Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3159.pdf: 2212184 bytes, checksum: 34ee287cf36783f67b2dc9ae7f7a53ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Soybean is one of the most important commodities in Brazil, contributing positively to the growth in Brazilian trade balance. Although the country has strong comparative advantages in relation to land availability, productivity, and costs of production, these competitive advantages start to weaken whilst the product is burden by poor logistics infrastructure in Brazil. All logistical bottlenecks are reflected in costs for the producer and loss of competitiveness for Brazil. However, it is of paramount importance to be acquainted with the logistics structure and its bottlenecks as well as fixing the costs associated with the movement of goods and their further quantification seeking to propose solutions in order to minimize costs and losses. This paper aimed to define a logistics cost framework of the soybean crop logistics flow to cover the external demand. Secondly, it has also sought to stimulate a debate on the characteristics of soybean product and its logistics process. The proposed model presented herein was applied in three supply flows taking into account both unimodal and intermodal routes. The adoption of such a method has encouraged debates about critical issues including the intermodality. Thus, this paper demonstrates that, due to a number of factors, it is not always beneficial the logistics flow employing a range of modals. / A soja é uma das mais importantes commodities brasileira, contribuindo positivamente para o crescimento da balança comercial do Brasil. Embora o país possua significativas vantagens comparativas no que concerne a disponibilidade de terras, produtividade e custos de produção, estas vantagens diminuem na medida em que o produto é onerado pela deficiente infra-estrutura logística brasileira. Todos os gargalos logísticos refletem em custos para o produtor e perda de competitividade para o Brasil. Desta forma, é de suma importância o conhecimento da estrutura logística e seus gargalos, bem como a definição dos custos envolvidos na movimentação dos produtos e sua posterior quantificação, para que sejam propostas soluções que minimizem custos e perdas. Esta dissertação objetivou definir a estrutura de custos logísticos do escoamento da safra de soja para o mercado externo. Em segundo plano, buscou-se também discutir as especificidades do produto soja e seu processo logístico. O modelo proposto por este trabalho foi aplicado em três fluxos de escoamento, considerando rotas unimodais e intermodais. Esta aplicação auxiliou na discussão de questões importantes, como a intermodalidade. Neste caso, este trabalho mostra que, devido a uma série de fatores, nem sempre é vantajoso para o produtor escoar sua produção com utilização de diversos modais.

La recherche d’une mobilité plus durable constitue aujourd’hui un souci partagé chez les responsables des grandes villes du monde, qui doivent alléger la pression des transports sur l’espace (congestion), la qualité de vie (nuisances, accidents), l’environnement (émissions de CO2) en maintenant leur capacité de développement et en préservant ou améliorant leur cohésion sociale. C’est le cas sur nos terrains d’étude, qui sont l’Île-de-France, Shanghai et Taipei. Cette recherche de durabilité s’inscrit dans un contexte historique, géographique et culturel, qui prédétermine l’état de la mobilité et de ses évolutions sur les territoires. Notre première partie est consacrée à l’analyse de la mobilité et de ses dynamiques sur ces trois terrains. Les moyens d’aller vers cette durabilité peuvent reposer sur le progrès technologique, la planification urbaine, la tarification des systèmes et les évolutions d’usage des modes. Des transferts des modes individuels vers le transport public sont généralement considérés comme souhaitables, et le développement de transport intermodal est une des conditions de ce développement. Notre travail distingue fortement le bus et le rail dans les modes collectifs, et le vélo, les deux-roues motorisés et la voiture dans les modes individuels. Il porte sur les perspectives de transfert modal et le rôle potentiel de l’intermodalité. Ces perspectives dépendent de trois types de coûts : les coûts qualifiés d’« externes », qui motivent le besoin de plus de durabilité ; les coûts pour l’usager, qui déterminent largement ses comportements ; les coûts d’investissement et d’exploitation des systèmes, dont une part souvent importante est financée par les pouvoirs publics et les impôts. La caractérisation théorique, la modélisation et l’évaluation empirique de ces coûts pour les trois terrains d’étude sont l’objet de la partie II. La comparaison des coûts par voyageur-km entre modes individuels et modes collectifs fait apparaître qu’aucun ne peut être meilleur que les autres sur les trois postes de coûts, et que les différences dépendent de plus des types de déplacements (longueurs, origines-destinations, etc.). La partie III est de nature plus prospective. Elle présente d’une part les schémas de développement des territoires et des transports adoptés par les responsables de ces territoires. Elle explore d’autre part les capacités à aller vers une mobilité plus durable à partir des comparaisons issues de nos territoires et des évaluations de coûts menées dans la partie II. Deux politiques importantes sont explorées : les politiques de stationnement et les politiques de tarification des transport publics ; Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse ont pour but de contribuer au développement de ce modèle d’évaluation des coûts de déplacement et d’une méthode de diagnostic permettant de proposer des visions des transports dans le cadre de développement durable et d’orienter les politiques de déplacement vers plus de durabilité et d’intermodalité. / The research of a more sustainable mobility today constitutes a concern shared for persons in charge of the metropolises in the world, which must reduce the pressure of road space (congestion), the quality of life (harmful effects, accidents), the environment (CO2 emissions) and maintain their capacity of