Entre 1976 et 1983, la dictature militaire argentine orchestre la disparition d’environ trente mille personnes. Son but n’est pas seulement la mort, mais l’empêchement de toute forme de différence et de toute forme de résistance chez les vivants. Dans un parcours menant d’une esquisse de la terreur à une anthropologie des possibles résistances, cette thèse confronte la recherche à l’effacement, à la déliaison puis à la possible reconstruction. Elle apparaît comme une démarche exploratoire et impliquée, aux côtés de (sur)vivants qui sont parvenus à recréer des liens de sens et des liens sociaux et donc, à refaire émerger du politique. Leurs témoignages, déclinés autour de ceux des « Mères de la Place de Mai », ont permis une résistance par les mots, par les corps et par les images à l’indicible, l’invisible et l’irreprésentable. Au fil de l’émergence d’un réseau de lutte contre l’effacement des traces et des preuves de la disparition, avec en ligne de mire les objectifs utopiques de « mémoire, vérité et justice », les résistants développent une forme de paradigme indiciaire qui n’a de cesse de rappeler à l’anthropologie l’importance des détails et des petits liens. En comprenant le social comme un théâtre, nous parvenons à appréhender diverses modalités de mise en scène de la disparition qui, toutes, révèlent l’importance cruciale de l’articulation entre l’intime et le collectif dans la reconstruction du social.Parce que les gouvernements démocratiques ont perpétué les représentations sociales qui ont rendu possible cette extermination politique, la résistance est toujours soumise à de nouvelles défiances révisionnistes. Elle est toujours renouvelée. Les questions qu’elle soulève restent, quant à elles, toujours aussi brûlantes. / From 1976 to 1983 the military dictatorship in Argentina engineered the “disappearance” of an estimated thirty thousand people. Its aim was not merely to put people to death but to eradicate all forms of diversity and every trace of resistance in the living.By sketching the reign of terror and by proposing an anthropological analysis of the different possible forms of resistance, this thesis confronts the research to effacement, dismemberment and then to the possibilities of reconstruction. It is an explorative and involved research by the side of survivors who succeeded in reconstruct sense and social relationships and have thus contributed to a political renaissance. Their testimonies - with those of the “Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo” as a heart - are resisting to what is unspeakable, impossible to see and to portray: they are based on words, on bodies and on images. A network, whose utopian motto was “memory, truth and justice”, gradually emerged to fight against the concealment of every trace of evidence of the “disappeared”. Its members developed a form of indicative paradigm which serves as a constant reminder to the anthropologist of the importance of details and minor connections.If we see society as theatre we may understand the different ways the forced disappearance was staged, which illustrate the crucial importance of the links between the intimate and the collective in social reconstruction.The resistance network is still constantly subject to revisionist suspicion, because democratic governments have maintained the social representations which made this political extermination possible. Resistance has to bee constantly re-invented. The questions this movement raises are, for their part, still a burning issue.

Depuis plusieurs années déjà, un phénomène particulièrement dangereux se répand et s’étend désormais partout, suscitant des inquiétudes au sein de la société : la criminalité organisée. Pour l’endiguer et pour garantir la protection des personnes, on a essayé d’employer une politique de prévention des crimes. A cette fin, de nombreux procédés législatifs ont été adoptés au niveau national et international. La communauté européenne et internationale est intervenue plusieurs fois dans la lutte contre la criminalité organisée, à partir du Traité de Maastricht, d’Amsterdam, du Conseil de Tampere jusqu’au récent Traité de Lisbonne. Ces traités ont permis l’adoption d’importantes mesures pour lutter contre la criminalité organisée. Il est également possible de relever que la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée et la Convention du 29 mai 2000 ont eu un apport non négligeable. Des accords bilatéraux ont été adoptés par la France et l’Italie pour combattre plus efficacement ce péril et cette plaie qui infecte des points vitaux de la société (par exemple l’Administration Publique et les banques, dont le contrôle est nécessaire pour le blanchiment). La France, avec l’adoption de la loi Perben II du 9 mars 2004 portant adaptation de la justice aux évolutions de la criminalité et l’Italie avec les « paquets sécurité » de 2009 et 2010, ont employé beaucoup de moyens pour réduire et limiter le champ d’action de ces criminels. Un rôle fondamental a été celui des