company that is using financial leases applies IFRS instead of K3 its financial ratios are barely affected. A company who is using financial leasing will rather choose to use IFRS when establishing its consolidated financial statements, since the financial ratios don’t change and IFRS entail for increased legitimity. The results also show that if a company who is reporting operating lease according to K3, with a contract that last 12 months, applies IFRS instead of K3, its financial ratios don’t change, since the lease is accounted for in the same way between the two different frameworks. The conclusion for this scenario shows that a company will choose to report in accordance with IFRS in its consolidated financial statements. We also conclude that IFRS is showing a more fair presentation of companies leased assets in their financial reports, because the accounting is in accordance with substance over form.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo, como investigação acadêmica de abordagem multidisciplinar, tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a identificação de possíveis caminhos que minimizem as discrepâncias verificadas entre os valores contábil e econômico das marcas. Neste contexto, em que o Brasil vivencia a transição para o International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), faz-se mister investigar a relação destas normas com a evidenciação da significância econômica desses bens, com o intuito de analisar as restrições normativas à contabilização das marcas, e identificar causas e impactos dessas discrepâncias. A pesquisa, de características essencialmente exploratória e qualitativa, aborda os conceitos teóricos de Ativos Intangíveis, Marcas, Brand Equity, Brand Value e Normativa Contábil, e utiliza a consulta bibliográfica e a entrevista presencial como formas de coleta de dados. No estudo, foram comparados os valores contábil e econômico das 31 marcas brasileiras listadas nos rankings de marcas mais valiosas divulgados em 2011 pelas três principais consultorias especializadas em avaliação de marcas; e entrevistadas 11 pessoas entre acadêmicos e profissionais das áreas Contábil, Econômica, Administrativa e Financeira, com o propósito primário de entender a essência da problemática da evidenciação contábil da marca. Como resultado, identificou-se que a questão basilar para a solução desse problema reside na confiabilidade da mensuração do valor monetário da marca, e que, como ainda não há consenso científico sobre a aplicabilidade dos métodos disponíveis na literatura aos diferentes propósitos de avaliação desse bem, é preciso que se desenvolvam novos e contínuos estudos a fim de identificar um padrão metodológico consistente, uniforme e objetivo que melhor se aplique aos interesses da Contabilidade como instrumento de gestão. / The main goal of this study, an academic research of a multidisciplinary approach, is to contribute to the identification of possible ways to diminish the discrepancies found between the book and the economic value of brands. In this context, in which Brazil is experiencing the transition into the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), is implied the need to investigate the relationship of these standards with the disclosure of the economic significance of these goods, in order to reflect on the normative constraints about the accounting of brands, and identify causes and impacts of these distortions. The research, essentially of exploratory and qualitative characteristics, addresses the theoretical concepts of Intangible Assets, Brands, Brand Equity, Brand Value and Accounting Regulations, and makes use of personal interviews and literature consultation as form of data gathering. In this study, a comparison was drawn between the book and the economic values of 31 Brazilian brands listed in the rankings of most valuable brands, published in 2011 by the three main consultancy agencies specializing in brand valuation, and 11 interviews were conducted with academics and professionals in Accounting, Economics, Finance and Administration, with the primary purpose of understanding the essence of the issue of brand accounting disclosure. As a result, it was identified that the primary issue for the solution of this problem lies in the reliability of measuring brand value, and that, as there is still no scientific consensus on the applicability of the methods available in the literature for different purposes of assessment of the asset, you must, it is necessary to develop new and ongoing studies to identify a consistent methodology pattern, equable and objective that best applies to the interests of accounting as a management tool.

