Terre sauvage autrefois délaissée, le littoral méditerranéen est de nos jours un espace raréfié et saturé. Il est ainsi en proie à divers affrontements lorsque des droits aux aspirations différentes interviennent conjointement sur ce territoire exigu, tel le droit de l’urbanisme et le droit de l’environnement. En effet, leurs finalités d’intérêt général sont directement éloignées l’une de l’autre sur les espaces côtiers méditerranéens car si la première s’emploie à aménager, à transformer les sols urbains, la seconde se consacre à préserver, voire à restaurer l’environnement littoral. Dès lors, l’apparente autonomie juridique qui caractérise d’ordinaire les relations du droit de l’urbanisme et du droit de l’environnement évoluent ainsi en hostilité lorsqu’ils se rencontrent sur cet espace sur occupé. Néanmoins, l’urgence à sauvegarder le territoire littoral nécessite de dépasser cette logique d’opposition entre les finalités d’intérêt général de ces deux disciplines juridiques. C’est essentiellement le juge administratif qui s’attachera à solutionner ces conflits de normes par le biais de la méthode de la conciliation. Celles-ci étant d’égales valeurs, le juge ne saurait en effet avoir recours à la théorie de la hiérarchie des normes. Aussi, conformément à l’objectif originel poursuivi par le législateur de la loi Littoral du 3 janvier 1986, le juge administratif opère tacitement un équilibre entre l’aménagement et la préservation de l’environnement littoral. Pour autant, l’interprétation de la loi du 3 janvier 1986 ne saurait suffire à assurer un développement équilibré de ces espaces côtiers, notamment en raison de leur propension à être convoité par de multiples et diverses activités. C’est pourquoi, les préoccupations environnementales se devaient d’être incorporées directement dans le corpus urbanistique. Or, malgré une louable prise en considération des enjeux environnementaux dans le droit de l’urbanisme, cette politique juridique d’intégration génère une profusion de règles et d’outils juridiques applicable sur le littoral méditerranéen. Tant est si bien que l’appréhension du droit du littoral est aujourd’hui complexe et son effectivité pour le moins relative. / Formerly a wild abandoned land, the Mediterranean coast is today a rarefied and saturated space. It is thus prey to various confrontations when laws with different aspirations intervene jointly on this cramped territory, such as planning law and environmental law. Indeed, on the Mediterranean coastal areas their purposes of general interest are distanced from each other because if the former works to develop and transform urban land, the latter is dedicated to preserving or restoring the coastal environment. Therefore, the apparent legal autonomy that usually characterizes relations between planning law and environmental law thus develops into hostility when they meet on this over-occupied space. However, the urgency to safeguard the coastal territory requires this opposition between the objectives of general interest of both of these legal disciplines to be overcome. It is essentially the administrative judge who will endeavor to resolve these conflicts of norms through the method of conciliation. These being of equal value, the judge cannot indeed have recourse to the theory of the hierarchy of norms. Thus, in accordance with the original objective pursued by the legislature of the Coastlines Act of 3 January 1986, the administrative judge tacitly operates a balance between development and preservation of the coastal environment. However, the interpretation of the law of January 3, 1986 is not sufficient to ensure a balanced development of coastal areas, especially due to their propensity to be coveted by many and various activities. Therefore, environmental concerns had to be incorporated directly into the urban corpus. However, despite laudable consideration of environmental issues in planning law, this legal policy of integration generates a profusion of rules and legal instruments applicable to the Mediterranean coast. As a result, apprehension of coastal law is now complex and its effectiveness relative to say the least.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2016-07-29T18:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LIANE RÉGIO LUCAS.pdf: 2305410 bytes, checksum: e252ad81da17321e7c4b6c534f76b5c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T18:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LIANE RÉGIO LUCAS.pdf: 2305410 bytes, checksum: e252ad81da17321e7c4b6c534f76b5c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / This study aims to investigate the perception that Portuguese speakers, from the southern region of Brazil, have from different meanings conveyed by the intonation, arising from different prominences, of English negative imperative sentences. Concerning the prosodic characterization, there is the analysis of Phonological (ıs) and Intonation (Is) Phrases based on the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology of Nespor and Vogel (1986); it is proposed the analysis of the organization of Phonological Phrases when constituting English imperative sentences as Intonational Phrases. As for the intonation characterization, it is proposed to analyze the Fundamental Frequency values (F0) of the negative imperative sentences under the Intonational Phonology theory, from Ladd (1996, 2008). The research methodology included the collection of a corpus consisted of perception data of English negative imperative sentences, obtained from 30 learners of English, between 18-30 years old, from Pelotas/RS and its region, and from three proficiency levels of English: Basic, Intermediate and Advanced. To certify the participants’ level, all of them took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004). Perception data were collected through a “judgment test”, in which stimulus were recorded by a native English speaker. The results were statistically analyzed in the SPSS software version 17.0, and the stimuli were subjected to acoustic analysis with the aid of the Praat software. The results showed great difficulty of English learners in identifying the meanings conveyed by negative imperative sentences, especially those of basic level, considering the prosodic level of the language, which was explained by the intonation of each type of sentence in accordance with the principles of Phonology Intonational as well as the organization of Phonological Phrases that make up the Intonation Phrase, in line with the precepts of Prosodic Theory. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a percepção que falantes de língua portuguesa, da região do sul do Brasil, têm dos diferentes significados vinculados as entoações, decorrentes de proeminências diversas, das frases imperativas negativas do inglês. Na caracterização prosódica, tem-se a análise das Frases Fonológicas (ıs) e Entoacionais (Is), embasada no arcabouço teórico da Fonologia Prosódica, de Nespor e Vogel (1986); propõe-se a análise da organização das Frases Fonológicas na constituição das frases imperativas do inglês como Frases Entoacionais. Quanto à caracterização entoacional, propõe-se a análise dos valores de Frequência Fundamental (F0) das frases imperativas negativas, à luz da Fonologia Entoacional, de Ladd (1996, 2008). A metodologia da pesquisa contou com a coleta de um corpus constituído por dados de percepção das frases imperativas negativas do inglês, obtidos de 30 aprendizes de inglês, entre 18-30 anos, naturais de Pelotas/RS e região, de três níveis de proficiência em inglês: Básico, Intermediário e Avançado. Para a certificação do nível dos aprendizes, todos os participantes do estudo realizaram o Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004). Os dados de percepção foram coletados por meio de um teste classificado como “teste de julgamento”, com estímulos gravados por falante nativo de inglês. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente no software IBM SPSS versão 17.0, e os estímulos foram submetidos à uma análise acústica com o auxílio do software Praat. Os resultados apontaram grande dificuldade dos aprendizes de inglês na identificação dos significados veiculados por frases imperativas negativas, especialmente aqueles de nível elementar, ao considerar-se o nível prosódico da língua, o que foi explicado pelo contorno entoacional de cada tipo de frase, em conformidade com os preceitos da Fonologia Entoacional, bem como pela organização das Frases Fonológicas que compõem a Frase Entoacional, em consonância com os preceitos da Teoria Prosódica.

Cette thèse, consacrée à l’expression de l’interdiction en russe moderne, étudie les différents types d’énoncés prohibitifs. L’acte de langage d’interdiction correspond à un énoncé performatif et contraignant incitant au non-accomplissement d’une action perçue comme indésirable par le locuteur. Cet énoncé crée, pour l’allocutaire, une obligation qui jusque-là n’existait pas. L’expression de l’interdiction se fait à différents niveaux de communication et par des moyens linguistiques de natures diverses : pragmatique, syntaxique ou lexicale. Outre les énoncés performatifs, l’interdiction peut être exprimée par des énoncés comportant une valeur illocutoire d’interdiction, y compris par des actes de langage indirects.Si les types d’énoncés prohibitifs sont nombreux, ils ne sont pas interchangeables. D’une part, ils ne peuvent être employés indifféremment dans n’importe quel contexte et ils relèvent de niveaux de langues différents. D’autre part, les disparités existant dans la force illocutoire des différents énoncés prohibitifs ont été mises en évidence. La force illocutoire d’un énoncé prohibitif résulte du choix du type d’énoncé retenu, mais aussi des moyens linguistiques qui peuvent être employés pour le moduler.Cette étude a permis d’établir une typologie des énoncés prohibitifs. Ces énoncés peuvent se répartir en trois catégories : les énoncés qui signifient l’interdiction par exception, les énoncés habituellement prohibitifs et les énoncés invariablement prohibitifs.S’y ajoute la question de l’évolution de la langue, notamment par un effet de contamination des langues européennes. Cette évolution se traduit par le recours moins fréquent aux tournures les plus catégoriques, ainsi que par l’introduction de formules de politesse de plus en plus fréquentes. / This thesis is dedicated to prohibitive commands in modern Russian and studies the various speech strategies expressing negative commands. Prohibitive speech acts correspond to compulsory and performative utterances urging the non-accomplishment of an action perceived as undesirable by the speaker. Due to this utterance, the addressee has no other option than compliance, which was not the case before.Prohibitive commands are expressed at various communication levels and by a wide range of linguistic means: pragmatic, syntactic or lexical.Besides performative utterances, prohibition can be expressed by utterances with a prohibitive illocutionary force, including indirect speech acts. Although negative commands can be expressed by various strategies, they are not interchangeable. On the one hand, any negative command cannot be used in all contexts and in addition, the registers are different.On the other hand, the disparities in the illocutionary force of command of the various prohibitive strategies could be established. The illocutionary force of a prohibitive command both results from the selected linguistic strategy, but also from the means of modulation that can be used.This study enabled us to establish a typology of negative commands. The latter can be displayed in three categories: utterances whose prohibitive meaning occurs exceptionally, usually prohibitive utterances and invariably prohibitive utterances. Furthermore, the evolution of the Russian language has to be taken into account, among others by a contamination effect from European languages. This evolution leads to a less frequent resort to the strongest prohibitive commands, as well as to the increasing use of politeness strategies.