development and preserve or improve their social cohesion. There are three case studies in our research, the greater Paris region, Shanghai and Taipei. This search for sustainability falls within a historical, geographical and cultural context, which predetermines the state of mobility and its evolutions on the metropolis. Thus, our first part of research work is devoted to the analysis of mobility and its dynamics on these three metropolises. The means for realizing this sustainability can rest on technological progress, the urban planning, the systems of prices and the evolutions of transport use. The transfer of the individual modes by the public transport is generally regarded as desirable, and the development of intermodal transport is one of the conditions of this development. Our work strongly distinguishes the bus and the rail which belong to the collective modes, and the bicycle, the two-wheel motorized vehicles and car which belong to the individual modes. It focuses on the prospects for modal transfer and the potential role of the intermodality. In fact, these prospects depend on three types of costs: the costs described as "external", which justify the need of sustainability; the costs for the user, which largely determine their trip behaviours; the costs of investment and exploitation of systems, whose are often financed by the authorities and the taxes. The theoretical characterization, the modelling and the empirical evaluation of these costs for the three case studies are the object of second part in our research. The comparison of the costs brought by passenger-km between individual modes and collective modes reveals that none can be better than the others on the three types of costs, and the differences depend on the types of trips (lengths, origin-destinations, etc). The third part in our research is more prospective nature. On the one hand, it presents the diagrams of development for territories and transport adopted by the persons in charge for these metropolises. On the other hand, it explores the capacities for going towards a more sustainable mobility from the comparisons through the case study and the evaluation of trip costs carried out in second part. Two significant policies are explored: parking policies and price policies of public transport. The purpose of the work presented in this dissertation aims at contributing to the development of this model of evaluation for trip costs and a method of diagnosis making it possible to propose visions of transport within the framework of sustainable development and to turn the policies of urban mobility towards more sustainability and intermodality.

Fournir un service de mobilité porte-à-porte pour les voyageurs est un objectif largement partagé. C’est aussi un objectif stratégique pour SNCF. En effet, après plus de trente années de croissance portée par le TGV, l’entreprise a fait face à des difficultés qui l’ont incitée à revoir son modèle économique. Elle vise à s’affirmer comme un véritable opérateur multimodal et à retrouver, grâce à d’autres modes que le train, sa vocation de desserte fine des territoires. Le porte-à-porte consiste à permettre aux individus d’aller d’une origine à une destination sans utiliser leur voiture, donc en utilisant différents moyens de transport mis bout à bout. La question posée est celle de l’existence d’un hypothétique opérateur de mobilité porte-à-porte qui serait l’interlocuteur unique du voyageur et qui lui garantirait la continuité de service tout au long du déplacement. Ce travail étudie, dans une démarche de recherche-intervention, les modèles économiques possibles pour un opérateur de mobilité porte-à-porte : quelle offre, quelle organisation entre les acteurs, quelle répartition des coûts et de la valeur ? La thèse apporte dans un premier temps une analyse approfondie de la notion de porte-à-porte pour les voyageurs. Ensuite elle détaille les enjeux pour les différentes parties prenantes. Les évolutions du contexte réglementaire de la mobilité en France, les enjeux relatifs au développement durable et la modification des équilibres en place sous l’effet de la transition numérique de l’économie sont passés en revue. Au sein de SNCF, différents approches du porte-à-porte existent qui reflètent la complexité de l’entreprise. L’évolution du système d’acteurs dans leur diversité ouvre des perspectives nouvelles. Trois grands types de modèles économiques pour le porte-à-porte sont identifiés : un modèle intégré, un modèle de plate-forme et un modèle distribué. Il en découle des trajectoires possibles de moyen et long termes pour le groupe ferroviaire. Sans être exclusifs les uns des autres, les trois modèles ont chacun leur domaine de pertinence. Affirmer un modèle économique distribué du porte-à-porte semble toutefois être une orientation à privilégier pour que le transport ferroviaire reste pertinent face à la voiture individuelle / The goal of providing passengers with seamless door-to-door mobility has today become a common objective, and a key priority for SNCF, France’s historical national rail group. After more than 30 years of growth thanks to the success of the TGV high-speed train, SNCF faces difficulties that have prompted it to reconsider its business model. The firm has decided to become a genuine multimodal operator with the capacity to provide a comprehensive territorial service through a variety of transport modes. The principal function of door-to-door transport is to enable travellers to go from A to B without using their own cars but a sequence of transport modes. This raises the possibility of the emergence of door-to-door mobility operators that provide a one-stop shop for travellers and offer continuity of service provision over an entire journey. This paper explores possible business models for a door-to-door mobility operator: the nature of the service, organisation between stakeholders and the revenue model. It begins with a detailed analysis of the idea of door-to-door service in the context of passenger transport. It then studies the main challenges for the stakeholders, in particular the evolution of France’s regulatory framework, issues relating to sustainable development and the effects of the digital economy. Different approaches to door-to-door provision exist within SNCF, reflecting the complexity of the company. Growing diversity in the system of actors has opened up new possibilities. Three contrasting business models were identified for door-to-door services: the integrated model, the platform model and the distributed model, all of which offer possible mid-term and long-term strategic directions for SNCF. Without being mutually exclusive, all three models are relevant in their distinct spheres. Nevertheless, the distributed model would seem to offer the greatest potential for rail transport to remain competitive with the private car

