Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The knowledge society valorizes intangible assets. The creation of new products and functional improvement of these can promote competitive advantage and provide opportunities for economic development through IP Intellectual-Property. The Electric Guitar is an innovation that resulted from research and exploration carried by independent inventors. Production on a significant scale occurred from the 1940s in the United States, country that registered the first patents in the development of this musical instrument. Electric Guitar, which combines technological innovation since its inception, impacts the cultural development of Western society. It constitutes an important pillar for the industrial platform related to music that connects a worldwide chain of input suppliers and service providers. The pickup is the electromagnetic component that allowed the invention of the electric guitar in the United States of America and the Bahiana Guitar in Brazil. Both inventions are inducing cultural changes, however their economic impacts are different in scale and characteristics. The technological development of the pickups is crucial to the competitiveness of Electric Guitar's manufacturers. This dissertation represents an opportunity to reflect about the dynamic of this industry. Currently, the production of the Electric Guitar it is both industrial and artisanal. Brazil is a consumer market in expansion, what favors the increase of imports. In contrast, the international operations of brazilian industry in this sector is still under construction. Based on a descriptive applied research, the present dissertation is exploratory and explanatory. The elements of the research are: the current situation of the industrial segment of the Electric Guitar at the national level and in other relevant countries in the production and consumption of this instrument; exploration and analysis of the technological development of the pickup in Industrial Property databases, and the industry connection with the exportation incentive mechanisms. This dissertation aims to contribute to present this economic sector's potential and to demonstrate the importance of Industrial Property for its development, by considering the opportunities for the promotion of applied research, the Industrial Property registration, the development of technological innovation, and support mechanisms available in the National Innovation System. / A sociedade do conhecimento contempla a valorização do intangível. A criação de novos produtos e respectiva melhoria funcional destes constituem diferencial competitivo e oportunidade de crescimento por meio da Propriedade Intelectual (PI). Neste sentido a Guitarra Elétrica é uma inovação resultante de pesquisas e descobertas de inventores independentes. Sua produção em escala significativa ocorreu a partir da década de 1940, nos Estados Unidos da América, país que registrou as primeiras patentes no desenvolvimento deste instrumento musical. A Guitarra Elétrica agrega inovações tecnológicas a partir da sua criação, impactando no desenvolvimento cultural da sociedade ocidental, consistindo em um pilar relevante para a plataforma industrial relacionada à música, interligando uma cadeia mundial de fornecedores de insumos e prestadores de serviços. O Captador é o componente eletromagnético que permitiu a invenção da Guitarra Elétrica nos Estados Unidos da América e da Guitarra Baiana no Brasil. Ambos os inventos são indutores de mudanças culturais, porém, com impactos econômicos em escalas e características distintas. O desenvolvimento tecnológico dos Captadores é crucial para a competitividade dos fabricantes de Guitarras Elétricas, e nesta dissertação representam uma oportunidade para análise e entendimento da dinâmica setorial. Atualmente, a fabricação da Guitarra Elétrica ocorre tanto com produção industrial, quanto artesanal, sendo o Brasil um mercado consumidor em expansão, favorecendo o aumento das importações oriundas de diversos países, contrapondo uma atuação internacional ainda em construção da indústria brasileira. Baseado em uma pesquisa descritiva aplicada, o trabalho de dissertação é exploratório e explicativo. Os elementos da pesquisa são: o panorama atual do segmento industrial da Guitarra Elétrica em âmbito nacional e em outros países relevantes na produção e no consumo deste instrumento; a prospecção e análise do desenvolvimento tecnológico do captador nas bases de Propriedade Industrial, e a conexão setorial com os mecanismos de incentivo à exportação. Assim, este trabalho de dissertação visa contribuir apresentando o potencial econômico do setor, demonstrando a importância da Propriedade Industrial para o seu desenvolvimento, considerando as oportunidades para o fomento à Pesquisa Aplicada, o registro da Propriedade Industrial, o desenvolvimento da Inovação Tecnológica, e os mecanismos de suporte disponíveis no Sistema Nacional de Inovação.