韓(1999)提出祈使句是指句中主要動詞是祈使情態(imperative mood)的句子，與其他句型相較下，在其他語言中祈使句具有特別的動詞構詞或句法表現；然而，中文祈使句並無任何構詞或句法機制以表現祈使情態，因此，中文祈使句的句法表現和直述句相似。本論文動機為觀察到中文祈使句與其他語言祈使句的相異處，進而研究中文如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異。同時，前人對於中文祈使句的研究多從描述性觀點出發，缺理論辯證，以致分析上產生缺失；因此，本文試從衍生句法的觀點分析中文祈使句的句法結構。 本論文主要有三個研究目的: 首先，本論文研究中文祈使句的句法特徵。其次，本論文研究如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異，並發現中文的附加問句可以用來區別祈使句與直述句。並且，本論文發現中文的否定祈使句“別”字句與義務性情態詞“要/不要”在句法表現上雖有相同處，但亦表現出多方面的句法相異處。再者，本論文從衍生句法的觀點研究中文祈使句的句法結構。因為中文缺乏句法標記與構詞變化，因此無法從句法層面看出中文祈使句的話語效力 (force)與情態(mood), 但藉由時制定位(tense anchoring)與祈使句的關係，本論文提出中文祈使句結構中具有祈使算子(imperative operator)。 / Han (1999) proposes imperatives are sentences whose main verbs are in the form of the imperative mood. Imperative sentences possess a distinct morphology within the verb or may be distinguished by their syntactic realization from other clause types. However, Chinese imperatives do not demonstrate verb-inflection nor do they impose morphological mechanisms to indicate mood; thus, it seems that imperatives in Chinese are similar to declaratives. This thesis observes the differences between imperatives in Chinese and in other languages, and these differences lead us to conduct a study on how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. Moreover, this thesis finds that the previous analyses of Chinese imperatives lack theoretical grounds, as several problems and wrong prediction arise under those analyses. Thus, this study researches on the structure of Chinese imperatives from the perspective of generative grammar. The thesis has three main goals. First, this thesis investigates the syntactic characteristics of Chinese imperatives. Second, this thesis seeks to discern how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. This study utilizes tag questions to distinguish imperatives and declaratives. Furthermore, this study finds that the imperatives bie1 and deontic Modalsobligation yao sentences are alike in some ways, but different in other ways. Third, from a generative perspective, this thesis proposes a syntactic structure of imperatives in Chinese. Although it seems difficult to find syntactic evidence of the imperative force and mood as well as a structure of imperatives because Chinese imperatives lack a morpho-syntatic strategy, this thesis proposes that Chinese possesses an imperative operator in imperatives, by examining the evidence from tense anchoring and imperatives.

