The doctrine of intellectual property is based on the assumption that the exclusivity to commercialize a novel product granted to an inventor creates incentives to conduct research. In some areas, however, intellectual property can constitute a barrier to development of social welfare. In the area of access to medicines in developing countries, the intellectual property-related problem can take two forms. When needed products are not being developed and thus do not exist, lack of availability occurs. Lack of accessibility, on the other hand, arises when necessary medicines do exist, but their prices are prohibitive for people from resource-poor countries. Based on a detailed analysis of the patent and trade environment in the pharmaceutical sector, the thesis examines the potential of patent pooling as a joint intellectual property management strategy to increase access to medicines within the existing international intellectual property system. Particularly, it analyzes the effects of an existing pharmaceutical pool, the Medicines Patent Pool, on accessibility of antiretroviral medicines in low and middle income countries.

The theses is dedicated to the methodology of patent infringement damages calculations in the American and Czech legal environment. The methodology is first defined in terms of the US legal framework. The main focus is devoted to the methods of determining the royalty rate, as the thesis describes the Goergia-Pacific factors analysis and also additional methods recommended by literature are taken into account. Based on the identification of the main differences between the American and Czech damages legislation, it analyzes an applicability of the American framework in the Czech Republic.

The dissertation examines the enforcement of monetary claims in cases of intellectual property rights infringement. It focuses on the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. on the enforcement of intellectual property and on the directive 2004/48/EC of the European parliament and of the Council. The main aim is to evaluate the extent of monetary claims especially with regard on possible overlap or mutual consumption of the claims.The second aim is the analysis of English terminology in relation to the nearest Czech equivalents. The dissertation uses methods of logic induction and abstraction and the international multilateral comparative method, where the use of language plays a crucial role. The exact method of modelling combined with mathematical game theory is used. The dissertation progressively explains terms and relevant enactments. It introduces existing ambiguities. It tries to clarify them by analysing the EU legislation, the implementations in different member states, the statutory and common law in the USA. Consecutively it focuses on unjust enrichment in English law, then in the USA and in the continental system, where this institute is set negatively -- as the unjustified enrichment. Within the whole thesis the analysis takes place in relation to intellectual property rights infringement. In the penultimate chapter, TRIPS and ACTA are compared with the directive 2004/48/EC to provide further explanations. The dissertation concludes that a parallel award of damages and infringer's profits theoretically is possible, when it is not a single flow of value which is concerned by the infringement. The dissertation negatively replies to the question if damages and infringer's profits may be awarded concurrently in two separate lump-sum amounts according to § 5 (2) or (3) of the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. The reason is that the rate of the royalty is applied to sales of the infringer. These sales relate to the unjust enrichment of the infringer. If damages were again calculated by applying the same rate to the same sales, that would be double recovery. But theoretically this possibility cannot be excluded. A real-world example is very hard to find, even in the non-lump-sum form. Collateral sales awarded with lost profit in US law may serve as one. From the EU documents it seems, that infringer's profits is equalled to unjust enrichment and that is translated as unjustified enrichment. But English theory distinguishes restitution of unjust enrichment and gain-based recovery for wrong, the latter encompassing the award of infringer's profits in the form of damages. The broader Czech notion of unjustified enrichment is not to be equalled to unjust enrichment in the pure English notion, because the former encompasses also intentional wrongs. With regard to the restitution of infringer's profits based on unjust enrichment, the intent plays a role. The broader notion of unjust enrichment relevant to intellectual property rights infringement is called interceptive unjust enrichment, where enrichment "from the property of the plaintiff" is at stake and it is also possible to claim profits gained by the infringement. Focus is on the enrichment "from the property", not on the wrong. The dissertation examines the terms "account of profits", apportionment of profits", "disgorgement" and impure negotiorum gestio with regard to intellectual property infringement. In several countries reasonable royalty is regarded as good measure of net gain from the infringement of intellectual property. When the infringement was not innocent or wilful, it's possible to claim not only the objective enrichment but also the subjective enrichment -- profits of the infringer. In Czech law, that is represented by the emoluments from the enrichment. The aim of the last chapter is to evaluate, in the context of the operation of other relevant elements of legal environment, the preventive function of the double royalty claim introduced by the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. By construing a game theory model and using simulation, the thesis concludes that in lower royalty intervals, where attorney's costs are a high burden, the effect of the double royalty is insignificant. Where "more significant infringements" are at stake, and the royalty passes a given frontier, the application of the double royalty heightens the preventive function of the Act. Those "more significant infringements" have two intervals -- with the highest effect of the double royalty and with the "stabilized effect of the double royalty". But overall, in cases of "more significant infringements", the application of the double represents a heightening of the preventive power by a third and fifth respectively, and this is true only in the case, where the prospective infringers would try to calculate the effect of their infringement before infringing.