Intellectual property has become fundamental and strategic tool for economic development of a country. Organizations, in its various branches, have invested diuturnamente in new ideas through research, technological development and innovation, taking advantage of legal protection to protect their inventions. In the new paradigm economic technical, based on knowledge, technological innovation, aligned with the intellectual property protection, contributes to major technological and economic development of countries. In this sense, there is the capacity of institutions such as the armed forces of Brazil, to make research, development and innovation. The present study is a survey of the Marine intellectual property protection, Army and Air Force through the number of patent applications in order to identify, within these institutions, where there is greater integration of intellectual property and compares the situation of its Technological Innovation Centers - NIT. We used the methodology bibliographical and documentary research and empirical analysis of patent deposits numbers by searching on the basis of patents of the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in the period from 1976 to 2014. It was possible to identify the temporal evolution of deposits patent applications. It was found that the Air Force is the center of Brazil with the highest number of patent deposits and the Brazilian Army the least deposits. The performance of the NIT Army is still very incipient. There are numerous unanswered questions regarding the situation of Brazil and its armed forces regarding their NITs and their technological productions. The understanding that innovation and intellectual property are key factors for the development of a country instigate further research in this field. / A Propriedade Intelectual tornou-se ferramenta fundamental e estratégica para o desenvolvimento econômico de um país. As organizações, em seus diversos ramos, têm investido diuturnamente em novas ideias por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento tecnológico e inovação, valendo-se da proteção jurídica para proteger seus inventos. No novo paradigma técnico econômico, baseado no conhecimento, a inovação tecnológica, alinhada com a proteção intelectual, contribui preponderante para o desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico dos países. Neste sentido, destaca-se a capacidade de instituições, como as Forças Armadas do Brasil, de fazer pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. Assim, o presente estudo faz um levantamento da proteção intelectual da Marinha, Exército e Aeronáutica por intermédio do número de depósitos de patentes, buscando identificar, dentro destas instituições, onde há maior inserção da propriedade intelectual e compara a situação de seus Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica NIT. Utilizou-se a metodologia pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e análise empírica dos números de depósitos de patentes por meio de buscas na base de patentes do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) no período de 1976 a 2014. Foi possível identificar a evolução temporal dos depósitos de pedidos de patentes. Verificou-se que a Força Aérea do Brasil é o centro com maior número de depósitos de patentes e o Exército Brasileiro o que menos deposita. A atuação do NIT do Exército ainda é muito incipiente. Existem inúmeras perguntas sem respostas quanto à situação do Brasil e suas forças armadas no que tange os seus NITs e suas produções tecnológicas. O entendimento de que a inovação e a propriedade intelectual são fatores estratégicos para o desenvolvimento de um país instigam novas pesquisas neste campo.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-13T18:13:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Barbosa Castralli.pdf: 1682488 bytes, checksum: 1cb7195bd6faa6aae2265c364d2fda6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T18:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Barbosa Castralli.pdf: 1682488 bytes, checksum: 1cb7195bd6faa6aae2265c364d2fda6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / The intensification of globalized relations manifests itself as a determining factor in the search for new technologies, not only to meet current needs, but to safeguard future needs. Innovation brings changes in current technology, fundamental for the Brazilian business environment reality, since most of the companies starts small and goes out of business early in life due to lack of competitiveness. Additionally, the global development of human civilization is intrinsically linked to the realization of human rights, being inseparable from it. These facts reveal the importance that the computer program developers have come to represent to the success of businesses and to the socio-economic development of society. The present study about the rapprochement between the elements of the intellectual property of computer programs and business organizations seeks to examine the value that intellectual work gets in contemporary society under the spectrum of human rights. The research is justified by the daily life employment relations and the increase in new resisted claims which inject, in the legal and social domains of the country, new questions and new perspectives. As initial hypothesis it will be adopted as a premise that the dynamogenic process results in consequences to the needs of human beings. By means of dynamogenesis, the value of intellectual work gains new shades. The main thesis of this dissertation is that the employee who is the author of computer programs has being acquiring a new status socialis in corporate structures and that the company, in order to achieve the desired success, must incorporate the typical values of all three human rights dimensions. Therefore, the present research will make use of the method of hypothetical-deductive approach, based on literature and documental research, aiming to look into the main concepts related to the topic and the approximation among labor, capital, environment and scientific and technological development. / O acirramento das relações globalizadas manifesta-se como um fator determinante na busca por novas tecnologias, não só para atender necessidades presentes, mas para resguardar necessidades futuras. A inovação traz mudanças na tecnologia vigente, fundamental para a realidade empresarial brasileira, posto que a maior parte das