In 2018, the Swedish Government developed a new freight transport strategy. The strategyemphasizes that climate-friendly modes of transportation should be used to a greater extentfor freight transport. Intermodal transport, where unit-ready goods are transported with acombination of transportation modes, has been proposed as one of the solutions. As part of thework with the new strategy, the Government has commissioned the Swedish TransportAdministration to investigate what obstacles there are to intermodal transport, and toinvestigate whether there are any technical solutions or innovations that can increase the useof intermodality. The purpose and aim of this work have been to support the SwedishTransport Administration with their assignment from the Government by compiling thebarriers and technology of intermodality.By conducting a thorough examination of previous research and reports of intermodality,mainly railway and maritime transport, together with an in-depth interview with a Professor inthe subject, several different angles and views on the subject have been gathered.The results show that there are several areas in the industry where problems have beenidentified. Regulations and organizational structure, the limited area of competition andtransfer potential, the quality of the infrastructure and the location and costs of the terminalsare the main barriers to intermodality in Sweden today.It is possible to use technical solutions or other innovations to help minimizing one of theobstacles, the location of terminals and costs. These can for example be horizontaltranshipment technology, autonomous transhipment technology, IT systems and simulationtools or innovative network structure and location of terminals.Although there are plenty of ideas of new technology and solutions, few of these come intoproduction. One of the problems is the users/company’s uncertainty about investing inprojects that they do not know will be profitable. Standardized dimensions also present anobstacle to the technology which then must be adapted to current dimensions and strengthrequirements. There must also be a policy at international, national and local level with acommon goal that encourages the use of new technology.Most of the obstacles identified cannot be solved quickly and easily by introducing newtechnology. Instead, authorities and actors in the industry need to review their priorities andcommunicate with each other in order to come up with common solutions.

Vattenburen kollektivtrafik tenderar att ha längre bytessträckor än buss och spårtrafik. Då långa byten kräver mer av resenären är uppsatsens syfte att undersöka hur bytet till och från pendelbåtar kan se ut vid en för trafiken större bytespunkt. Därigenom kanske vi kan lära oss mer om resenärens informationsbehov vid byten över längre avstånd. Därtill har målet varit att presentera rekommendationer som kan stärka förutsättningarna för vattenburen kollektivtrafik, med särskilt fokus på bryggan (angöringspunkten) vid Klara Mälarstrand och den närliggande järnvägsstationen Stockholm Central. Arbetet har utförts i form av en fallstudie som undersökte platsen utifrån upplevd närhet och -tydlighet, med empiri bestående av egentagna bilder, kartor, avståndsmätningar samt dokument. Datainsamlingen pågick under lång tid, parallellt med Trafiknämndens egna utredningar av trafik till och från bryggan. Analysen visade att bryggan vid Klara Mälarstrand är bristfälligt integrerad med omgivande kollektivtrafik och att en tydlig vägledning saknas. I diskussionen förs ett resonemang om vikten av att entréer till kollektivtrafiken, exemplifierat av pendeltågens nya station Stockholm City, synliggör sin funktion även på långt håll. Resenärer bör även ges möjlighet att relatera längre bytessträckor till en tidsåtgång, liknande den ’uppskattad gåtid till gate’ som används på storflygplatser som Köpenhamns flygplats Kastrup. / Public transport on water tend to have longer transfer paths than bus and rail transport. As long transfers paths demands more from the passenger this thesis aims to investigate what a transfer to and from water buses may look like at a transfer point with public transport on water of major importance for a planned service in Stockholm, Sweden. Through that more knowledge about the information needs of passengers at transfers over longer distances might be gained. In addition the thesis aims to present recommendations which can strengthen the conditions for public transport on water, with a focus on the stop (quay) near the Stockholm Central station. The thesis has been carried out as a case study which examined the study area on the basis of perceived proximity and -legibility,with empirics consisting of images taken by the author, maps, distance measurements and documents. Data collection time has been long, in parallel with the Stockholm County Administrations (SLL) own investigations of the traffic. The analysis showed that the quay at Klara Mälarstrand has a lacking integration with surrounding public transport and that a clear wayfinding is missing. In the discussion an argument for the importance of legible entrances to public transport also at a distance is made, exemplified by the new Stockholm City commuter train station building. Also passengers at longer transfer paths needs to be able to relate the distance with the time to get there, similar to the ‘approximate walking time to gate’ used at major airports such as Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup in Denmark.

