Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to present the digital quiz Reading in Action, in which defends the conception of language as social interaction, promotes the teaching of the imperative and the linguistic-discursive interpretative analysis having as a guiding model, the three-dimensional model of Fairclough (2001) . The methodology used was action research, qualitative and interpretative approach and interventional nature. The views held by Kleiman (2002), Nascimento (2004), Rojo (2009), Scherre (2007), among others, were used as theoretical basis. In this digital quiz, are comic strips, cartoons and songs that serve as textual supports for the interpretative analysis during critical reading. It is multimodality texts and promotes interaction between student-game-learning dynamically. It was developed in order to enable the teacher an auxiliary tool in building the knowledge of their students and to enable both the student and the teacher feedback on the development of critical reading competence of students. It was applied in Public School President Costa e Silva, in 9th grade C2. Data analysis revealed that the inclusion of digital objects during the teaching-learning process is necessary as a complementary tool to the already existing in the construction of knowledge interactively. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o quiz digital Leitura em Ação, no qual se defende a concepção de linguagem como interação social, promove o ensino do imperativo e a análise interpretativa linguístico-discursiva, tendo como norteador o modelo tridimensional de Fairclough (2001). A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa-ação, de abordagem qualitativa e de naturezas interpretativa e interventiva. As concepções defendidas por Kleiman (2002), Nascimento (2004), Rojo (2009), Scherre (2007), dentre outros, foram utilizadas como embasamento teórico. Neste quiz digital, encontram-se tirinhas, charges e canções que servem de suportes textuais para a análise interpretativa durante a leitura crítica. Encontra-se a multimodalidade de textos e promove a interação entre aluno-jogo-aprendizagem de forma dinâmica. Foi elaborado com o intuito de possibilitar ao professor uma ferramenta auxiliar na construção do conhecimento de seus alunos e de possibilitar tanto para o aluno quanto para o professor o feedback sobre o desenvolvimento da competência leitora crítica dos discentes. Foi aplicado no Colégio Estadual Presidente Costa e Silva, no 9º ano C2. A análise dos dados revelou que a inserção de objetos digitais, durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, se faz necessária como uma ferramenta complementar às já existentes na construção do conhecimento de forma interativa.

Bugs in software is a very common problem, code reviews can help to catch bugs early on and detect which code is the most complex and may introduce bugs but when the code base is very large it can be costly to review all the code. Cyclomatic complexity can be used to give an indication of how complex the system source code is and help the developers to select which code they should review. But when measuring cyclomatic complexity on code written according to the functional paradigm, McCabe’s formula will not be sufficient since it is a formula most suitable for imperative code. Therefore we are making adaptations to a formula suited for pure functional languages in order to fit functional JavaScript. We are using an inductive empirical quantitative measurement method to calculate cyclomatic complexity on a directed graph implementation in order to define adaptations for functional JavaScript. Our results show a working adapted version of the formula. We have measured on a graph implemented in Haskell and on a corresponding functional JavaScript version which results in a cyclomatic complexity difference at only 0.375.