empresas começa pequena e encerra suas atividades nos primeiros anos de vida devido à falta de competitividade. Adicionalmente, o desenvolvimento global da civilização humana está intrinsecamente relacionado à efetivação dos direitos do homem, sendo dela indissociável. Estes fatos revelam a importância que os desenvolvedores de programas de computador passaram a representar para o sucesso das empresas e para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sociedade. O presente estudo sobre a aproximação entre os elementos da propriedade intelectual dos programas de computador e as organizações empresariais busca examinar o valor que o trabalho intelectual adquire na sociedade contemporânea, sob o espectro dos direitos humanos. A pesquisa se justifica em razão da vivência cotidiana da relação de emprego e o aumento de novas pretensões resistidas que injetam, na seara jurídica e social do país, novos questionamentos e novas perspectivas. Como hipótese inicial será adotada como premissa que o processo dinamogênico vem acarretando consequências às necessidades dos seres humanos. Por meio dele o valor do trabalho intelectual ganha novas matizes. A principal tese da dissertação é a de que o empregado autor de programas de computador vem adquirindo um novo status socialis nas estruturas empresariais e que a empresa para alcançar o sucesso deve absorver os valores característicos das três dimensões de direitos humanos. Para tanto, a pesquisa pautar-se-á pelo método hipotético dedutivo, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, para averiguar os principais conceitos correlatos ao tema e a aproximação entre o trabalho, o capital, o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico.

O presente estudo aborda a produção, a comunicação e o uso da informação científica e tecnológica no contexto dos repositórios digitais institucionais de universidades brasileiras, bem como a disseminação e o uso das informações contidas em documentos de patente. Verifica-se que o uso dessas informações ainda é insipiente no Brasil, mesmo nas universidades, e considera-se que um meio de promover esse tema é explorando os serviços prestados pelos repositórios na divulgação da propriedade intelectual gerada nessas instituições. Para tanto, tem-se como objetivo geral estudar a democratização do acesso à informação a partir dos repositórios digitais institucionais, considerando seus elementos aderentes e seu uso para a comunicação das informações tecnológicas de patentes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e interpretativa, dividida em quatro etapas qualitativas: pesquisa do referencial bibliográfico; identificação dos campos de metadados sobre patentes nos repositórios; verificação da existência de depósitos de patentes no Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial de titularidade das universidades pesquisadas; comparações e análises. Identificou-se que não é uma prática corrente a disponibilização das informações dos documentos de patente nos repositórios, bem como se constata uma baixa padronização em relação aos metadados utilizados ou aos valores a estes atribuídos. Propõe-se um conjunto de metadados para a descrição dos documentos de patente e promove-se uma discussão crítica a respeito dos temas abordados. / The present study deals with the production, communication and use of scientific and technological information in the context of institutional digital repositories of Brazilian universities, as well as the dissemination and use of the information contained in patent documents. It is verified that the use of this information is still insipient in Brazil, even in the universities, and it is considered that a means to promote this theme is exploring the services provided by the repositories in the divulgation of the intellectual property generated in these institutions. For this purpose, the general objective is to study the democratization of access to information from institutional digital repositories, considering their adherent elements and their use for the communication of technological patent information. This is an exploratory and interpretative research, divided in four qualitative stages: research of the bibliographic reference; identification of patent metadata fields in repositories; verification of the existence of patent deposits in the National Institute of Industrial Property owned by the researched universities; comparisons and analyzes. It was identified that it is not current practice to make patent document information available in repositories, as well as low standardization in relation to the metadata used or the values assigned to them. A set of metadata is proposed for the description of the patent documents and a critical discussion about the topics covered is promoted. / El presente estudio aborda la producción, la comunicación y el uso de la información científica y tecnológica en el contexto de los repositorios digitales institucionales de universidades brasileñas, así como la diseminación y el uso de la información contenida en documentos de patente. Se verifica que el uso de esas informaciones aún es insipiente en Brasil, incluso en las universidades, y se considera que un medio de promover ese tema es explorando los servicios prestados por los repositorios en la divulgación de la propiedad intelectual generada en esas instituciones. Para ello, se tiene como objetivo general estudiar la democratización del acceso a la información a partir de los repositorios digitales institucionales, considerando sus elementos adherentes y su uso para la comunicación de las informaciones tecnológicas de patentes. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria e interpretativa, dividida en cuatro etapas cualitativas: investigación del referencial bibliográfico; identificación de los campos de metadatos sobre patentes en los repositorios; verificación de la existencia de depósitos de patentes en el Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial de titularidad de las universidades investigadas; comparaciones y análisis. Se identificó que no es una práctica corriente la disponibilización de las informaciones de los documentos de patente en los repositorios, así como se constata una baja estandarización en relación a los metadatos utilizados oa los valores a éstos asignados. Se propone un conjunto de metadatos para la descripción de los documentos de patente y se promueve una discusión crítica sobre los temas abordados.