Les transports artisanaux servent souvent à combler un vide laissé par les transports publics (organisés par l’État) dans les pays du Sud global. En prenant le cas de Hanoi (Vietnam), ce mémoire aborde le rôle de la mototaxi dans les habitudes de mobilité, ainsi que son potentiel à agir comme complément modal au transport public actuel et à venir. Cette recherche met en exergue la relation entre transport public et mototaxi, basée sur des observations directes, des entretiens et une enquête auprès d’usagers du transport public. On y découvre que les usagers du transport public ne les intègrent que sporadiquement à leurs pratiques intermodales et multimodales, en raison de prix trop élevés et de manquement à la sécurité. Parallèlement, des compagnies de mototaxi, récemment fondées et qui promettent des services plus sécuritaires et une tarification claire (grâce à l’utilisation de compteurs), prospèrent à Hanoi, alors que les mototaxis indépendantes voient leur clientèle diminuer. Ces compagnies doivent leur succès à leur capacité à offrir des services bien adaptés aux conditions locales (rues étroites, circulation dense, etc.) et aux besoins des hanoiens (en terme de sécurité, notamment) et ouvrent de nouvelles opportunités dans les pratiques intermodales et multimodales. / Informal transport often fill a gap left unfilled by formal transport in many cities of the Global South. Using the case of Hanoi (Vietnam), this thesis explores the role played by mototaxis in the urban mobility behaviors as well as its potential to complement formal public transit. This research sheds light on the relationship between public transit (formal) and mototaxi (informal), based on direct observations, interviews and a transit user survey. We find that public transit users only sporadically integrate them in intermodal and multimodal journeys. This is due to negative perceptions regarding safety and cost of mototaxi services and feelings of being swindled on the price. We further find that as freelance mototaxi drivers are seeing their market decrease, newly established mototaxi companies (promising safer services and using meters) thrive in Hanoi. These companies’ success (with both transit and non-transit users) is due to their ability to offer a service well adapted to local conditions (narrow streets, traffic jams, etc.) and to users’ needs with regard to mobility and safety. This innovation in informal transport calls for greater attention from planners and policy makers as is opens new opportunities to encourage intermodal and multimodal behaviours.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yara Cristina Labronici Baiardi.pdf: 8064364 bytes, checksum: 8664042ccd92c47a4df694b52870dae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Understanding urban mobility in large cities requires an analysis that goes beyond the vision of traffic engineering and vehicle traffic on the streets. And, facing the rise of the challenges of mobility, the issue has been widely debated in society. In this sense, from the case study of Santo Amaro Train station of Line 9 (located alongside the Pinheiros River) of Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos - CPTM, we seek understand the microaccessibility of this station combined with the different modes of transport. We start from the hypothesis that despite the recent modernization of the railway equipment, as well as the tariff integration between bus, subway and train, the microaccessibility at train stations is still ineffective, regardless of the mode by which the users access the station, thereby reducing the potential for attraction of the stations (representing a node on the metropolitan network), as well as the inefficiency of legibility in intermodality in public space. The methodological approach proposed in the study is exploratory, with qualitative approaches, based on a case study. So, was made a field survey whose results were summarized in a analitycal matrix for further indication of possible improvements about the different roles that the citizen plays during his around the city - sometimes pedestrian, sometimes cyclist, sometimes user of system public, sometimes even driver. This study aims to contribute to the discussion of improving microaccessibility around the public reference facilities in urban mobility, so that may come to occur effective linkage between transportation systems and urban territory, thereby expanding the quality of law comings and goings of citizens. / Entender a mobilidade urbana sustentável em grandes cidades requer uma análise que vá além da visão da engenharia de tráfego e da circulação de veículos