collaborateurs de justice que avec leurs aveux, en échange de réductions de peine, ont dévoilé la structure et la hiérarchie des associations criminelles permettant aux autorités compétentes de mieux les comprendre, de repérer les associés, et en nombreux cas de les détruire. Il faut souligner qu’une mesure efficace a été la confiscation des biens cumulés par les malfaiteurs (bien meubles et immeubles, c’est-à dire des dépôts bancaires, investissements financiers, propriétés, terrains, maisons) et leur utilisation de la part de l’administration publique à des fins sociales à l’avantage de toute la communauté (écoles, édifices publics et hôpitaux). La confiscation du bien, en fait, empêche la criminalité organisée d’en disposer et d’en tirer des revenus, mine sa structure et son pouvoir. Parallèlement, elle donne confiance aux populations souvent tourmentées et effrayées (pensons par exemple au racket imposé aux commerçants et aux entreprises de constructions, d’exploitation agricole), et alimente l’espoir d’une possible libération. La lutte contre les organisations criminelles est longue et difficile, mais si elle est mené avec détermination sur plusieurs fronts, avec la collaboration et la coordination des moyens répressifs des États et de leurs gouvernements, les succès ne pourront pas manquer / For quite a few years now, a particularly dangerous and unsettling phenomenon has been spreading and extending in various degrees throughout all the regions, and that phenomenon is organized crime. In order to check (limit) its spread and guarantee the protection of the population, a crime prevention policy has been imposed. To such an end, numerous legislative provisions have been adopted on both the national and international level. The European and international community have repeatedly intervened in the last years to fight against organized crime, beginning with the Treaty of Maastricht, the Council of Tampere, up to the recent Essay in Lisbon. These treaties have allowed for the adoption of important measures to fight against organized crime, and one should not overlook the Convention of the United Nations and the Convention of May 29, 2000 (in doing the same). Bilateral accords have been stipulated from both France and Italy to more effectively oppose this danger and social evil that threatens with infecting, if it has not already done so, the organs of modern societies (for example; Public Administration, banks (the control of which is necessary in order to recycle dirty money). France, with the approval of the Perben II Law of March 9, 2004 intended to bring up to date the tools of justice in order to make them more incisive in relationship to the evolution of criminality. Italy has done the same thing with the “safety packets” of 2009 and 2010. Furthermore, these two countries have employed many resources in order to try to reduce and limit criminality’s field of action. A fundamental role was carried out by those who collaborated with the judicial system who, by their confessions in exchange for reduced punishment, have disclosed the structure and the hierarchy of criminal associations allowing the authorities involved to better understand, individualize their affiliates (i.e. members) and, in numerous cases, to dismantle them. By contrast, a very effective measure has been and still is the confiscation of goods accumulated by (those) in organized crime (real and financial goods, that is, banking deposits, financial investments, property, land, houses) and their re-use by Public Administration for the social well-being and to the advantage of the entire community (schools, public buildings, hospitals). The forfeiture of such goods, in fact, deprives the criminal underworld the lifeblood and profits that it draws from them; it mines the structure its power, contemporaneously providing safety to the people who are often oppressed and intimidated (one needs only to think about the extortions imposed on shopkeepers, construction and agricultural enterprises) and heightens their hope of a possible liberation from the above. The struggles against criminal organizations is long and difficult, but if it is conducted with determination on more fronts, with the collaboration and the coordination of the repressive apparatuses of nations and their governments, success cannot fail