In current business affairs, most executive professions require one or several kinds of data consultation in their practice. Nowadays, the majority of data either is or has been digitalized and digital data is defined as information represented in a discrete and discontinuous manner. For accessibility purposes, data are often stored in databases that organize information via design and modeling techniques to facilitate querying. Data retrieval is crucial and if this process lacks efficacy, users either are presented incomplete information or are forced to perform repetitive queries. Intellectual property (IP) lawyers in Brazil are among that group and must regularly access a private database for trademark information. While it contains all the data they require, the database’s querying mechanisms are not tailored for IP law practice. The existing filters and lack of replacement algorithms often yield incomplete results, increasing time and resources dispended. With millions of dollars in potential lawsuits and work-hours, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether an IP-focused querying system could help mitigate this resource waste, facilitating the trademark comparison work of IP lawyers. For this, a new orthographic and phonetically focused querying logic was implemented. ANOVA tests and a questionnaire were used to compare the existing querying mechanism with the new one in terms of time, work satisfaction and querying accuracy. Results indicate the new querying system significantly decreased the amount of searches needed to execute a complete trademark analysis, while lawyers averaged the same amount of time to complete their work. Lawyers also reported higher work satisfaction levels and perceived increase in work efficiency.

No description available.

The thesis deals with a legal protection of results of research and development activities, which runs in collaboration between a university and an industry partner. At the first part of the thesis basic terms are explained, related legislation is introduced and important institutions from the field of intellectual property rights are mentioned. The thesis also describes a legal status of the research and a development center, lists various ways of results protection and provides an introduction to contractual obligations. The technical part contains a calculation of energy and water consumption in the Laboratory of energy intensive processes. Finally, all information provided is used for a preparation of the collaboration agreement draft between the university and the partner from the application area.

L’agriculture et l’alimentation dépendent, en grande partie, des rapports entre le droit et le végétal. Cette interdépendance, source d’enjeux vitaux actuels et futurs, est, notamment, cristallisée par la réservation des innovations variétales. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont les premiers maillons de la chaîne alimentaire, nécessaires à la production d’aliments. Or, l’immixtion de la propriété industrielle a conditionné l’amélioration variétale et l’utilisation des semences justifiant une étude en droit privé en associant plusieurs matières telles que le droit des biens, le droit des contrats spéciaux, le droit des obligations, le droit rural et les propriétés intellectuelles. Présenter l’existant, déterminer les interactions juridiques et envisager des évolutions afin de sauvegarder les intérêts des innovateurs et de la société participent à la protection de l’innovation et à la sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, l’étude, décomposée en deux temps, se focalise, tout d’abord, sur la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales et ses conséquences puis sur des alternatives possibles. Un régime original de réservation, dédié à la protection de nouvelles variétés végétales, indépendant du droit des brevets d’invention, est apparu au début des années 1960 au plan international, puis a également été intégré aux niveaux européens et français. L’adoption de la Convention internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales le 2 décembre 1961, ratifiée en 1968, puis révisée en 1972, en 1978 et 1991, a consacré, via l’octroi d’un titre de propriété industrielle (certificat d’obtention végétale), de nouveaux droits exclusifstemporaires sur un type d’innovation variétale. Toutefois, seules les nouvelles variétés végétales distinctes, homogènes et stables peuvent faire l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale. Le standard, imposé dans ce régime par l’ensemble des critèrescumulatifs, exclut, de facto, d’autres innovations variétales, prouvant une non-automaticité de la protection. Les droits exclusifs du réservataire sur l’obtention végétale ne sont pas absolus, ni illimités. De nombreuses exceptions attestent d’un exclusivisme relatif, témoignant d’un régime de réservation nuancé. L’autonomie de la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales standardisées, par rapport au droit des brevets d’invention protégeant les inventions biotechnologiques végétales, en fort développement, renforce la singularité du régime et conforte la nécessité de le sécuriser. Néanmoins, malgré les dérogations aux droits exclusifs de l’obtenteur, l’utilisation des innovations variétales, faisant l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale, conditionne les pratiques agricoles ancrées dans le droit rural. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont nécessaires à la production agricole. Une mauvaise utilisation ou une utilisation sans autorisation du titulaire du certificat d’obtention végétale, hormis dans le cas des semences de ferme, peut justifier la qualification de ces agissements en actes de contrefaçon. Ainsi, le champ d’application spécifique et les réalités pratiques n’altèrent pas la dichotomie entre le bienintellectuel et son enveloppe corporelle. Des alternatives, proposées à partir de ce régime original de réservation et en parallèle de celui-ci, doivent émerger pour assurer une meilleure sécurité alimentaire. La réservation de l’innovation variétale par lapromotion d’un modèle inclusif, reposant à la fois sur le droit des contrats et sur la protection de biens communs privés, est une voie pour faire évoluer l’existant au niveau interne. De plus, la reconnaissance des innovations variétales alternatives, jusqu’alors exclues, en leur dédiant un régime autonome inséré dans le Code rural, permettrait un nouvel équilibre. / Non fourni

Les mondes virtuels multi-joueurs sont des jeux à trois dimensions. Leurs utilisateurs s’adonnent depuis plusieurs années à plusieurs activités en se transférant des objets virtuels créés ou achetés dans les mondes virtuels dont ils revendiquent la propriété. Ces objets appelés «biens virtuels» n’ont d’existence qu’en ligne et peuvent prendre n’importe quelle forme (avatars, vaisseaux spatiaux, etc.). Bien que le marché des transactions de biens virtuels représente un important impact économique, social et juridique sur l’ensemble de la consommation, ces «biens» ne sont pourtant pas juridiquement reconnus, ni protégés par la loi ou par la jurisprudence en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, seuls les contrats de licence rédigés par les développeurs régissent leurs utilisations. Or, les conflits dans ce domaine peuvent devenir très complexes, car les rencontres virtuelles donnent lieu à une grande variété d’activités et sont créatrices de liens de droit entre des internautes qui peuvent se trouver physiquement à l’autre bout de la planète pour se rencontrer virtuellement dans l’environnement du cyberespace. Ainsi, les effets dommageables de ces activités vont se manifester en dehors du réseau. Puisque dans ces cas, l’espace virtuel et l'espace matériel sont interconnectés, on se pose la question suivante : quelle est la loi applicable aux transferts de "biens virtuels"? Pour traiter d’une question litigieuse en droit international privé, il faut passer par l’étape préalable de la qualification juridique de l’objet du litige, ici les biens virtuels, afin d’être en mesure de le rattacher à un régime juridique et à la règle de conflit applicable selon ce régime. Les biens virtuels, immatériels par essence, n’existent pas réellement. Techniquement parlant ce sont des représentations graphiques de codes sources enregistrés dans le logiciel du monde virtuel. Ainsi, l’existence juridique de l’objet virtuel en tant que «bien» est controversée en droit civil, car elle dépend de la conception stricte (traditionnelle) ou élargie (moderne) que l’on adopte du droit de propriété. En admettant que les biens virtuels soient reconnus en droit des biens, les règles de conflits de lois applicables à cette matière portent beaucoup d’importance sur la situation matérielle du bien pour la localisation du rapport de droits, ce qui rend très difficile la recherche de solution des conflits de lois dans notre matière. Ainsi, l’application du principe de l’autonomie tend à s’élargir aux questions de droits réels, mais cette solution n’est pas satisfaisante pour les tiers. Dès lors, il convient de se rallier à la doctrine contemporaine qui critique la référence générale à la règle de rattachement localisatrice dans des situations nouvelles et spécifiques empreintes de difficultés de localisation afin d’appliquer préférablement le régime de propriété intellectuelle, adoptée spécifiquement pour les biens immatériels. L’application de la loi sur les droits d’auteur est plus adaptée aux biens virtuels en tant qu’oeuvre de l’esprit, parce que les droits ne se trouvent pas limités par l’inexistence de cet objet et parce que les règles de conflits propres au droit d’auteur d’origine conventionnelle permettent une protection internationale du droit d’auteur. / Multi-player virtual