nas vias. E, frente ao aumento dos desafios da mobilidade, o tema vem sendo amplamente debatido na sociedade. Nesse sentido, a partir do estudo de caso da Estação de trem Santo Amaro da Linha 9 (localizada paralelamente ao Rio Pinheiros) da Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos CPTM, procura-se compreender a microacessibilidade dessa estação articulada com os diferentes modos de transporte. Parte-se da premissa de que apesar da modernização recente dos equipamentos das linhas de trem, assim como da integração tarifária entre ônibus, metrô e trem, a microacessibilidade às estações de trem é ainda ineficaz, independentemente do modo pelo qual o usuário acessa a estação; reduzindo, portanto, o potencial de atração das estações (que representam um nó diante da rede metropolitana) e da legibilidade na intermodalidade no espaço público. O percurso metodológico proposto no trabalho tem caráter exploratório, com abordagens qualitativas, baseadas em estudo de caso. Assim, foi realizado um levantamento de campo cujos resultados foram sintetizados numa matriz analítica para posterior indicação de possíveis melhorias quanto aos diferentes papéis que o cidadão desempenha durante o seu locomover pela cidade ora pedestre, ora ciclista, ora usuário do sistema público, ora ainda motorista. Este estudo busca então contribuir para a discussão da melhoria da microacessibilidade do entorno de equipamentos públicos de referência na mobilidade urbana, a fim de que possa vir a ocorrer a articulação eficaz entre os sistemas de transporte e o território urbano, ampliando assim a qualidade do direito de ir e vir dos cidadãos.

El fenómeno global ha venido generando y promoviendo importantes cambios a nivel mundial con la finalidad de impulsar al Comercio Internacional; por lo tanto, capitalizando los beneficios derivados de la Nueva División Internacional del Trabajo, los procesos de producción se deslocalizan con el fin de obtener los mayores beneficios a nivel global; para ello, se han gestado e impulsado en su momento acciones a través de organismos internacionales como el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), el Banco Mundial (BM) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), que al otorgar apoyos a los países localizados en la periferia, sujetan muchos de estos soportes al adelgazamiento del Estado, privatizaciones, eliminación de subsidios, reformas a la seguridad social, flexibilización laboral, políticas de apertura comercial y de simplificación administrativa, tendientes a crear las condiciones que más favorezcan desplazamientos tanto de capitales como de importantes volúmenes de materias primas para su transformación. En este nuevo concierto de acciones dirigidas juegan un papel fundamental la construcción de nuevas y más grandes embarcaciones, que faciliten la transportación de grandes volúmenes de cargas, así como los puertos que para recibir a estas nuevos buques han venido transformando y modernizando sus instalaciones portuarias y vías de conectividad, con el fin de responder a estas nuevas exigencias mundiales en materia de transportación, que en la actualidad ya no dependen de los hinterlands portuarios cautivos o tradicionales, sino de las ampliaciones y extensiones alcanzadas como resultado de la creación de puertos secos y de mejores ejes carreteros y ferroviarios. Como consecuencia de estas acciones, los puertos en México, que conforman el sistema nacional portuario hasta antes de la proyección de puertos industriales en litorales mexicanos, si bien recibían inversiones por parte del gobierno federal para realizar la transformación de sus instalaciones éstas, en la mayoría de los puertos, no lograron ajustar la reestructuración a los niveles demandados; por ello se decidió apoyar la creación de puertos nuevos, dotados de estructuras modernas que respondieran al comercio internacional. En este nuevo escenario puertos como el de Tampico, que por falta de recursos se rezagó de esta dinámica, dejaban la posibilidad para que otros puertos capitalizaran los beneficios de estas adecuaciones, que en el caso de Tamaulipas, está representado por el puerto de Altamira, que en su calidad de puerto industrial, obtenía los beneficios de importantes inversiones para su construcción e inserción en el sistema portuario nacional, con el fin de aprovechar que los armadores buscan afanosamente puertos que ofrezcan las mejores condiciones para sus flujos de cargas, con los correspondientes impactos negativos para el puerto de Tampico. La metodología empleada para la realización de esta investigación fue de tipo cualitativo, ya que se consideró que al partir de lo particular