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The knowledge society valorizes intangible assets. The creation of new products and functional improvement of these can promote competitive advantage and provide opportunities for economic development through IP Intellectual-Property. The Electric Guitar is an innovation that resulted from research and exploration carried by independent inventors. Production on a significant scale occurred from the 1940s in the United States, country that registered the first patents in the development of this musical instrument. Electric Guitar, which combines technological innovation since its inception, impacts the cultural development of Western society. It constitutes an important pillar for the industrial platform related to music that connects a worldwide chain of input suppliers and service providers. The pickup is the electromagnetic component that allowed the invention of the electric guitar in the United States of America and the Bahiana Guitar in Brazil. Both inventions are inducing cultural changes, however their economic impacts are different in scale and characteristics. The technological development of the pickups is crucial to the competitiveness of Electric Guitar's manufacturers. This dissertation represents an opportunity to reflect about the dynamic of this industry. Currently, the production of the Electric Guitar it is both industrial and artisanal. Brazil is a consumer market in expansion, what favors the increase of imports. In contrast, the international operations of brazilian industry in this sector is still under construction. Based on a descriptive applied research, the present dissertation is exploratory and explanatory. The elements of the research are: the current situation of the industrial segment of the Electric Guitar at the national level and in other relevant countries in the production and consumption of this instrument; exploration and analysis of the technological development of the pickup in Industrial Property databases, and the industry connection with the exportation incentive mechanisms. This dissertation aims to contribute to present this economic sector's potential and to demonstrate the importance of Industrial Property for its development, by considering the opportunities for the promotion of applied research, the Industrial Property registration, the development of technological innovation, and support mechanisms available in the National Innovation System. / A sociedade do conhecimento contempla a valorização do intangível. A criação de novos produtos e respectiva melhoria funcional destes constituem diferencial competitivo e oportunidade de crescimento por meio da Propriedade Intelectual (PI). Neste sentido a Guitarra Elétrica é uma inovação resultante de pesquisas e descobertas de inventores independentes. Sua produção em escala significativa ocorreu a partir da década de 1940, nos Estados Unidos da América, país que registrou as primeiras patentes no desenvolvimento deste instrumento musical. A Guitarra Elétrica agrega inovações tecnológicas a partir da sua criação, impactando no desenvolvimento cultural da sociedade ocidental, consistindo em um pilar relevante para a plataforma industrial relacionada à música, interligando uma cadeia mundial de fornecedores de insumos e prestadores de serviços. O Captador é o componente eletromagnético que permitiu a invenção da Guitarra Elétrica nos Estados Unidos da América e da Guitarra Baiana no Brasil. Ambos os inventos são indutores de mudanças culturais, porém, com impactos econômicos em escalas e características distintas. O desenvolvimento tecnológico dos Captadores é crucial para a competitividade dos fabricantes de Guitarras Elétricas, e nesta dissertação representam uma oportunidade para análise e entendimento da dinâmica setorial. Atualmente, a fabricação da Guitarra Elétrica ocorre tanto com produção industrial, quanto artesanal, sendo o Brasil um mercado consumidor em expansão, favorecendo o aumento das importações oriundas de diversos países, contrapondo uma atuação internacional ainda em construção da indústria brasileira. Baseado em uma pesquisa descritiva aplicada, o trabalho de dissertação é exploratório e explicativo. Os elementos da pesquisa são: o panorama atual do segmento industrial da Guitarra Elétrica em âmbito nacional e em outros países relevantes na produção e no consumo deste instrumento; a prospecção e análise do desenvolvimento tecnológico do captador nas bases de Propriedade Industrial, e a conexão setorial com os mecanismos de incentivo à exportação. Assim, este trabalho de dissertação visa contribuir apresentando o potencial econômico do setor, demonstrando a importância da Propriedade Industrial para o seu desenvolvimento, considerando as oportunidades para o fomento à Pesquisa Aplicada, o registro da Propriedade Industrial, o desenvolvimento da Inovação Tecnológica, e os mecanismos de suporte disponíveis no Sistema Nacional de Inovação.

