UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD INSTITUT POLITOLOGICKÝCH STUDIÍ Vplyv implementácie práv duševného vlastníctva na rozvoj vnútorného trhu NAFTA Bc. Ivana Miková MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Praha 2013 Abstract: The thesis discusses the impact of intellectual property rights on economic development of NAFTA. It is based on the theoretical assumptions of the new institutional economics and its notion of transaction costs and institutions and their impact on economic growth, in particular the impact of intellectual property rights, which are an important part of the NAFTA treaty and are contained in chapter 17. of the NAFTA Agreement. Their impact is connected with the new growth theory, which considers innovation and new technology as a major source of economic development. The empirical analysis has found that measures of IPRs contributed to transfer technologies and economic development. Mexico has become the main beneficiary. In the U.S., the situation in the field of innovation and economic development associated with IPRs has not changed significantly, compared with the period before the emergence of NAFTA.

This dissertation examines the confluence of ideas about classicism, commerce, and authorship in Britain in the final decades of the eighteenth century, when the commercial potential of classical forms and, conversely, the artistic potential of ‘mechanical’ forms of production both seemed greater, and yet more vulnerable, than they had ever been. While classical antiquity was a crucial source of artistic authority in this period, the emergence of a model of individual, inwardly generated, original authorship provided a different opportunity for commercial classicists to distinguish themselves in a crowded and competitive marketplace. In successive chapters of the dissertation, I discuss four makers whose works were produced in the context of competing models of authorship and authority: the architect, Robert Adam; the potter and manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood; the painter and printmaker, Angelica Kauffman; and the sculptor and designer, John Flaxman. Each of these authors straddled the worlds of the mechanical and liberal arts, using a self-consciously classical artistic vocabulary in conjunction with highly commercial production and marketing strategies. They increasingly shaped and presented their works and style as their own proprietary creations, capitalising on emerging concepts of original genius and individual authorship: the very concepts that seem to be at odds both with academic classicism and with reproductive practices. Adam, Wedgwood, Kauffman, and Flaxman demonstrate how classicism, the idea of genius, and commercial, industrial modernity were mutually constitutive, resulting in the creation of artistic styles that are still associated with their authors today.

Text and data mining can be a useful tool in such diverse fields as scientific research, journalism, culture and not least training of artificial intelligence and its importance is likely to only grow in the future. Despite its huge potential there are many indicators that copyright law restricts use of text and data mining – keeping users from optimal application. This thesis discusses possible barriers crated by EU copyright law, in particular in the light of the new exceptions provided by the Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market and finds that despite improvements in terms of legal certainty there are still obstacles to the efficient application of text and data mining.

De toutes les judiciarisations, le procès civil en contrefaçon est l’un de ceux qui durant ces dernières années a pris le plus d’ampleur, car au-delà de l’atteinte que le fléau de la contrefaçon porte aux monopoles d’exploitation, il rejaillit aussi sur tous les secteurs de notre économie, à savoir les emplois, la santé, la sécurité des consommateurs ou bien encore l’investissement. C’est par l’analyse du rôle que les acteurs ont à tenir dans le procès civil en contrefaçon, que l’on se propose d’étudier la singularité de ce procès au regard du droit commun procédural et d’envisager une possible théorie du procès civil en contrefaçon. Les recherches s’attachent alors à effectuer, tout d’abord, une analyse approfondie de la charge des parties dans le procès civil en contrefaçon ; l’enjeu est de mettre ici en évidence le pouvoir particulier d’impulsion des parties en identifiant les facteurs de divergence ou d’unité de la matière. Parallèlement à l’examen de ce pouvoir d’initiative, il s’agit aussi de mettre l’accent sur les mesures auxiliaires originales, telles que la saisie-contrefaçon ou la retenue en douane ouvertes aux parties afin de leur permettre de mieux prouver ou de mieux anticiper le procès au fond, sans forcément rompre l’équilibre procédural des droits entre les parties. Le sujet nous emmène, ensuite, à mettre à jour l’office du juge dans le procès civil en contrefaçon. Assurément, après que la préparation et l’initiative de l’instance en contrefaçon aient été laissées à la diligence des parties, c’est en effet au juge étatique qu’il appartient de « prendre la main » sur le procès et il convient alors d’étudier sa compétence dérogatoire en matière de contrefaçon, compétence qui se révèle tantôt concentrée, tantôt éclatée en cas de conflit de juridictions, tantôt concurrencée aussi par un juge « privé ». La réflexion conduit in fine à rechercher si le pouvoir qu’a le juge de trancher le litige, en allouant des dommages et intérêts ou en réintégrant la victime dans l’intégralité de son droit de propriété, témoigne ou non de la nature hybride des droits de propriété intellectuelle dépassant la simple sphère privative pour rejoindre une autre dimension plus largement collective. Telles sont les pistes de réflexion menant à l’édification d’un régime commun procédural. / In all trials, the civil lawsuit for counterfeiting is one of those which is on the increase because, beyond violate a monopoly, the counterfeiting also spills over into all sectors of our economy, ie employment, health, consumer safety or even investment. It’s by analyzing the role that players have in the civil lawsuit for imitation, we will study the specific feature of this case compared with the procedural law and we will consider a possible theory of civil trial for counterfeiting. The research lead to make, first of all, a thorough analysis of the burden of the parties in the civil lawsuit for imitation. The challenge is to highlight the particular impetus of the parties by identifying divergence factors or convergence about the subject. We have also to stress that the original auxiliary measures allow the parties to better prove or to anticipate the trial without break necessarily the procedural balance. Afterwards, we have to study the role of the judge in the civil lawsuit for counterfeiting. Indeed, after the parties have prepared and taken legal action, the judge has to "take over" the trial and it’s then necessary to examine its derogatory competence, which is sometimes concentrated, sometimes exploded in a conflict of jurisdictions, sometimes challenged by a "private" judge. Finally the subject leads to determine if the judge’s power, allocating damages for example, show the dual prism of intellectual property law wich overstep the private monopoly to belong to a wider collective dimension. These are the lines of thought leading to the building of a common procedural regime.