Today the conception of human rights is an idea that preserves its intransitive, inalienable and indivisible quality with a cross-cultural reference. The idea of human rights, entering our lives from the 18th century onwards, has gained a worldwide recognition through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The idea occupies place both at the level of rules and principles as a project and at the level of our daily problem solutions, modifications and the daily course of our lives as a pragmatics. The political framework provides the idea of human rights such a justification that it constitutes a significant part of our decisions, thoughts and actions. On the other hand, the grounds of the idea has been questioned as a part of the Enlightenment project since it was first articulated and especially in recent decades certain radical criticisms originating from Nietzche&rsquo / s thought became prevalent. The thesis questions this easy alliance between Nietzsche and radical attacks to human rights thought. In the first chapter, I first provided a brief historical overview of the idea of human rights. Then, I had a closer look towards the principles of universality, equality, autonomy and is-ought distinction with special reference to Kantian formulations of these concepts and in the second chapter, I elaborate Nietzsche&rsquo / s perception of these same principles and our understanding of conventional morality in general, to reach an articulated answer to the question: Would Nietzsche be categorically against human rights? I conclude that his philosophical attitude to these four principles differ from each other. In this context the thesis regards Nietzschean informal structures over the Kantian formal ones as complementary for a full grasp of the idea of human rights by offering a connection of the transitionality between Kant and Nietzsche.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

Especialmente após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a língua inglesa alcançou o status de língua franca mundial e vem ocupando um espaço cada vez maior na vida dos sujeitos contemporâneos, independente de suas origens ou localização geográfica. A presença maciça desse idioma no contexto brasileiro em materiais didáticos, romances, dicionários, gramáticas, roupas, produtos de beleza, músicas, videoclipes, filmes, séries de TV, livros de bolso, revistas em quadrinhos, revistas de informação, alimentos, tecnologia, ciência, modelos de comportamento e de educação formal produzidos e/ou associados aos países anglófonos – especialmente Estados Unidos e Inglaterra − possibilita que seja possível se pensar na produção de um universo da língua inglesa. Tal ferramenta conceitual refere-se à amplitude dos domínios, das práticas e dos discursos colonizados por esse idioma. Com base numa perspectiva que vê a linguagem como constituinte da realidade e a educação como um processo que não se restringe às instituições determinadas para esse fim, mas se estende a uma série de outros lugares, defendo que o universo da língua inglesa, presente em nossas vidas nas mais diversas materialidades, apresenta-se enquanto um dos elementos-chave da constituição dos sujeitos contemporâneos. Articulado numa lógica neoliberal de mercado, ele atravessa e constitui uma poderosa rede que produz determinadas formas de ser, estar, agir e pensar na contemporaneidade. Essa lógica está diretamente atrelada à transformação dos sujeitos em mercadorias, que são impelidos a consumir produtos, ideias, comportamentos, pessoas, empregos, códigos de conduta associados à ou forjados a partir dessa língua. O objetivo deste trabalho é problematizar o caráter imperativo do universo da língua inglesa na constituição dos sujeitos contemporâneos. Utilizo como ferramentas teóricas os conceitos de identidade, subjetividade, neoliberalismo, capital humano, ambivalência, governo, dispositivo, Império, comodificação do sujeito para analisar o corpus selecionado para a presente pesquisa. Este compreende videoclipes de músicas em língua inglesa, relatórios do Conselho Britânico, sites desta instituição e de cursos de inglês on-line, projetos de lei antiestrangeirismos, reportagens sobre o Movimento Inglês como Língua Única (English Only Movement), reportagens e anúncios de jornais e revistas publicados no Brasil que envolvam a língua inglesa. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam para a abrangência e a hegemonia da língua inglesa como língua adicional. Eles confirmam que ela é uma poderosa linha de força do dispositivo neoliberal, articulada na produção de sujeitos consumistas, flexíveis, globalizados, que têm na mídia um dos principais locus de subjetivação. Esses sujeitos são comodificados e incitados a fazer investimentos constantes e infinitos em seu capital humano para se manterem atrativos e desejáveis. / Especially after the Great World War II, English has been considered a worldwide lingua franca and it has increasingly been playing a major role in people‟s live irrespective of their origins or where they are. The huge use of English words and expressions in textbooks, novels, dictionaries, grammars, fashion, beauty products, songs, videos, movies, TV series, pocketbooks, comic books, magazines, food, technology, science, behavior codes, and English-speaking countries educational models − mainly from the United States and England − makes it possible to think that an English language universe is taken place right in front of us. This concept refers to the wideness of its domain, practices, and discourses colonized in and through this language. Based on a perspective that sees language as part of our sense of reality construction and Education as a process that goes beyond traditional educational sets, I advocate that English language universe, which is part of our lives through many different materialities, is one of the key elements in the constitution of contemporary subjects. Linked up with neo-liberal market value rationality, it goes through and constitutes a powerful assemblage that produces specific ways of being, acting, and thinking at the present time. This rationality is directed to molding subjects into commodities prompted to consume goods, ideas, behavior codes, people, and jobs connected with or built through English. This work aims at problematizing the imperative of English language universe in the subjects‟ constitution. I use the concepts of identity, subjectivity, neo-liberalism, human capital, ambivalence, govern, apparatus, Empire, and commodification of subjects as theoretical tools in order to analyze the corpus selected for this research. It comprehends videos from songs in English, British Council reports and captures from its website as well as on-line English language schools, bills against foreign language use in Brazil, articles on the English Only Movement, as well as magazine and newspaper articles related to the English language. Results point out to English wideness and hegemony as an additional language in Brazil. They also confirm that this language helps to enhance and maintain neo-liberal apparatus, linked up with the production consumer, flexible, globalized subjects who have the media as the one of the main locus of subjectification. These subjects are commoditized and prompted to invest in their own human capital to keep themselves attractive and desirable.