Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att utreda användargenererad metadata (taggar) som komplement till kontrollerad indexering (ämnesord och klassifikationskoder) av skönlitterära tecknade serier. Studiens relevans grundas på ett behov av att utveckla riktlinjer för att ämnesbeskriva- och skapa sökingångar till tecknade serier via bibliotekskataloger (1), samt att implementering av taggningsfunktioner, via gränssnitt i onlinekataloger (OPACS), blir allt vanligare vilket förutsätter utredning för att överväga en kombination mellan systemen (2). För att besvara studiens syfte utfördes tre delstudier. Först analyserades 48 serietitlar representerade via ämnesord och klassifikationskoder i MARC-format via Libris (I), därefter analyserades de 10 titlarna - med mest metadata från steg I - representerade via taggmoln från LibraryThing (LT) (II) för att slutligen göra en jämförelse mellan de 10 MARC-posterna och taggmolnen (III). Kvalitativt orienterad innehållsanalys har använts för att samla in, dela upp samt jämföra ämnesord-/klassifikationskoder med taggar efter fasetterna: genre, tid, plats, ämne, person och form, framtagna av bl.a. Svensk Biblioteksförening (2004): ”Att Indexera Skönlitteratur”. Aboutness-teori och semiotisk-teori har applicerats för att dels skapa en djupare förståelse för problematiken i att indexera skönlitteratur (-och bild) konsekvent men även för att jämföra systemen (dvs. kontrollerat indexeringssystem med folksonomi-baserat system) ytterligare. Resultatet av studien visade att få termer, via MARC-formaten, representerade fasetter som karaktär, ämne, tid och plats medan taggmolnen från LT innehöll desto mer metadata om seriernas ”innehåll” såsom: karaktärer, (sub)genrer och ämnen. Studien visade även tendenser som att taggarna var desto mer konnotativt präglade samt att de representerade dokumentens aboutness i högre grad, jämfört med klassifikationsnotationerna-/ämnesorden, samtidigt som det skulle behövas mer ingående studier för att närma sig taggarnas egentliga betydelse. Taggarna synliggjorde även ett mer vardagligt språkbruk samtidigt som inkonsistens gällande ordstavning och syntax uppenbarades. För att kunna besvara om användargenererad metadata kompletterar kontrollerad indexering krävs fortsatta studier kring varför användare taggar samt vilka termer som används vid informationssökning av tecknade serier. Analys av metadata från lokala bibliotekskataloger skulle även behöva göras för att ge en mer rättvis bild av hur ämnesordsindexering av tecknade serier ser ut i praktiken.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the subject indexing in the bibliographic databaseKVINNSAM at Kvinnohistoriska samlingarna. the documentation and information centre·of Women's studies in Sweden.The focus of the study is the list of index terms produced at this centre. The paper tries to answer the following questions: a) How has the indexing developed? b) How can it be improved? c) Is there a need for feminist indexing? The method of the study is primarily observations and interviews. Texts and ideas by Birger Hj¢rland, D. C. Blair, Joan K. Marshall and others are used as a background. Women's studies in Sweden is described as a domain of its own. Women's studies often has difficulties in finding its literature because many systems for orga­nising and retrieving knowledge are sexist.The list of index terms is non-hierarchical and consists of about 2000 terms. These have been studied regarding form, scope notes, language, context, etc. The paper also suggests some improvements.

This master thesis aims to examine the process of indexing fiction when it comes to area of sexuality and gender identity. The empiric work that forms the basis of the thesis are three investigations:(a) examining the current status of indexing fiction within the catalogues of six Swedish medium-sized libraries;(b) interviewing librarians who allocate the subject headings; and(c) an analysis of the Swedish subject heading system Att indexera skönlitteratur.This will be concluded with an analysis of the gathered material through queer theoretic standpoint with the help of critical classification and its inclusion through separation, and marginalization where subjects that differs from the norm is included but only by being separated from the norm, or ignored totally. This will show that there are similarities with how different groups get treated within the classification systems and how they are treated in subject heading indexing. An example of this in Att indexera skönlitteratur is that heterosexuality never is mentioned in the subject heading but is always present as the silent norm, while gender identity is marginalized through exclusion of the subject heading, and related words are instead being included under sexual identity. / Uppsatsnivå: D