hacia lo general nos permitiría identificar algunas de las causas más importantes que han marcado el declive del puerto de Tampico. Para este propósito se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad con un número de personas predeterminadas para este fin, que forman parte del conglomerado de empresas con actividades ligadas, directa e indirectamente, con los puertos como agentes aduanales, agentes consignatarios de buques, transportistas autoridades portuarias, municipales, ferrocarrileros, y líderes de opinión; sus respuestas fueron clasificadas y una vez identificadas las palabras clave se procedió a su análisis. Como parte de los hallazgos, podemos citar la falta de una planeación estratégica de mediano y largo plazo, que hubiera permitido prospectar el puerto deseado para responder a las nuevas exigencias en materia de comercio internacional, y realizar las ampliaciones y modificaciones estructurales y tecnológicas indispensables, incluida la posibilidad de incrementar el calado del río o la determinación oportuna de una vocación para el puerto de Tampico, evitando los resultados de una competencia totalmente desigual entre estos puertos del mismo estado, localizados a menos de 50 kilómetros. / The global phenomenon has been creating and promoting major changes worldwide, with the aim of promoting international trade, thus capitalizing on the benefits of the New International Division of Labour, are relocating production processes to obtain greater benefits globally, for that have gestated and driven at the time, actions by international bodies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) that by giving support to the countries located in the periphery, holding many of these supports, the thinning of the state, privatization, elimination of subsidies, social security reforms, labour deregulation, trade liberalization policies and administrative simplification, aimed at create conditions more conducive to both the capital movement of large volumes of raw materials for processing. In this new concert for action, play a fundamental role to build new and larger vessels, to facilitate the transportation of large volumes of cargo, and ports to meet these new vessels, have been transforming and modernizing its facilities connectivity ports and roads, to meet these new global demands on transportation, which now no longer rely on captive or traditional port hinterlands, but additions and extensions, reached as a result of the creation of dry ports and better road and rail axes. As a result of these actions, the ports in Mexico, which make up the national port system even before the screening of Mexican coastal industrial ports, while receiving investment from the federal government to perform the transformation of its facilities, these, in the most ports restructuring failed to adjust the levels defendants, it was decided to support the creation of new ports, equipped with modern structures, to respond to international trade. In this new scenario ports like Tampico, that lack of resources fell behind in this trend, leaving the possibility that other ports capitalize on the benefits of these adjustments, which in the case of Tamaulipas, is represented by the port of Altamira that as the industrial port, got the benefits of major investment for construction and integration in the national port system in order to take advantage of the owners, who zealously ports offering the best conditions for their cargo flows , with corresponding negative impacts to the port of Tampico. The methodology for conducting this research was qualitative, as it was felt that from the particular to the general, allow us to identify some of the major causes that have marked the decline of the port of Tampico. For this purpose ended interviews in depth with a number of defaults for this purpose, as part of the conglomerate of companies with activities related, directly and indirectly with the port and, custom brokers, agents, shipping agents, carriers, port authorities , municipal, railroad, and opinion leaders, their responses were classified and identified after the keywords, then analyzed. As part of the findings, we can cite the lack of strategic planning and long-term prospect that would have allowed the desired port, to meet the new requirements of international trade, and make additions and structural and technological changes necessary including the possibility of increasing the depth of the river or the timely identification of a vocation to the port of Tampico, avoiding the results of a totally unequal competition between these ports from the same state, located less than 50 miles.