Intellectual property has become fundamental and strategic tool for economic development of a country. Organizations, in its various branches, have invested diuturnamente in new ideas through research, technological development and innovation, taking advantage of legal protection to protect their inventions. In the new paradigm economic technical, based on knowledge, technological innovation, aligned with the intellectual property protection, contributes to major technological and economic development of countries. In this sense, there is the capacity of institutions such as the armed forces of Brazil, to make research, development and innovation. The present study is a survey of the Marine intellectual property protection, Army and Air Force through the number of patent applications in order to identify, within these institutions, where there is greater integration of intellectual property and compares the situation of its Technological Innovation Centers - NIT. We used the methodology bibliographical and documentary research and empirical analysis of patent deposits numbers by searching on the basis of patents of the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in the period from 1976 to 2014. It was possible to identify the temporal evolution of deposits patent applications. It was found that the Air Force is the center of Brazil with the highest number of patent deposits and the Brazilian Army the least deposits. The performance of the NIT Army is still very incipient. There are numerous unanswered questions regarding the situation of Brazil and its armed forces regarding their NITs and their technological productions. The understanding that innovation and intellectual property are key factors for the development of a country instigate further research in this field. / A Propriedade Intelectual tornou-se ferramenta fundamental e estratégica para o desenvolvimento econômico de um país. As organizações, em seus diversos ramos, têm investido diuturnamente em novas ideias por meio de pesquisa, desenvolvimento tecnológico e inovação, valendo-se da proteção jurídica para proteger seus inventos. No novo paradigma técnico econômico, baseado no conhecimento, a inovação tecnológica, alinhada com a proteção intelectual, contribui preponderante para o desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico dos países. Neste sentido, destaca-se a capacidade de instituições, como as Forças Armadas do Brasil, de fazer pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. Assim, o presente estudo faz um levantamento da proteção intelectual da Marinha, Exército e Aeronáutica por intermédio do número de depósitos de patentes, buscando identificar, dentro destas instituições, onde há maior inserção da propriedade intelectual e compara a situação de seus Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica NIT. Utilizou-se a metodologia pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e análise empírica dos números de depósitos de patentes por meio de buscas na base de patentes do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) no período de 1976 a 2014. Foi possível identificar a evolução temporal dos depósitos de pedidos de patentes. Verificou-se que a Força Aérea do Brasil é o centro com maior número de depósitos de patentes e o Exército Brasileiro o que menos deposita. A atuação do NIT do Exército ainda é muito incipiente. Existem inúmeras perguntas sem respostas quanto à situação do Brasil e suas forças armadas no que tange os seus NITs e suas produções tecnológicas. O entendimento de que a inovação e a propriedade intelectual são fatores estratégicos para o desenvolvimento de um país instigam novas pesquisas neste campo.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-13T18:13:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Barbosa Castralli.pdf: 1682488 bytes, checksum: 1cb7195bd6faa6aae2265c364d2fda6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T18:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Barbosa Castralli.pdf: 1682488 bytes, checksum: 1cb7195bd6faa6aae2265c364d2fda6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / The intensification of globalized relations manifests itself as a determining factor in the search for new technologies, not only to meet current needs, but to safeguard future needs. Innovation brings changes in current technology, fundamental for the Brazilian business environment reality, since most of the companies starts small and goes out of business early in life due to lack of competitiveness. Additionally, the global development of human civilization is intrinsically linked to the realization of human rights, being inseparable from it. These facts reveal the importance that the computer program developers have come to represent to the success of businesses and to the socio-economic development of society. The present study about the rapprochement between the elements of the intellectual property of computer programs and business organizations seeks to examine the value that intellectual work gets in contemporary society under the spectrum of human rights. The research is justified by the daily life employment relations and