La forte hausse des rendements agricoles, observée tout au long des 150 dernières années, est, pour une large part, due à l’amélioration des variétés, résultant elle-même essentiellement de processus de recherche et développement. L’optimalité sociale de l’effort de recherche entrepris par les firmes de ce secteur, ainsi que des institutions encadrant l’activité de recherche, constituent un sujet important pour les politiques publiques. L’objet de cette thèse est de contribuer à éclairer cette question, en s’efforçant de tenir compte de l’impact sur l’environnement de l’innovation en matière de variétés agricoles. Nous examinons ce sujet à travers trois prismes différents : celui de l’innovation en tant que telle, celui du processus de recherche, et celui du cadre institutionnel offert aux entreprises de recherche. Nous montrons que la prise en compte des effets environnementaux de la recherche en modifie les optima, et devrait donc conduire à une adaptation du cadre incitatif et règlementaire. / The sharp increase in agricultural yields in the past 150 years owes a lot to the improvement of plant varieties, which, to large extent, is the result of the research and development process. Whether the research and development effort undertaken by firms operating in this sector and institutions regulating research are socially optimal is an important question for public policies. This thesis aims to contribute to tackling this issue, and its main contribution is to endeavor to account for the impact of crop innovation on the environment. We address the question through three different perspectives: innovation per se, the research and development process, and the institutional framework available to research firms. We show that environmental externalities of research significantly modify social optima.

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[pt] O presente trabalho pretende analisar a relação entre o conhecimento tradicional (CT) e a propriedade intelectual (PI), notadamente o uso do sistema de PI como forma de proteção e de agregação de valor aos produtos e serviços oriundos do saber tradicional. Partindo de uma análise das tentativas classificatórias de CT ao longo do tempo por Autores e estudiosos da sociologia, antropologia e direito e observando o disposto na Convenção da Diversidade Biológica (CDB); na lei de propriedade industrial brasileira (Lei número 9.279/96); na lei brasileira de número 13.123/15, que internalizou a CDB; bem como nos diversos outros tratados internacionais que tratam sobre o tema; é possível afirmar que não há um consenso sobre o conceito de CT e que o arcabouço jurídico internacional para a proteção deste saber é incompleto e fragmentado. A aplicação do sistema de PI possui aspectos positivos e negativos, entretanto ainda é mais desejável do que o sistema de repartição de benefícios de forma isolada, em que povos tradicionais são meramente recompensados pelo uso dos seus saberes e não são vistos como autores/titulares de direitos. Desse modo, conclui-se que (i) a inclusão dos povos tradicionais como sujeitos ativos de direito é questão urgente; (ii) a regulação do CT deve ser feita de dentro para fora; e (iii) a normatização do CT é complexa e demanda pensar em formas alternativas de proteção (mecanismos sui generis), para além da PI. / [en] The present thesis intends to analyze the relationship between traditional knowledge (TK) and intellectual property (IP), especially the use of the IP system as a means of protecting and adding value to the products and services derived from traditional knowledge. Based on an analysis of attempts to classify TK over time by authors and scholars of sociology, anthropology, and law, and also noting the provisions of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), the Brazilian industrial property law (Law No. 9279/96), the Brazilian law No. 13123/15, which internalized the CBD, as well as several other international treaties in regards to this matter, it is possible to state that there is no consensus on the concept of TK and that the international legal framework for the protection of this knowledge is incomplete and fragmented. The application of IP system has positive and negative aspects, however it is still more desirable than the benefit sharing system itself, in which traditional peoples are merely rewarded for the use of their knowledge and are not seen as authors/owners of IP rights. Thus, we conclude that (i) the inclusion of traditional peoples as active subjects of rights is an urgent matter; (ii) the regulation of TK must be done from an inside out perspective; and (iii) the standardization of TK is complex and demands alternative forms of protection (sui generis mechanisms), beyond the IP system.