[EN] Since its birth in the fifties, the maritime container has revolutionised freight international transport providing support to a global production system, marked by the industry offshoring looking for competitive advantages and the configuration of increasingly complex and global supply chains. Within this context, the container has gained a great importance becoming a basic logistic element in supply chains where it plays the role of a transport, production and distribution unit. The success of container is evident if we analyse the evolution of container port traffic, which has been growing at a pace of over 10 % surpassing 600 million TEU of traffic since 2012. The container is, therefore, a key element in global supply chains and container logistics is a field of work and study of enormous interest due to its impact in the efficiency of these supply chains, due to the cost incurred for the operating account of shipping companies and operators (cost which is transferred to the final user and has an impact in the price of the goods being transported), and due to the social and environmental cost associated to the externalities of transport derived from the management of the container fleet. Container logistics has to do with the efficient management of the container fleet, minimising the transport, warehousing and maintenance costs, and maximising the use of the equipment. In container logistics it is possible to categorise, generally, two different categories or levels depending on the geographical scope and the transport modes involved: The international level and the local or regional level. This thesis addresses container logistics at a local or regional level, insofar as in relation to the management of stock, transport and internal movements, trying to react and identify solutions to some of the problems currently facing the port-logistics sector. The research result allows, firstly, knowing in an integral and structured manner the complexity of maritime container logistics. Secondly, specific real problems are identified and addressed for its modelling and analysis that allows for contributing to the improvement of the current logistics system. The following specific problems are addressed: -Modal choice problems for the configuration of internal logistics corridors or chains for maritime container transport. -Problems locating networks of nodal infrastructures facilitating the logistics needs of maritime containers. -Problems related to the movements and management of empty maritime containers. The interest and the academic contribution of this thesis lies as much in the definition and modelling of the specific problems with a significant theoretical discussion, as the empirical application to a real environment and real situations. This has been possible due to the direct contact of the author with the port-logistics sector and the participation in many consultancy and research projects in the cluster of the port of Valencia and also at European and international level. The thesis is outlined as a collection of six scientific articles. The articles have been presented in the thesis in such a way as to follow a logical sequence and not in relation with the chronological order of their publication. / [ES] Desde su aparición en los años 50, el contenedor marítimo ha revoluciona-do el transporte internacional de mercancías dando soporte a un sistema global de producción, marcado por la multilocalización de las industrias en busca de ventajas competitivas y la configuración de cadenas de suministro cada vez más complejas y globales. En este contexto, el contenedor ha adquirido un gran protagonismo convirtiéndose en un elemento logístico básico en las cadenas de suministro en las que actúa como unidad de transporte, producción y distribución. El éxito del contenedor queda puesto de manifiesto al analizar la evolución del tráfico portuario de contenedores, que ha estado creciendo a ritmos superiores al 10 %, superando los 600 millones TEU desde 2012. El contenedor es, por tanto, un elemento clave de las cadenas de suministro globales y la logística del contenedor es un área de estudio y trabajo de enorme interés por el impacto que tiene en la eficiencia de dichas cadenas, por el coste que supone a navieras y operadores en sus cuentas de explotación (coste que se traslada al usuario final y repercute en el precio de las mercancías transportadas) y por el coste social y ambiental asociado a las externalidades del transporte derivadas de esta gestión de la flota de contenedores. La logística del contenedor tiene que ver con la gestión eficiente del parque de contenedores, minimizando los costes de transporte, almacenamiento y mantenimiento, y maximizando la utilización del equipo. En la logística del contenedor se pueden identificar, por lo general, dos categorías o niveles diferenciados en función del ámbito geográfico y de los modos de transporte implicados: El nivel internacional y el nivel local o regional. Este trabajo aborda la logística del contenedor a nivel regional o local, es decir, en lo relativo a la gestión del stock, transporte y movimientos interiores, tratando de dar respuesta y plantear soluciones a algunos de los problemas con los que se encuentra el sector logístico-portuario en la actualidad. El resultado de la investigación permite, en primer lugar, conocer de una forma integral y estructurada la complejidad de la logística del contenedor marítimo. En segundo lugar, se identifican y abordan problemas específicos reales para su modelización y análisis, que permiten contribuir a la mejora del sistema logístico actual. En concreto se abordan los siguientes problemas: -Problemas de elección modal en la configuración de las cadenas o corredores logísticos interiores en el transporte de contenedores marítimos. -Problemas de localización o vertebración de una red de infraestructuras nodales para atender las necesidades logísticas de los contenedores marítimos. -Problemas asociados a los movimientos en vacío y gestión de contenedores marítimos. El interés y contribución académica de este trabajo reside tanto en la definición y modelización de los problemas específicos con una profunda discusión teórica, como en la aplicación empírica a situaciones y entornos reales, cosa que ha sido posible gracias al contacto directo del autor con el sector logístico-portuario y su participación en numerosos proyectos de consulto-ría