Orientadores: Ricardo Aparicio, Munir Salomão Skaf / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fonseca_EmanuellaMariaBarreto_D.pdf: 13119998 bytes, checksum: 0b4e5f9502ec2b9b4e347bcd68c9e261 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O câncer é uma doença cuja incidência e prevalência atinge proporções alarmantes, estabelecendo-se, hoje, como um problema mundial de saúde pública. A fosforilação de proteínas é um evento dinâmico e reversível, governado pela atividade oposta de proteínas tirosina quinases e proteínas tirosina fosfatases. Níveis elevados das fosfatases LMW-PTP e CDC25B foram observados em uma ampla variedade de tumores e, assim, estas foram selecionadas como alvo para o desenvolvimento de novos inibidores. Utilizando métodos in silico, uma coleção, contendo aproximadamente 500 mil fragmentos, foi montada a partir de um banco de compostos comerciais. Para cada enzima, esses fragmentos foram submetidos a distintos protocolos de docagem molecular, através dos quais 19 pequenas moléculas foram selecionadas e adquiridas comercialmente. Os resultados computacionais foram validados por ensaios de inibição enzimática, tendo sido identificados novos esqueletos moleculares capazes de inibir mais do que 50% da atividade enzimática, obtendo-se valores de eficiência do ligante de até 0,33 kcal mol-1 por átomo diferente de hidrogênio. Paralelamente, uma série de compostos derivados do ácido benzenofosfônico foi ensaiada frente à LMW-PTP após estudos de docagem, seguindo-se estudos cristalográficos que levaram à obtenção de duas estruturas inéditas: uma com a proteína na forma apo e outra de um complexo LMW-PTP:inibidor. Além do sítio ativo já conhecido, observou-se um segundo sítio cristalográfico cuja potencial função biológica, se confirmada, poderia abrir novas possibilidades para modular a atividade da LMW-PTP, perspectiva que demanda investigação / Abstract: Cancer is a disease whose incidence and prevalence have reached alarming proportions, emerging today as a major public health problem. Protein phosphorylation is a dynamic and reversible event, governed by the opposite activities of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases. High levels of the phosphatases LMW-PTP and CDC25B have been observed in a wide variety of tumors and, for this reason, they have been selected as targets for inhibitor development. Using in silico methods, a collection of approximately 500,000 fragments was assembled from a database of commercial compounds. For each enzyme, these fragments were subjected to different molecular docking protocols, through which 19 small molecules have been selected and purchased. The computational results were validated by enzyme inhibition assays, with the identification of new molecular scaffolds capable of inhibiting in more than 50% the enzyme activity, resulting in ligand efficiency values up to 0.33 kcal mol-1 per non-H atom. Similarly, a number of compounds derived from benzenophosphonic acid was tested against the LMW-PTP after docking studies, followed by crystallographic studies which resulted in two new structures: one of the apo protein and another of a complex LMW-PTP:inhibitor. In addition to the previously described active site, a second crystallographic site was identified, whose potential biological function, if confirmed, might open new possibilities to modulate LMW-PTP activity, in a perspective which demands further investigation. / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutora em Ciências

Thèse préparée en cotutelle en anthropologie (Université de Montréal) et en ethnomusicologie (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales). / Cette recherche propose une recension socio-historique des contacts interculturels et du processus d’évangélisation chez les Noons de Thiès (Sénégal) afin d’y retracer la transmutation de symboliques culturelles depuis l’animisme au catholicisme, jusqu’à un état de vicariance entre les cultures en présence. Des travaux ont été effectués dans les archives des Spiritains, au Sénégal et à Paris; au Service historique de la Défense, à Vincennes; dans les Archives du Sénégal, à Dakar; et dans les archives de l’Abbaye de Keur Moussa. Des entrevues ont aussi été menées sur le terrain entre mars 2019 et mars 2020, enrichies d’une démarche renouvelée de bimusicalité selon Mantle Hood (1960), afin de mettre en lumière la perpétuation de symboles identitaires pendant la période coloniale jusqu’à aujourd’hui dans le mbilim, pratique musicale noon au coeur de la recherche. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans un contexte d’acculturation et de syncrétisme au sein d’une population faisant l’objet d’une exclusion systématique de la littérature historique écrite et s’inscrit dans la foulée d’une ethnomusicologie appliquée abordant le musical comme sujet holistique, observable et explicable selon diverses représentations de la communauté, une construction dynamique relevant de la rencontre entre plusieurs cultures dans le temps et se modulant selon l’utilisateur et le contexte d’utilisation (Berlioz et al., 1989). Je propose ainsi de reconsidérer le travail d’archives sur l’histoire et l’expérience coloniale et missionnaire afin de repenser les modèles classiques de syncrétisme et d’acculturation pour comprendre la construction d’une identité culturelle et musicale (ré)actualisée qui puisse permettre à la communauté visée de se projeter dans l’espace politique et socioculturel du Sénégal. / This research proposes a socio-historical review of cross-cultural contacts and of the evangelisation process among the Noons of Thiès (Senegal) in order to trace the transmutation of cultural symbolics