La réflexion morale de Theodor Adorno est manifestement traversée par une tension : l’exigence paradoxale d’enraciner pleinement la morale à la fois dans les impulsions les plus vives et dans la raison la plus lucide. Plus qu’une excentricité parmi d’autres de la figure de proue de l’École de Francfort, le présent mémoire donne à penser que ce problème pourrait être une des principales charnières de son éthique. L’objectif de ma recherche est de dégager une voie pour articuler conjointement, «sans sacrifice aucun», ces deux exigences. Pour ce faire, je tenterai d’étayer l’hypothèse suivante : l’analyse du problème de la liberté et de la non-liberté que développe le premier des trois «modèles» de Dialectique négative permet de comprendre à la fois le lien et l’écart entre la dimension impulsive et rationnelle de l’éthique d’Adorno. L’argument qui sera déployé se penchera d’abord sur le problème de la non-liberté et son incarnation à travers le phénomène concret de l’antisémitisme ainsi que de la peur et de la rage animale dans lesquelles il s’enracine, pour ensuite examiner la conception adornienne de la liberté dans ses deux dimensions de «pleine conscience théorique» et «d’impulsion spontanée», et pour finalement tenter d’apprécier la portée plus générale pour la compréhension de l’éthique d’Adorno de cette interprétation du problème de la liberté en tentant de comprendre sur cette base son «nouvel impératif catégorique». / Throughout Theodor Adorno’s moral thought runs a paradoxical demand : that morality should be fully rooted in both the liveliest impulses and the keenest reasonings. More than a quirk among Adorno’s many, this essay suggests that this problem plays a pivotal role in his ethics. The current research seeks to develop a strategy to conjointly articulate these two demands. To this end, I will try to expound the following hypothesis : the analysis of the problem of freedom and unfreedom set forth by the first of the ‘models’ in Negative Dialectics enables making sense of both the bond and the disparity between the impulsive and rational constituents of adornian ethics. This study will first focus on the problem of unfreedom and its embodiment in the concrete phenomena of anti-Semitism as well as the animal fear and rage that it builds upon. It will then go on to examine Adorno’s conception of freedom in its two facets : «full theoretical consciousness» and «spontaneous impulse». It will finally try to ascertain the more general relevance of this interpretation of the problem of freedom for making sense of Adorno’s ethics, by trying to make sense on that basis of his «new categorical imperative».

La révolution de 1789 fit émerger, face à une société jusqu’alors conçue comme une entité, un nouvel individu désireux d’affirmer sa singularité. À la morale chrétienne qui se réfère à Dieu, les philosophes du XVIIIe siècle, et plus particulièrement Kant, ont voulu substituer une morale où l’homme serait, selon le mot de Protagoras, mesure de toutes choses. Cependant, l’individu devait encore se conformer à ce que Kant nomme l’impératif catégorique, et supporter une adhésion forcée à des valeurs communes. La morale a été progressivement ressentie comme autoritaire et illégitime ; certains ont voulu ne voir en elle que les valeurs d’une société bourgeoise. Les années 1960 donnèrent donc naissance à une morale individuelle, qui a pris le nom d’éthique. Ces bouleversements n’ont pas été sans répercussions profondes sur le droit des personnes et de la famille. Aussi les bonnes moeurs ont-elles disparu du droit de la famille pour laisser la place en droit des personnes à la dignité humaine : à la conception d’un droit-modèle succéda celle d’un droit-principe. La notion de dignité ne fut consacrée dans le Code civil français que fort tardivement, ce qui explique l’absence de consensus concernant sa définition. On peut regretter qu’une telle fragilité ait pu entraîner la dilution de ce principe, voire sa transformation en un droit subjectif ; elle n’oppose alors qu’une faible résistance à l’avènement de l’autonomie personnelle, construite en porte-à-faux par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme sur l’article 8 et le consentement de l’individu. Dans cette sphère européenne, l’individu a gagné le droit d’opérer des choix sur son corps, quelque dangereux qu’ils soient, et peut-être même la liberté de renoncer au bénéfice des droits énoncés dans la Convention. Il apparaît donc essentiel de redéfinir la dignité, rempart contre la réification de l’être humain, autour des concepts de liberté et d’égalité. Dès lors, d’une logique néfaste de concurrence entre la dignité et l’autonomie, pourra renaître un véritable rapport de complémentarité et de hiérarchie / After the French revolution, in front of a holist society hitherto, the willingness of a new individual to affirm his singularity did emerge. Whilst the Christian morality referred to God, the XVIIIth century philosophers, especially Kant, wanted to substitute a morality where, according to the words of Protagoras, man would be the measure of anythings. The individual, however, still had to conform to what Kant names the categorical imperative, and to support for shared values. The morality became gradually felt as authoritative and illegitimate, the middle-class values. The 60’s let rise an individual morality, which took the name of ethics. These upheavals were not without major effects on law of persons and family law. Boni mores disappeared therefore from family law to give way to human dignity in law of persons: to the conception of a model law that of a principle law did succeed. The concept of dignity was only tardily devoted in the Civil code: that could explain the absence of consensus concerning its definition. One can consider it regrettable that such a fragility could involve the dilution of this principle, and even its transformation into a subjective right; it does not oppose whereas a low resistance to the advent of personal autonomy, awkwardly built by the European Court of the human rights on the article 8 and the individual consent. The individual gained the right to operate choices on his body, however dangerous they are, and perhaps even freedom to give up the benefit of rights stated in the Convention. It thus appears essential to redefine dignity, a rampart against the reification of human being,around the concepts of freedom and equality. Consequently, from a harmful logic of competition between dignity and autonomy, a true relation of complementarity and hierarchy between these two concepts will be able to reappear.