O presente estudo objetiva analisar o impacto da adoção da norma internacional de contabilidade (IFRS) no Brasil na comparabilidade entre as normas contábeis (IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards e BRGAAP Brazilian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) e a relevância das informações geradas pela contabilidade na tomada de decisões pelos investidores. Como um objetivo secundário, busca identificar quais mudanças (CPCs Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis) foram mais significativas (e frequentes) para as contas contábeis e os indicadores financeiros com o propósito de avaliar os efeitos na comparabilidade das demonstrações financeiras das companhias brasileiras listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (IBOVESPA). Utilizou-se a ferramenta estatística de teste de médias, onde as hipóteses formuladas a serem testadas foram elaboradas a partir do levantamento do referencial teórico. A pesquisa constatou que os números contábeis das empresas listadas no IBOVESPA diferem significativamente e de forma positiva, quando aplicadas as normas internacionais de contabilidade em vez de aplicar a norma contábil brasileira (BRGAAP), assim como verificado em outros países. Também foi constatado que o padrão de contabilidade IFRS apresenta maior relevância contábil que a norma brasileira, uma vez que os dados contábeis se mostraram mais próximos aos valores de mercado. A pesquisa verificou nos relatórios contábeis das empresas inconsistências quanto à adoção das novas normas e, também, consideráveis variações nas formas de divulgação das informações. Além de ter identificado as normas (CPC 13, CPC 15 e CPC 27) que provocaram efeitos mais significativos em termos de valores e de frequência. Conclui-se com este estudo que as demonstrações financeiras sofrem impactos significativos ao se analisar os dois padrões contábeis em tela e que as demonstrações financeiras sob o padrão internacional apresentam maior relevância contábil que a norma de contabilidade brasileira. Ao fim do estudo, sugere-se que sejam aplicados outros testes estatísticos de análise multivariada dos dados financeiros com o intuito de se analisar simultaneamente o impacto de outras variáveis na comparabilidade e na relevância contábil. / This study analyzes the impact of the adoption of international accounting standard (IFRS) in comparability between the accounting standards (IFRS-International Financial Reporting Standards and BRGAAP - Brazilian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and relevance of information generated by accounting in decision decisions by investors in Brazil. As a secondary objective, which seeks to identify changes (CPCs - Accounting Pronouncements Committee) were more significant (and frequent) for accounts and financial indicators in order to evaluate the effects on the comparability of financial statements of Brazilian companies listed on the Bolsa de Valores de Sao Paulo (IBOVESPA). We used a statistical tool to test medium, where the hypotheses to be tested were prepared from a survey of the theoretical. The survey found that the accounting numbers of firms listed on IBOVESPA differ significantly in a positive way, when applied to international accounting standards instead of applying the accounting standard in Brazil (BR GAAP), as seen in other countries. It was found that the accounting standard IFRS accounting is more value relevant than the Brazilian standard, since the accounting data is shown closer to market values. The research found in the accounting reports, the data regarding the adoption of new standards and also considerable variations in the forms of disclosure. In addition to having identified the standards (CPC 13, CPC 15 and CPC 27) that caused the most significant effects in terms of values and frequency. It is concluded from this study that the financial statements suffer significant impacts when analyzing the two accounting standards on screen and that the financial statements under international standards are more value relevant than the accounting standard Brazilian accounting. At the end of the study a suggestion is made, that other tests should be applied, focused on statistical multivariate analysis of the financial data in order to simultaneously analyze the impact of other variables on the accounting comparability and on the value relevance.

Värdering till verkligt värde har varit omdiskuterat sedan det infördes år 2005. Redovisningsstandarden IAS 41 tvingade jordbruksföretag, såsom företag inom skogsindustrin, att värdera deras biologiska tillgångar till verkligt värde. Tidigare studier har visat att detta i sin tur gav effekt på redovisningens värderelevans. För att informationen ska vara värderelevant ska ett samband finnas mellan aktiepris och det redovisade värdet. IFRS 13 infördes för att komplettera IAS 41 och ge en mer enhetlig syn om vad verkligt värde är, hur värderingen ska göras samt utökade upplysningskraven. Skulle denna kompletterande standard IFRS 13 öka redovisningens värderelevans för skogsindustrin? Detta undersöktes genom en totalundersökning på svenska och finska börsnoterade bolag inom skogsindustrin. Sambandet studerades genom korrelation- och regressionsanalyser. Variablerna som undersöktes var aktiepris, eget kapital per aktie och resultat per aktie. Förklaringsgraden visade att eget kapital per aktie och resultat per aktie inte kan förklara variansen i aktiepriset mer efter införandet; IFRS 13 gav inte någon ökad värderelevans för variablerna tillsammans. Däremot visade det sig att variabeln resultat per aktie enskilt gav en ökad värderelevans vilket tyder på att investerare bryr sig mer om resultaträkningen än balansräkningen. / Fair value has been discussed since its introduction in accounting in 2005. The accounting standard IAS 41 forced the companies in agriculture, such as forest industry companies, to value their biological assets at fair value. Earlier studies have shown that this increased the value relevance. In order for the information to be value relevant the accounting amount should have an association with the stock price. IFRS 13 was introduced to complement IAS 41 and provide a more unitary consensus on what fair value is. It also provides a guide on how the value is determined and additional disclosures requirements. Should this supplementary standard IFRS 13 increase the value relevance of the accounting for the forest industry? This was investigated through a study of listed companies in the forest industry located in Sweden and Finland. The relationship was studied through correlation and regression analyzes, where the variables share price, equity per share and earnings per share were examined. The explanatory power showed that equity per share and earnings per share were not able to explain share price at a higher level after the introduction; IFRS 13 did not increase value relevance for all the variables together. On the other hand, it was found that the variable earnings per share individually gave an increase in value relevance, which imply that investors care more about the income statement than the balance sheet.