from animism to Catholicism up to a state of vicariousness between the cultures in encounter. Work has been carried out in the archives of the Spiritans, in Senegal and Paris; at the Defense Historical Service, in Vincennes; in the National Archives of Senegal, in Dakar; and in the archives of Keur Moussa Abbey. Interviews were also conducted on the field between March 2019 and March 2020, enriched with a renewed approach of bi-musicality according to Mantle Hood (1960), in order to highlight the perpetuation of identity symbols during the colonial period until today in the mbilim, a musical practice of the Noons at the core of this research which is part of a context of acculturation and syncretism within a population subject to systematic exclusion from written historical literature. This research takes also part of an applied ethnomusicology approaching the musical as holistic subject, observable and explicable according to various representations of the community, a dynamic construction arising from the encounter between several cultures over time and modulating according to the user and the context of use (Berlioz et al., 1989). I thus propose to reconsider the work on the history and the colonial and missionary experience in the archives in order to rethink the classical models of syncretism and acculturation to understand the construction of a (re)actualised cultural and musical identity which can allow the community in question to project itself into the political and socio-cultural space of Senegal.

No description available.

Implementering av affärssystem är avgörande för organisationers framgång i dagens affärsvärld, vilket möjliggör förbättring av verksamheten och skapande av konkurrensfördelar. Samarbetet mellan olika aktörer under implementeringsprocessen är av central betydelse för att uppnå värdeskapande för SME-företag. Därför är syftet med denna studie att få kunskap om samarbetet mellan aktörer under implementeringen av affärssystem samt de uppfyllda SME-företagens värden, för att kunna svara på frågeställningen: Hur samarbetar aktörer under implementeringsprocessen av affärssystem för att uppfylla SME-företags värden?     Genom en kvalitativ forskningsansats samlades data in från både konsulter och SME-anställda som deltagande respondenter. Resultaten av de semistrukturerade intervjuerna visar att samarbetet är avgörande för en framgångsrik implementering. Kontinuerlig dialog, nära relationer och regelbundna möten säkerställer att behoven uppfylls. Värden som skapas av implementeringen är utifrån resultatet exempelvis tidsbesparing. Analysen bidrar med ett flödesschema som illustrerar implementeringsprocessens struktur och sammanhang utifrån empirin. Även diskussionen bidrar med ett flödesschema som fokuserar på vart och hur samarbete sker uppdelad i faser som kommer från forskningen baserat på litteraturen och empirin. Studien tar i diskussionen hänsyn till samband, olikheter och olika uppfattade värde. Studiens slutsats bidrar med ökad förståelse genom att visa samarbetets avgörande betydelse under implementeringen, med aktiviteter som utbildningar, möten och dialog. Affärssystemet ger värdefulla fördelar som tidsbesparing, ökad lönsamhet och bättre kundrelationer. / The implementation of enterprise systems is crucial for the succes of organizations in today's business world, enabling operational improvement and the creation of competitive advantages. Collaboration among different stakeholders during the implementation process is central to achieving value creation for SMEs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about the collaboration between stakeholders during the implementation of enterprise systems and the values realized by SMEs, in order to address the research question: How do stakeholders collaborate during the implementation process of business systems to fulfill SME-enterprises values?     Through a qualitative research approach, data was collected from both consultants and SME employees as participating respondents. The results of the semi-structured interviews indicate the collaboration is crucial for successful implementation. Continuous dialogue, close relationships, and regular meetings ensure that needs are met. Value created by the implementation are, for example time savings. The analysis contributes with a flowchart illustrating the structure and context of the implementation process based on the empirical data. The discussion also contributes with a flowchart focusing on where and how collaboration occurs, divided into phases derived from research based on literature and empirical data. The study considers relationships, differences and perceived value in the discussion. The conclusion of the study enhances understanding by demonstrating the crucial importance of collaboration during implementation, with activities such as training, meetings, and dialogue. The enterprise system provides valuable benefits such as time savings, increased profitability, and better customer relations.