M. Tech. (Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Counterfeiting is a global phenomenon in developed and developing countries, causing a threat to national economies and societies. It negatively harms new investment and progressively endangers public health and safety as well. Known and famous brands are often targeted for counterfeiting. This phenomenon is primarily driven by consumers’ aspiring attitudes, social media pressures and the need to differentiate oneself. The aim of the study is to examine the influence of materialism, hedonic consumption motive, utilitarian consumption motive, personal gratification and novelty-seeking on attitudes and the influence of attitudes on willingness to purchase counterfeit sportswear products at a selected HEI. The study is grounded within the positivist philosophy, in which a quantitative research approach was followed, since positivists prefer an analytic and factual interpretation of quantitative data. An online structured questionnaire was used to collect data through an online survey. The study sample was conveniently selected from a population of registered students at a selected HEI in Southern Gauteng in the 2020 academic year. Data were collected on demographic variables, materialism (MAT), hedonic motivation (HED), utilitarian motive (UTL), personal gratification (PGT), novelty-seeking (NOS), attitude towards counterfeits (ATC) and willingness to purchase (WTP) counterfeit sportswear. A total of 327 questionnaires were completed and used in the final data analysis. Descriptive statistics techniques, correlations and regression analysis were used to evaluate perceptions and relationships between the study constructs. The research results revealed the existence of significant positive associations amongst the study constructs. Of the five antecedents, two of the five predictor variables, namely, UTL and NOS showed significant predictive relationships with attitudes towards counterfeit sportswear purchases. Attitudes towards counterfeits (ATC) also emerged as a significant predictor of students’ WTP counterfeit sportswear. Since NOS and UTL seem to predict a positive attitude towards counterfeit sportswear, the study recommends that brand owners develop awareness about ethical purchasing behaviour. They should also educate consumers on the social and economic downside of buying counterfeit products and that seeking novelty when purchasing counterfeit products may soon wane and wear off, leading to regret and cognitive dissonance. Further, brand marketers should also emphasise the utility value inherent in the purchase of authentic branded products instead of buying counterfeits. Since consumers cannot often readily distinguish between genuine and fake sportswear, it is therefore critical for marketers of branded products to promote the contrast of originals and fakes and to underline the quality, longevity, and dependability of their authentic products in the market. These results make a valuable contribution to academics, brand managers and marketers, as the results reveal that consumer buying can be influenced by personality and social interests of different individuals. The study notes that laws only cannot prohibit the sale and purchase of counterfeit products. It requires the stricter implementation thereof. Further, there is a need for behavioural change strategies to counter the effects of counterfeiting. Nudges such as promotions and loyalty programmes may encourage the purchase of authentic products as opposed to the purchase of counterfeits.

Recent research approaches in semantics based video content analysis require shot boundary detection as the first step to divide video sequences into sections. Furthermore, with the advances in networking and computing capability, efficient retrieval of multimedia data has become an important issue. Content-based retrieval technologies have been widely implemented to protect intellectual property rights (IPR). In addition, automatic recognition of highlights from videos is a fundamental and challenging problem for content-based indexing and retrieval applications. In this thesis, a paradigm is proposed to segment, retrieve and interpret digital videos. Five algorithms are presented to solve the video segmentation task. Firstly, a simple shot cut detection algorithm is designed for real-time implementation. Secondly, a systematic method is proposed for shot detection using content-based rules and FSM (finite state machine). Thirdly, the shot detection is implemented using local and global indicators. Fourthly, a context awareness approach is proposed to detect shot boundaries. Fifthly, a fuzzy logic method is implemented for shot detection. Furthermore, a novel analysis approach is presented for the detection of video copies. It is robust to complicated distortions and capable of locating the copy of segments inside original videos. Then, iv objects and events are extracted from MPEG Sequences for Video Highlights Indexing and Retrieval. Finally, a human fighting detection algorithm is proposed for movie annotation.

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