Le problème général de la preuve de propriétés de programmes impératifs est indécidable. Pour deslangages de programmation et de propriétés plus restrictifs, des sous-problèmes décidables sontconnus. En pratique, grâce à des heuristiques, les outils de preuve de programmes automatisent despreuves qui sortent du cadre théorique de ces sous-problèmes décidables connus. Nous illustronscette réussite pratique en construisant un catalogue de preuves, pour des programmes et despropriétés de nature similaire et de complexité croissante. Ces programmes sont principalementdes générateurs de cartes combinatoires.Ainsi, ce travail contribue aux domaines de recherche de la combinatoire énumérative et dugénie logiciel. Nous distribuons une bibliothèque C de générateurs exhaustifs bornés de tableauxstructurés, formellement spécifiés en ACSL et vérifiés avec le greffon WP de la plateforme d’analyseFrama-C. Nous proposons également une méthodologie de test qui facilite la preuve interactive enCoq, une étude formelle des cartes originale, et de nouveaux résultats en combinatoire énumérative. / The general problem of proving properties of imperative programs is undecidable. Some subproblems– restricting the languages of programs and properties – are known to be decidable. Inpractice, thanks to heuristics, program proving tools sometimes automate proofs for programs andproperties living outside of the theoretical framework of known decidability results. We illustrate thisfact by building a catalog of proofs, for similar programs and properties of increasing complexity. Mostof these programs are combinatorial map generators.Thus, this work contributes to the research fields of enumerative combinatorics and softwareengineering. We distribute a C library of bounded exhaustive generators of structured arrays, formallyspecified in ACSL and verified with the WP plugin of the Frama-C analysis platform. We also proposea testing-based methodology to assist interactive proof in Coq, an original formal study of maps, andnew results in enumerative combinatorics.

L’impératif anglais est ici étudié en supposant un lien motivé entre sa forme et ses sens, dans le cadre d’une sémantique textuelle et énonciative cottienne. Analysant un corpus de films américains contemporains, l’étude décrit la construction du sens de requêtes pour y chercher la contributionpropre de l’impératif. Les éléments sémiotisés et non-sémiotisés à ce mode figurant souvent par ailleurs dans le discours, l’impératif apparaît comme une posture énonciative choisie par le locuteur. Celle-ci consiste en un rapport d’immédiateté aux signes et à l’action. L’injonction apparaît ainsi comme d’abord mentale, ce qui explique les cas où l’impératif ne doit pas mener à agir dans le monde. La sous-sémiotisation des relations est aussi une forme de refus des processus d’entrée dans le linéaire de la parole, ce qui peut anticiper une sortie vers le monde des actes. Les hypothèses proposées espèrent ainsi contribuer à montrer comment la brièveté peut être exploitée à des fins directives. / This study analyzes the English imperative in the framework of Pierre Cotte’s textual-gramatical semantics. It hypothesizes that the grammar of imperatives is iconic, i.e. motivated to some degree. The study describes the construction of meaning of requests found in a corpus of contemporary North-American films and isolates the specific contribution of imperatives. The elements verbalized in an imperative clause and those not verbalizedin it are actually both often verbalized in other phases of a request. This suggests that the imperative is a linguistic-cognitive attitude adopted by the speaker: the structure manifests and imposes a relationship of immediacy with the signs and with the action. The imperative command is therefore cognitive first, which explains the cases where an imperativedoes not require the hearer to act. The hypo-semiotic verbalization of the action may also mimic a refusal of the processes that produce connected speech, thus anticipating an exit from talk to action.Keywords: English imperative, iconicity, requests, film corpus, enunciation, textual semantics, grammatical semantics, enunciative linguistics.