the increase in new resisted claims which inject, in the legal and social domains of the country, new questions and new perspectives. As initial hypothesis it will be adopted as a premise that the dynamogenic process results in consequences to the needs of human beings. By means of dynamogenesis, the value of intellectual work gains new shades. The main thesis of this dissertation is that the employee who is the author of computer programs has being acquiring a new status socialis in corporate structures and that the company, in order to achieve the desired success, must incorporate the typical values of all three human rights dimensions. Therefore, the present research will make use of the method of hypothetical-deductive approach, based on literature and documental research, aiming to look into the main concepts related to the topic and the approximation among labor, capital, environment and scientific and technological development. / O acirramento das relações globalizadas manifesta-se como um fator determinante na busca por novas tecnologias, não só para atender necessidades presentes, mas para resguardar necessidades futuras. A inovação traz mudanças na tecnologia vigente, fundamental para a realidade empresarial brasileira, posto que a maior parte das empresas começa pequena e encerra suas atividades nos primeiros anos de vida devido à falta de competitividade. Adicionalmente, o desenvolvimento global da civilização humana está intrinsecamente relacionado à efetivação dos direitos do homem, sendo dela indissociável. Estes fatos revelam a importância que os desenvolvedores de programas de computador passaram a representar para o sucesso das empresas e para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sociedade. O presente estudo sobre a aproximação entre os elementos da propriedade intelectual dos programas de computador e as organizações empresariais busca examinar o valor que o trabalho intelectual adquire na sociedade contemporânea, sob o espectro dos direitos humanos. A pesquisa se justifica em razão da vivência cotidiana da relação de emprego e o aumento de novas pretensões resistidas que injetam, na seara jurídica e social do país, novos questionamentos e novas perspectivas. Como hipótese inicial será adotada como premissa que o processo dinamogênico vem acarretando consequências às necessidades dos seres humanos. Por meio dele o valor do trabalho intelectual ganha novas matizes. A principal tese da dissertação é a de que o empregado autor de programas de computador vem adquirindo um novo status socialis nas estruturas empresariais e que a empresa para alcançar o sucesso deve absorver os valores característicos das três dimensões de direitos humanos. Para tanto, a pesquisa pautar-se-á pelo método hipotético dedutivo, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, para averiguar os principais conceitos correlatos ao tema e a aproximação entre o trabalho, o capital, o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico.

O presente estudo aborda a produção, a comunicação e o uso da informação científica e tecnológica no contexto dos repositórios digitais institucionais de universidades brasileiras, bem como a disseminação e o uso das informações contidas em documentos de patente. Verifica-se que o uso dessas informações ainda é insipiente no Brasil, mesmo nas universidades, e considera-se que um meio de promover esse tema é explorando os serviços prestados pelos repositórios na divulgação da propriedade intelectual gerada nessas instituições. Para tanto, tem-se como objetivo geral estudar a democratização do acesso à informação a partir dos repositórios digitais institucionais, considerando seus elementos aderentes e seu uso para a comunicação das informações tecnológicas de patentes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e interpretativa, dividida em quatro etapas qualitativas: pesquisa do referencial bibliográfico; identificação dos campos de metadados sobre patentes nos repositórios; verificação da existência de depósitos de patentes no Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial de titularidade das universidades pesquisadas; comparações e análises. Identificou-se que não é uma prática corrente a disponibilização das informações dos documentos de patente nos repositórios, bem como se constata uma baixa padronização em relação aos metadados utilizados ou aos valores a estes atribuídos. Propõe-se um conjunto de metadados para a descrição dos documentos de patente e promove-se uma discussão crítica a respeito dos temas abordados. / The present study deals with the production, communication and use of scientific and technological information in the context of institutional digital repositories of Brazilian universities, as well as the dissemination and use of the information contained in patent documents. It is verified that the use of this information is still insipient in Brazil, even in the universities, and it is considered that a means to promote this theme is exploring the services provided by the repositories in the divulgation of the intellectual property generated in these institutions. For this purpose, the general objective is to study