On the assumption that different registers of translated drama have different functions and that they therefore present information differently, the aim of the present study is to identify textual features that distinguish an Afrikaans stage translation from a page translation of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. The first issue addressed concerns the nature and extent of lexical cohesion in these two registers. The second issue concerns my contention that the dialogue of a stage translation is more "involved". (Biber 1988) than that of a page translation. The research was conducted within the overall Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) paradigm but the analytical frameworks by means of which these aims were accomplished were derived from text linguistics and register variation studies, making this an interdisciplinary study. Aspects of Hoey's ( 1991) bonding model, in particular, the classification of repetition links, were adapted so as to quantify lexical cohesion in the translations. Similarly, aspects of Biber's (1988) multi-dimensional approach to register variation were used to quantify linguistic features that signal involvement. The main finding of the study is that drama translation register (page or stage translation) does have a constraining effect on lexical cohesion and involved production. For Act IV of the play an overall higher density of lexical cohesion strategies was generated by the stage translation. In the case of the involved production features analysed, the overall finding was that the stage translation displayed more involvement than the page translation, to a statistically highly significant extent. The features analysed here cluster together sufficiently to reveal that in comparison with an Afrikaans page translation of a Shakespeare play, a recent stage translation displays a definite tendency towards a more oral, more involved and more situated style, reflecting no doubt a general modern trend towards creating more appropriate and accessible texts / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Translation Studies)

Réalisé en milieu collégial (cégep) / Cette thèse a pour but de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du développement professionnel (DP) des enseignants du postsecondaire et de ses liens avec le bien-être psychologique au travail (BEPT). Plusieurs études ont montré que de nombreux facteurs personnels (développement des connaissances et des compétences, attitudes, croyances des enseignants, etc.) et professionnels, tels que l’expérience professionnelle, les échanges collaboratifs, les pratiques pédagogiques et les résultats saillants des étudiants peuvent avoir une influence considérable sur le DP. Plus précisément, la présente étude permet de : (1) décrire les attitudes des enseignants qui favorisent leur DP ; (2) explorer les relations entre les vécus professionnels des enseignants et leur BEPT ; (3) identifier les indicateurs de BEPT et leurs interrelations avec le DP. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons entrepris une étude exploratoire chez les enseignants (n=218) de trois cégeps francophones de Montréal, où un questionnaire sur l’indice de bien-être psychologique au travail (IBEPT) constitué de 25 items (Dagenais Desmarais, 2010) a été soumis en ligne au moyen de Survey Monkey. Une analyse factorielle en composantes principales a révélé que leur BEPT est constitué de cinq facteurs, soit : l'épanouissement au travail, l'adéquation interpersonnelle, le sentiment de compétence, la volonté d’engagement et la reconnaissance perçue au travail. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été réalisés et, par la suite, nous avons procédé à une analyse qualitative transversale (n=12) et verticale (n=2) de cas. À la suite des analyses mixtes, les résultats indiquent que les attitudes des enseignants ont des répercussions sur le développement de leurs connaissances et de leurs compétences, sur leurs pratiques pédagogiques, leurs échanges collaboratifs et leurs perceptions face aux résultats saillants des étudiants. Il ressort également que le vécu professionnel a un impact sur les différents facteurs de BEPT, de sorte qu’un long vécu professionnel est associé à un fort sentiment de compétence, à une grande volonté d’engagement, mais aussi à une baisse d’épanouissement et de reconnaissance perçue au travail. Nous pouvons donc en déduire, d’une part, l’existence de corrélations directes entre le DP et le BEPT. De plus, il existe une relation entre les attitudes des enseignants envers leur enseignement et les facteurs personnels et professionnels touchant le DP, d’où l’importance de considérer les attitudes des enseignants comme un facteur primordial de DP. De même, le vécu professionnel de l’enseignant est un facteur important à considérer dans le contexte collégial, notamment pour améliorer le BEPT nécessaire au DP des enseignants. Finalement, quatre différents profils de DP selon les niveaux de DP et de BEPT ont été répertoriés (Conscients-Figés, Conscients-Mitigés, Conscients-Actifs et Perfectionnistes), et nos résultats mixtes montrent l’existence d’une corrélation entre le DP des enseignants et leur BEPT. / The goal of this study is to contribute to an improved understanding of the professional development (PD) of postsecondary teachers and its link to psychological well-being at work (PWBW). Several studies have shown that numerous personal (knowledge and skill development, attitudes, teacher beliefs, etc.) and professional (professional experience, collaborative exchanges, educational practices, and key student results) factors can have a considerable influence on PD. More specifically, this study will describe the attitudes of teachers who foster their PD, explore the relationship between teachers’ professional experiences and their PWBW, and identify PWBW indicators and their interrelation with PD. To meet these objectives, we began exploratory research with teachers (n=218) in three French-language CEGEP colleges in Montreal. A questionnaire on the Psychological Well-Being at Work Index (PWBWI) comprised of 25 questions (Dagenais-Desmarais, 2010) was submitted online via Survey Monkey. A principal components factor analysis revealed that the teachers’ PWBW was made up of five factors: fulfillment at work, interpersonal compatibility, feelings of competence, desire to get involved, and perceived recognition at work. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, after which we proceeded to qualitative cross-sectional (n=12) and vertical (n=2) case analyses. The results showed that teachers’ attitudes affect their knowledge and skill development, educational practices, collaborative exchanges, and perceptions regarding key student results. It also appears that professional experience affects various PWBW factors. For example, extensive professional experience is associated with strong feelings of competence and a desire to get involved, but also with low levels of fulfillment and perceived recognition at work. We can therefore conclude that direct correlations exist between PD and PWBW. In addition, there is a link between teachers’ attitudes towards teaching and the personal and professional factors that affect PD, hence the importance of considering teachers’ attitudes as a vital PD factor. Teachers’ professional experience is another important factor to consider in the college context, particularly for improving the PWBW necessary for teacher PD. Finally, four different PD profiles according to PD and PWBW levels have been identified (Aware-Fixed, Aware-Reserved, Aware-Active, and Perfectionist), and the results of our mixed analyses demonstrated a correlation between teachers’ PD and their PWBW.

No description available.

Since the Internet became available for commercial use in the early 90s, the way of doing business was changed forever. The Internet and electronic commerce have allowed people to carry out business by means of electronic communications, which makes it possible for them to do business and to conclude contracts with people situated within foreign jurisdictions. The need for consumer protection in electronic commerce has become necessary because of the misuse of aspects peculiar to electronic–commerce. Consumers have been cautious to make use of electroniccommerce, as they are uncertain about the consequences that their actions might have. Consumers will only utilise e–commerce if they have confidence in the legal system regulating it; therefore, legislation was needed to regulate their e–commerce activities. In 2002, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 was introduced into South African law as the first piece of legislation that would deal exclusively with electronic communications. Chapter VII of this particular act deals exclusively with consumer protection and seeks to remove certain uncertainties imposed by e–commerce. This is done by providing the South African consumer with statutory rights and obligations when engaging in electronic communications. The Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008 is the most recent piece of legislation that aims to promote a consistent legislative and enforcement framework relating to consumer transactions and agreements. South African legislation dealing with electronic commerce is relatively recent, and it is uncertain whether consumers are offered sufficient protection when they conclude contracts with suppliers or sellers from a foreign jurisdiction, that is, one that is situated outside South Africa. After looking at the protection mechanisms in place for South African consumers engaging in e–commerce, we have seen that there are certain problems that one might experience when trying to determine the applicability of some of the consumer protection measures to international electronic contracts. Most of the problems that we have identified are practical of nature. Consumers may, for instance, find it hard to execute their rights against foreign suppliers in a South African court, even if the court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. Another problem that we identified is that some of the important terms in our legislation are too vaguely defined. Vague terms and definitions can lead to legal uncertainty, as consumers might find it hard to understand the ambit of the acts, and to determine the applicability thereof on their transactions. In order to look for possible solutions for South Africa, the author referred to the legal position with regards to consumer protections in the United Kingdom, and saw the important role that European Union legislation plays when determining the legal position regarding consumer protection in the UK. The legislation in the UK dealing with consumer protection is far more specific than the South African legislation dealing with same. There is definitely consumer protection legislation in place in South Africa but the ongoing technological changes in the electronic commerce milieu make it necessary for our legislators to review consumer protection legislation on a regular basis to ensure that it offers sufficient protection for South African consumers engaging in international electronic contracts. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.