In this Master we have studied classification system and alternative arrangements of books in a public library. The public libraries in Sweden use the SAB classification system. This system was created nearly a hundred years ago in order to suit the librarians and the Swedish society at the time. Today many library users find the system difficult to understand. This and other factors have inspired a number of libraries to arrange books in an alternative and more user-friendly way. We chose Jönköping public library to study their alternative arrangement of fiction books for children and youth. The purpose was to find out why and how the new alternative arrangement of books was done and where the inspiration behind the changes came from. We also wanted to know how the new shelf system had been perceived by the children and the personal staff. We made interviews with three librarians in the library and a questionnaire to the children who visited the library. In order to get a theoretical background we studied classification and alternative shelf systems in literature and in a few Masters. It seems that the main purpose behind the alternative arrangements in Jönköping public library was to make the library more user-friendly and self-instructive. In both interviews and questionnaire the respondents gave a positive picture of the new shelf-system. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to critically analyse the subject heading list in the database KVINNSAM at Kvinnohistoriska samlingarna. This list is intended for the retrieval of gender specific information and the subject heading women is implied. The main question is: which woman is represented in the list? The thesis analyses specifically the representation of disability, ethnicity and other sexualities than heterosexuality. Kvinnohistoriska samlingarna, the concept of gender studies and KVINNSAM is presented. Previous research concerning critical approaches to classification, which shows that classification systems and subject heading lists are products of their cultural and social contexts, is reviewed. The concept of intersectionality is used as a theoretical background. This is a perspective that theorizes how gender and other sociocultural power differentials such as ethnicity, race, sexual preference and ability/disability interact in the construction of subjectivity and material conditions of subjects. The thesis has its main focus on the Swedish research and discusses in what way the list is imposed by what the Swedish researchers Paulina de los Reyes and Diana Mulinari names a hegemonic feminism, a feminism that ignores differences among women and focuses on the Swedish, middle class, working woman. The method used is Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. The results of this study shows that the subject heading list in the database KVINNSAM mainly represents a Swedish, working, heterosexual, able-bodied mother and that the lists’ possibilities to adequately represent other subjectivities is limited. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The purpose of this thesis is to present a review of research themes and practice in the field of art image registration. The objectives of the review are twofold. The primary task is to distinguish which problems, in regard to theory and practice, that have been dealt with in the field of art image registration and the secondary task is to investigate which discursive, institutional and tool-related factors have had an impact on theoretical discussions and practice in the art image domain. The empirical content in the review is structured according to four epistemological viewpoints and is analyzed with a domain analytical approach. The result of the study is that two major problems are frequently discussed in the art image domain, namely lack of standardization and which discourse is the best suited for registration of art images. Furthermore, staff education, institutional users, lack of coordination within the domain, incompatibility between discourses and lack of suitable registration tools are factors that have been affecting the discussions and practice within the domain. / Uppsatsnivå: D

This Master’s thesis presents a descriptive study of the intellectual process to describe images in such a way that they can be incorporated into written information systems. The purpose of the thesis is to concentrate on the scientific development for the last two decades, in the area concerning the description of images so that they can be organized and incorporated into information systems and possible to retrieve when searched for. Library and information science (LIS) has a strong tradition of turning to the iconographical theories of Erwin Panofsky and to semiotics according to Roland Barthes, for models and theories for the interpretation of images. The question for this thesis is whether LIS in this scientific field, has deviated from these models and theories, or are Panofsky and Barthes and their scientific work still providing for intellectual and practical guidance for LIS within this area. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to investigate librarians’ experiences and opinions about a system for fiction retrieval based on the subject headings list Att indexera skönlitteratur. I want to know if librarians experience that subject headings searches for fiction literature are a good working tool, if there according to librarians are other resources and means that makes fiction available and searchable, and how they estimate the possibility of non-professionals to use subject headings for fiction retrieval. Six librarians at public libraries in Göteborg where interviewed. The interviews dealt with their work with fiction literature, their experiences of subject headings as a fiction retrieval tool, and with their contacts with patrons. The study revealed a great variation among the six librarians. Some said they used subject headings regularly and found them useful for fiction retrieval, while others said subject headings had a minor role in their work with fiction. As alternatives to subject headings where mentioned handbooks that describe fiction literature, the competence of librarians, shelf classification and exhibitions. Some librarians thought most patrons have limited use of subject headings, while others thought subject headings can be a good help for patrons. It is a common experience among the librarians that students ask for fiction dealing with certain subjects, and a common view that students above others can benefit from subject headings. To improve the retrieval of fiction in public libraries in Göteborg it is suggested that the structure of the subject headings list is exposed to the persons searching. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the usability of two Swedish systems, Sofie and Carlotta, which are used to organize and present data regarding museum objects on the web. This thesis also presents how objects are described and made accessible to the public in the two systems. To evaluate the usability, a heuristic method combined with Systematic Usability Evaluation has been used. The description and accessibility of object representations in the systems are evaluated using indexing and classification theories from the field of Library and Information Science. Additional theoretical background that has been used is how users search and browse information systems. Empirical data has been collected by observations made in the two systems as they are made available by Mölndals museum (Sofie) and Göteborgs Stadsmuseum (Carlotta). The results of this study show that the systems need to meet the requirements of the public, the end-users, to a larger extent. Sofie is easy to learn and to use, but over-simplifying the system negatively affects the possibility to effectively access data. Carlotta is a complex system that holds many possibilities to access semantically related data easily. The complexity of the system requires more information about the structure of the system and the different functions available for the user. The representations of objects need to be more consistent in order for the end-users to retrieve them by searching. Additional access points made possible by the implementation of a directory sorted by subject would be beneficial. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this master thesis is to find out how indexing of fiction works. I look at the consistency when users’ choices of index words are compared with each other and I also compare users’ choices to the current indexing made by libraries. I examine the subject heading list, Att indexera skönlitteratur, to find out how well it works in this particular context. The investigation included seven users who, in three steps, are creating a subject heading index of the Swedish novel Klippdockan by Cecilia Dahlheim. On the basis of their choices the results may either indicate that the consistency is good enough for subject heading index fiction, or if it is just a waste of time depending on how it is done today. The results show that consistency is low overall and that certain aspects point out changes that can be made to make subject heading index for fiction more efficient and effective. The survey shows that consistency is higher if the document text is short, if a subject heading list is used and if the words are not too specific. Today there is an increase in the amount of fiction held by libraries and there is a need for more user-friendly systems as users increasingly search in the catalogues themselves. The conclusions are that there is a need for a subject heading index for fiction in our libraries, and that there are ways to improve today's situation. / Uppsatsnivå: D