the democratization of access to information from institutional digital repositories, considering their adherent elements and their use for the communication of technological patent information. This is an exploratory and interpretative research, divided in four qualitative stages: research of the bibliographic reference; identification of patent metadata fields in repositories; verification of the existence of patent deposits in the National Institute of Industrial Property owned by the researched universities; comparisons and analyzes. It was identified that it is not current practice to make patent document information available in repositories, as well as low standardization in relation to the metadata used or the values assigned to them. A set of metadata is proposed for the description of the patent documents and a critical discussion about the topics covered is promoted. / El presente estudio aborda la producción, la comunicación y el uso de la información científica y tecnológica en el contexto de los repositorios digitales institucionales de universidades brasileñas, así como la diseminación y el uso de la información contenida en documentos de patente. Se verifica que el uso de esas informaciones aún es insipiente en Brasil, incluso en las universidades, y se considera que un medio de promover ese tema es explorando los servicios prestados por los repositorios en la divulgación de la propiedad intelectual generada en esas instituciones. Para ello, se tiene como objetivo general estudiar la democratización del acceso a la información a partir de los repositorios digitales institucionales, considerando sus elementos adherentes y su uso para la comunicación de las informaciones tecnológicas de patentes. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria e interpretativa, dividida en cuatro etapas cualitativas: investigación del referencial bibliográfico; identificación de los campos de metadatos sobre patentes en los repositorios; verificación de la existencia de depósitos de patentes en el Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial de titularidad de las universidades investigadas; comparaciones y análisis. Se identificó que no es una práctica corriente la disponibilización de las informaciones de los documentos de patente en los repositorios, así como se constata una baja estandarización en relación a los metadatos utilizados oa los valores a éstos asignados. Se propone un conjunto de metadatos para la descripción de los documentos de patente y se promueve una discusión crítica sobre los temas abordados.

In current business affairs, most executive professions require one or several kinds of data consultation in their practice. Nowadays, the majority of data either is or has been digitalized and digital data is defined as information represented in a discrete and discontinuous manner. For accessibility purposes, data are often stored in databases that organize information via design and modeling techniques to facilitate querying. Data retrieval is crucial and if this process lacks efficacy, users either are presented incomplete information or are forced to perform repetitive queries. Intellectual property (IP) lawyers in Brazil are among that group and must regularly access a private database for trademark information. While it contains all the data they require, the database’s querying mechanisms are not tailored for IP law practice. The existing filters and lack of replacement algorithms often yield incomplete results, increasing time and resources dispended. With millions of dollars in potential lawsuits and work-hours, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether an IP-focused querying system could help mitigate this resource waste, facilitating the trademark comparison work of IP lawyers. For this, a new orthographic and phonetically focused querying logic was implemented. ANOVA tests and a questionnaire were used to compare the existing querying mechanism with the new one in terms of time, work satisfaction and querying accuracy. Results indicate the new querying system significantly decreased the amount of searches needed to execute a complete trademark analysis, while lawyers averaged the same amount of time to complete their work. Lawyers also reported higher work satisfaction levels and perceived increase in work efficiency.

No description available.

The thesis deals with a legal protection of results of research and development activities, which runs in collaboration between a university and an industry partner. At the first part of the thesis basic terms are explained, related legislation is introduced and important institutions from the field of intellectual property rights are mentioned. The thesis also describes a legal status of the research and a development center, lists various ways of results protection and provides an introduction to contractual obligations. The technical part contains a calculation of energy and water consumption in the Laboratory of energy intensive processes. Finally, all information provided is used for a preparation of the collaboration agreement draft between the university and the partner from the application area.