Die Arbeit macht sich auf die Suche nach den Umrissen eines normativ fundierten Autokratiebegriffs. Begründet ist dieses Unterfangen mit der Beobachtung eines immanenten demokratischen Imperativs in den aktuellen Herrschaftskonzeptionen und Regimetypologien. Als Denkraum dient Niklas Luhmanns Theorie-Architektur der soziologischen Systemtheorie. Die Annahme ist, dass sich mit einer solchen Perspektive der Blick auf die Grundelemente des politischen Systems öffnen, die dann zu einer funktionalen Vernunft-Quelle führen um Autokratie neu zu definieren. / Based on the observation of an immanent democratic imperative in contemporary regime typologies and concepts, this work is in search for contours of a normative definition of autocracy. Niklas Luhmann's theoretical foundations serves as epistemological means to explore functional sources of Vernunft and to overcome metaphysical or natural justifications of order. The assumption is that such a perspective exposes fundamental elements of political systems and their systemic functions for a reformulation of autocracy.

Advanced automatic testing is very important in development and research within the vehicle industry. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems give the ability to validate Electronic Control Units (ECUs) based on software simulation without gathering all of the physical hardware. This enables testing by providing inputs and examining the corresponding outputs of the ECUs in a simpler and safer way than in traditional physical testing. HIL offers the advantage that we can verify and validate the functions of ECUs prior to full-scale hardware production. On the contrary, because HIL systems are normally released as general-purpose test beds, it takes time to embed them into the current system. Additionally, the question of how to fill the gap between the HIL and the test environment is even more critical when the test bed is expected to be used for a long period of time without modifications. Furthermore, HIL systems are precious. It is not practical and will be considered as a waste of resource if it is used exclusively by testers. Scania’s RESI group uses Client-Server architecture to make it more flexible. The HIL system is hosted at server side while the testers operate it at client side. This architecture enables different implementations of client and server as long as a same protocol is applied, but this still does not solve the problem that the HIL is not always accessible when the testers want to debug their scripts. The testers want to find a solution to achieve this goal offline (without servers). To solve the problem, we first investigated which programming languages are used in the industry. Without doubt, there is no dominant language that ideally suits all situations, so secondly, we developed a new test environment. The new environment including “Dummy Mode” and “Mat Mode” is able to provide script validation service on basic and logic levels without servers. The result shows the Dummy mode is able to reach a higher detection rate (99.3%) on simple errors comparing to the current environment (81.3%). By reproducing and reusing the result of HIL system, Mat mode is able to identify logic errors and provide better assistance when the logic errors are found. In general, the proposed environment is able to show a better way of using HIL which makes the whole system more efficient and productive. / I fordonsindustrin ställs stora krav på avancerad automatiserad testning. För att utvärdera Electronic Control Units (ECUs) används så kallade Hardware-In-the-Loop-system (HIL) för att simulera den omkringliggande hårdvaran. Detta möjliggör enklare samt säkrare testning av ECU-komponenterna än vid traditionell fysisk testning. Med hjälp av HIL kan ECUs testas innan en fullskalig produktion sätts igång. Då HIL-system vanligtvis utvecklas för ett brett användningsområde kan det ta tid att skräddarsy dem för ett specifikt system. Ett annat viktigt problem vi ställs inför är skillnaderna mellan HIL-systemet och testmiljön, då testfallen förväntas att användas en längre tid utan förändringar. Vidare är HIL-system kostsamma. Det anses vara varken praktiskt eller ekonomiskt att låta HIL-system enbart användas av testare. Scanias RESI-grupp använder en klient-server-arkitektur för att åstadkomma flexibilitet HIL-systemet körs på serversidan medan testarna arbetar på klientsidan. Den här typen av arkitektur öppnar upp för olika implementationer på klient- samt serversida, förutsatt att samma kommunikationsprotokoll används. En nackdel med den nuvarande lösningen är att HIL-systemet inte alltid finns tillgängligt när testarna vill felsöka deras programskript. Testarna vill hitta en lösning där det går att utföra felsökningen lokalt, utan tillgång till servrar. För att kunna lösa problemet undersöktes först vilka programmeringsspråk som används inom industrin. Undersökningen visar på att det finns inget programmeringsspråk som är idealt för alla ändamål. Vidare utvecklades en ny testmiljö som tillhandahåller testlägena "Dummy Mode" samt "Mat Mode". Testmiljön kan användas för att validera programskript på grund- och logiknivå utan att kommunicera mot servrar. Resultatet visar att "Dummy Mode" detekterar upp till 99.3% av enklare typ av fel än motsvarande 81.3% i nuvarande testmiljön. Genom att reproducera och återanvända resultat av HIL-systemet kan “Mat Mode” identifiera logikfel samt ge en bättre indikation om vad felen innebär. Generellt sätt kan den föreslagna testmiljön visa på ett bättre användande av HIL, som gör hela systemet mer effektivt och produktivt.