worlds are three-dimensional games. Over the past few years, players have been engaging in various activities involving the transfer of virtual objects that they have themselves created or purchased in these virtual worlds and over which they claim ownership. The objects, called “virtual goods”, exist only in the online world and may take any number of forms (e.g. avatars, space ships, etc.). Although the market for virtual property has important economic, social and legal impacts on consumption, these “goods” are neither recognized by the law, nor protected by North American or European legislation or jurisprudence; only the licensing contracts drafted by the developers regulate their uses. However, conflicts that arise in this domain may grow very complex since virtual interactions give rise to a great variety of activities and create legal relationships between the cybernauts who meet in the virtual environment of cyberspace although they may bephysically located on either ends of the planet. Thus, the adverse effects of these activities may manifest themselves outside of the cyber environment. Since the virtual world and the physical world are interconnected in these cases, we have to ask the following question : what law should apply to the transfer of the “virtual goods”In order to answer contentious questions that arise under private international law, one must first go through the initial step of juridically qualifying the objects in question, here the virtual goods, in order to be able to assign them to a specific legal regime and to the specific conflict of laws rules that apply under that regime. Virtual goods – inherently immaterial – do not really exist:they are graphic representations of source code embedded in the software of the virtual world. Thus, the legal characterization of the virtual objects as “property” is controversial under civil law because it depends on whether one adopts a strict (traditional) concept of property law or a more expansive (modern) concept. Even if virtual goods were to be recognized under property law, since the conflict of laws rules applicable to property law place a lot of importance on the physical location of the property in order to determine the legal attachment, this renders the search for a solution to the conflict of laws in this area very difficult. Application of the principleof contractual autonomy therefore provides greater scope in determining property rights, butthis solution may not be satisfactory to third parties. Thus, it is useful to turn to the contemporary doctrine that criticizes the general application of the rule of physical attachment to particular and novel contexts that present difficulties in determining the location of the property and instead applies the intellectual property regime which is specifically designed to deal with incorporeal goods. Copyright law is better suited to virtual goods as creations of the mind since its application is not hampered by the non-existence of the goods and because the conflict of laws rules applicable to traditional copyright lawprovide international protection for copyrights.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT) is a massive ongoing franchise that began as a 1984 self-published comic book created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. Its history is intertwined with the creators' rights movement and the Creator's Bill of Rights (CBR), which rejected work-for-hire contracts, wherein creative laborers—creative authors—cede authorial control of their labor. Because the production of comic books and their franchises is highly collaborative, intellectual property (IP) rights are often consolidated in a single rights holder—a corporate author—via work-for-hire contracts. Eastman and Laird, as both creative and corporate authors, initially maintained strict control of TMNT licensees, but allowed their employees to retain IP rights over creative contributions to TMNT. However, in 1992, Eastman and Laird sent retroactive work-for-hire contracts to all current and former employees. This TMNT case study illustrates how the CBR represented the conflicting interests of publishers and creative laborers and ultimately reinforced the individualistic view of authorship that undergirds work-for-hire doctrine. Additionally, because IP legal infrastructure uses individualistic discourse to consolidate control of media franchises in one entity that allows authorized individuals access to a shared database of creative expressions that workers can borrow from or add to, media franchises resemble folklore and are made via a database mode of production. The romantic vision of authorship (and authorial control) upon which the CBR was founded ultimately went on to serve publishers rather than creators working for media properties, repeating a pattern that has existed since the inception of copyright and authorship.