e investigación tanto en el clúster del Puerto de Valencia como a nivel europeo e internacional. El trabajo se plantea como una colección de seis artículos científicos. El orden en que están situados los artículos en la tesis permite mantener una secuencia lógica construida a posteriori y no según el orden cronológico en el que fueron publicados. / [CAT] Des del seu naixement als anys 50, el contenidor marítim ha revolucionat el transport internacional de mercaderies donant suport a un sistema global de producció, marcat per la multilocalització de les indústries en busca d'avantatges competitives i la configuració de cadenes de subministrament cada vegada més complexes i globals. En aquest context, el contenidor ha adquirit un gran protagonisme convertintse en un element logístic bàsic en les cadenes de subministrament en les quals actua com a unitat de transport, producció i distribució. L'èxit del contenidor s'evidencia en analitzar l'evolució del tràfic portuari de contenidors, que ha estat creixent a ritmes superiors al 10 % superant els 600 milions TEU des de 2012. El contenidor és, per tant, un element clau de les cadenes subministrament globals i la logística del contenidor és un àrea d'estudi i treball d'enorme interès per l'impacte que té en l'eficiència d'aquestes cadenes, pel cost que suposa a navilieres i operadors en els seus comptes d'explotació (cost que es trasllada a l'usuari final i repercuteix en el preu de les mercaderies transportades) i pel cost social i ambiental associat a les externalitats del transport derivades d'aquesta gestió de la flota de contenidors. La logística del contenidor té a veure amb la gestió eficient del parc de contenidors, minimitzant els costos de transport, emmagatzematge i manteniment, i maximitzant la utilització de l'equip. En la logística del contenidor es poden identificar, en general, dues categories o nivells diferenciats en funció de l'àmbit geogràfic i de les modalitats de transport implicats: el nivell internacional i el nivell local o regional. Aquest treball aborda la logística del contenidor a nivell regional o local, és a dir, quant a la gestió de l'estoc, transport i moviments interiors, tractant de donar resposta i plantejar solucions a alguns dels problemes amb els quals es troba el sector logístic-portuari en l'actualitat. El resultat de la recerca permet, en primer lloc, conèixer d'una forma integral i estructurada la complexitat de la logística del contenidor marítim. En segon lloc, s'identifiquen i aborden problemes específics reals per a la seua modelització i anàlisi, que permeten contribuir a la millora del sistema logístic actual. En concret s'aborden els següents problemes: -Problemes d'elecció modal en la configuració de les cadenes o corredors logístics interiors en el transport de contenidors marítims. -Problemes de localització o vertebració d'una xarxa d'infraestructures nodals per a atendre les necessitats logístiques dels contenidors marítims. -Problemes associats als moviments en buit i gestió de contenidors marítims. L'interès i contribució acadèmica d'aquest treball resideix tant en la definició i modelització dels problemes específics amb una profunda discussió teòrica, com en l'aplicació empírica a situacions i entorns reals, cosa que ha sigut possible gràcies al contacte directe de l'autor amb el sector logístic-portuari i la seua participació en nombrosos projectes de consultoria i recerca tant en el clúster del Port de València com a nivell europeu i internacional. El treball es planteja com una col·lecció de sis articles científics. L'ordre en què estan situats els articles en la tesi permet mantenir una seqüència lògica construïda a posteriori i no segons l'ordre cronològic en el qual van ser publicats. / Furió Pruñonosa, S. (2016). Modelos y métodos avanzados para la logística del contenedor. Aplicación al Puerto de Valencia [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63248 / TESIS

[pt] O Brasil ,atualmente, é o maior produtor de açúcar do mundo e o estado de São Paulo é o principal pólo produtor brasileiro. Apesar de possuir custos produtivos mais baixos do que em outros países, a exportação brasileira do açúcar enfrenta barreiras logísticas que elevam o custo total do produto, fazendo com que o açúcar brasileiro perca competitividade no mercado mundial. A falta de investimentos em portos e o estado precário das rodovias fazem com que a estratégica na logística de exportação do açúcar seja um diferencial num mercado altamente sensitivo aos custos de movimentação do produto. Num mercado de transporte de commodities agrícolas extremamente competitivo, é muito comum a influência constante de outros produtos,tais como soja, trigo, farelo de soja, etc no corredor de exportação do açúcar no estado de São Paulo, resultando numa oscilação constante nos fretes praticados no mercado de transporte terrestre. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho visa analisar a intermodalidade no Estado de São Paulo, na exportação do açúcar a granel pelo porto de Santos, utilizando como estudo a operação de um terminal de transbordo rodoviário-ferroviário situado em Santa Adélia, apresentando sua principais características operacionais e comparando-o com a alternativa de transporte rodoviário. / [en] Brazil is currently the world largest sugar producer and the state of São Paulo is the main Brazilian producer pole. Despite the lower production costs comparing with other countries, the Brazilian sugar export faces logistical barriers that increase the total cost of the product, making the Brazilian sugar lose competitiveness on world markets. The lack of investment in ports and the precarious state of the roads make the logistic strategic for sugar export a gap in a market highly sensitive to the costs of handling the product. In a extremely competitive market of commodities transportation, the influence of other products such as soy, wheat, soybean meal, etc in the corridor for export of sugar in São Paulo state is very common and visible, resulting in a constant fluctuation in freight prices during land transport. In this context, this work aims to analyze the intermodality in the State of São Paulo, during the bulk sugar export through the port of Santos, using as example the transhipment operation of a rail-road terminal located at Santa Adélia, showing their main characteristics and comparing their alternative with the of truck transport.