I den här uppsatsen försöker jag med hjälp av diskursanalytiska verktyg belysa vilka bakomliggande krafter det är som driver Sveriges digitalisering av kulturarvet. Genom att analysera svenska kulturpolitiska offentliga dokument, transkriptioner av en föreläsning och ett panelsamtal, samt två debattinlägg, letade jag efter det i litteraraturen beskrivna ”policyimperativet”, som har identifierats i den norska kulturpolitiska digitaliseringskontexten. Policyimperativets uttryck identifierades, och det visar sig i huvudsak förekomma inom bibliotekssektorns diskurs, som i sin tur inspirerat arkivssektorns diskurs. Museisektorn använder sig av policyimperativet i tal och i debattsammanhang, men det förekom inte nämnvärt i sektorns offentliga dokument som ingick i analysen.  Trots att policyimperativet delvis uttrycks gemensamt av ABM-institutionerna, så möts inte arkiv, bibliotek och museum i den talade diskursen, det indikerar att de tre institutionerna inte konvergerar i den svenska digitala kontexten. / In this study I use the tools of discourse analysis to shed light on the underlying forces that drive the digitalisation of Sweden’s cultural heritage. By analysing Swedish public domain culture-political documents, transcriptions of a lecture and panel session, and two newspaper opinion articles, I search for the so-called “policy imperative” which has been identified in the context of cultural politics about Norway’s digitalisation process.  Expressions of this policy imperative were indeed found, and appeared primarily within the discourse of the library sector which in turn inspired that of the archival sector. The museum sector makes use of the policy imperative in the spoken word and in the context of debates, but it was not noticeably present in those public documents from the museum sector which were analysed here. Despite the fact that the policy imperative sees a degree of common expression by LAM-institutions they do not meet in the spoken discourse, indicating that the three disciplines are not converging in the Swedish digital context.

In hierdie studie word gepoog om 'n spiritualiteit te omskryf wat as die intensie en motivering vir kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge kan dien. Die handelingswetenskaplike benadering in die Praktiese Teologie word kortliks beskryf. Daar word aangetoon dat handelinge nie net eksistensiele gedrag is nie; handelinge het 'n onderliggende spiritualiteit as intensie en motivering. Verskillende perspektiewe op spiritualiteit word ondersoek. Die terme praxis pietatis word gekies om spiritualiteit te beskryf. Die skepping-herskepping tema word gebruik om 'n teologiese basis van praxis pietatis te omskryf. Die praxis is kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge wat as intensionele konkretisering van die imperatief moontlik gemaak is deur die indikatief van God se openbaring van Homself aan die mens. Deur die pietatis word die werklikheid van God se verlossing as eksistensiele kennis, deur die geloofsinoefening van die gelowige as nuwe mens - met die hoop op die opstanding - integrerend in die daaglikse lewe toegepas. / This study intends to describe a spirituality that can function as intention and motivation for communicative faith acts. The operational scientific approach to Practical Theology is discussed briefly. It is shown that acts are not only existential behaviour but has an underlying spirituality as intention and motivation. Different perspectives on spirituality are explored and the term praxis pietatis is chosen describe spirituality. The creation-recreation theme is used to define a theological basis for praxis pietatis. The praxis is intentional communicative acts that stem from the imperative. It is made possible by the indicative of the self-revelation of God to mankind. The redemption of God as existential knowledge is made possible by the exercising of faith by the new man. Through the pietatis this knowledge is integrated into the daily life - with the eye upon the resurrection. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Praktiese Teologie)