Research question: How do service company managers believe the coronavirus pandemic has affected their leadership? Purpose: The intention of this study is to investigate managers with a leading role in service companies and how they believe their leadership has changed during the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of this study is to see how they are consistent with the following theories in leadership during changing conditions and what current managers can learn from the coronavirus pandemic. Theories: Situational leadership II, involved leadership & leadership during crisis. Method: This study conducted a qualitative method, using interviews with managers of four service companies. The interview guide was constructed based on the above mentioned leadership theories. Result: Managers need to communicate clearly during a pandemic. Managers have expressed difficulty in remaining present and motivating employees during crises. Telecommuting has created opportunities for companies to save resources through reduced business travels.

Russian-speaking immigrant`s community in the Czech Republic is quite extensive and quite closed. A large proportion of this group includes university students whose civic engagement is an excellent indicator for assessing the level of integration into Czech society. The aim of this thesis is to find out how the young Russian-speaking immigrants participate in civil society in Prague and what potential obstacles to participation they have already had or may have. In addition, the large role is played by personal background and motivation of migrants. The history of the Russian migration in Czechoslovakia, integration theory and the theory of civic engagement are included in theoretical background. Design of the thesis is a qualitative research.

No description available.

SAMMANFATTNINGBakgrund: Specialistsjuksköterskor anser att extubation är svårare och mer komplext än intubation. Extubation kräver mycket fokus på patientens fysiska behov vilket kan försvåra för vårdpersonal att uppfylla patientens psykosociala behov. Forskning visar att patienter har obehagliga minnen från att vara intuberade och bli extuberade. Syftet: Syftet var att undersöka hur patienten görs delaktig vid extubation på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Designen var en fokuserad etnografiskt observationsstudie med deduktiv ansats. Urvalet var patienter som opererades elektivt och vårdades postoperativt på Thoraxintensivvårdsavdelning vid ett universitetssjukhus. Tio patienter observerades när de blev extuberade av intensivvårdspersonalen. Sedan utfördes en semistrukturerad intervju om patientens erfarenhet av att bli extuberad och om de kände sig delaktiga.  Resultat: För att göra patienten delaktig gav personalen information, var stöttande, närvarande och respekterade patientens värdighet och integritet. Detta gjorde personalen genom fysisk beröring, att benämna patienten med namn, samt att utföra extubation avskilt. Resultatet kan inte säkerställa att det går att etablera en vårdrelation under extubation då en vårdrelation endast etablerades vid två av tio tillfällen. Majoriteten av patienterna hade inga minnen av att bli extuberade. Slutsats: Personalen gjorde patienterna delaktiga under extubation genom att ge information, vara närvarande och stöttande samt genom att visa patienten värdighet och respekt. Patienterna kunde göras delaktiga utan att en vårdrelation etablerades, detta tyder på att begreppet vårdrelation behöver en tydligare definition. Trots att majoriteten av deltagarna inte hade minnen från extubationen bör de göras delaktiga. / ABSTRACT. Background: Specialist nurses consider extubation more difficult and complext than intubation. Extubation requires a lot of focus on the patient's physical needs, which can prove it difficult for specialist nurses to fulfill the patient's psychosocial needs. Research shows that patients have unpleasant memories of being intubated and being extubated. Aim: The aim was to investigate how patient participation was fulfilled during extubation in a intensive care unit. Method: The design was a focused ethnographic observational study with a deductive approach. The sample was patients who underwent elective surgery and received postoperative care in the thoracic intensive care unit in a university hospital. Ten patients were observed as they were extubated by the intensive care personnel. A semi-structured interview was then conducted about the patient's experience of being extubated and whether they felt involved. Main result: To increase the patience participation, the staff were informative and supportive, present and respected the patient's dignity and privacy. Staff did this through physical touch, calling the patient by name, and performing extubation separately. The results cannot ensure that it is possible to establish a care relationship during extubation as a care relationship was only established on two out of ten occasions. The majority of patients had no memory of being extubated.  Conclusion: Patient participation during extubation can be achieved through information, staff presence and support. It’s possible to achieve patientparticipant without establishing a caring relationship. The majority of participants did not have memories of extubation, however, patient participation should still be achieved.

På dagens hårt konkurrensutsatt marknad är inte bara priset en viktig konkurrenskraft, även relationen mellan kund och leverantör kan spela en avgörande roll för om det blir en affär eller inte. Möjligheten att låta kunden vara delaktig i produktutvecklingsprocessen är även ett sätt att stärka kundrelationerna. Uppsatsens syfte har därför varit att undersöka kundrelationerna både från leverantörens och kundens perspektiv. Avsikten med uppsatsen var även att undersöka hur kundrelationer och kundinvolverad produktutveckling kan användas för att skapa konkurrensfördelar inom Business-to-Business. Almedahls var även intresserade av att närmare undersöka möjligheterna för digitaltryck, vilket är en ny tryckprocess för företaget.Vi gjorde därför en fallstudie på Almedahls, ett tillverkande företag inom textilbranschen. Eftersom vi var intresserade av kundrelationer gjorde vi intervjuer med kunder samt anställda på Almedahls. Genom intervjuerna fick vi även svar på kundernas delaktighet i produktutvecklingen. Vi har även gjort en grundlig litteraturgenomgång för att finna tillämpbara teorier till fallstudien.Efter avslutad studie kan starka slutsatser dras att välutvecklade kundrelationer ger flera konkurrensfördelar. Dels ökar kundlojaliteten, kunden gör hellre affärer med någon de känner väl än en främmande leverantör, dels har företaget möjlighet att konkurrera med andra faktorer än lägsta pris. Kundinvolverad produktveckling ger även flera fördelar, risken att producera oattraktiva produkter minskar när kunden redan på ett tidigt stadium får utrycka sina åsikter och önskemål om produkten. Möjligheten till kundinvolvering uppfattas även positivt av kunderna, som ser företaget som mer kundorienterat. Att involvera kunder i produktutvecklingsprocessen är något som stärker relationen ytterligare.In today’s highly competitive market the price is not the only important competitive advantage, the relationship between the customer and the supplier can be a crucial factor for the customer to decide whether or not to buy from the supplier. The possibility to involve the customer in the product development process is another way for the supplier to strengthen the relationship with the customer. The purpose of the thesis has therefore been to investigate the customer relationship, both from the supplier’s and the customer’s perspective. The purpose was also to investigate how customer relationships and customer involved product development can strengthen a company’s competitiveness in Business-to-Business. Almedahls is also interested in further investigating the possibilities for digital textile printing, which is a new printing process for the company.We therefore made a case study on Almedahls, a manufacturer in the textile industry. Since we also were interested in the customer relationships we made interviews with customers and employees at Almedahls. Through the interviews we also received answers about the customers’ involvement in the product development. We have also made a thoroughly literature review to find applicable theories to the case study.After the study was done strong conclusions could be made about that strong customer relationships gives a company several competitive advantages. The loyalty of the customer base increases, customers are more willing of doing business with a company that they are familiar with rather than with unknown suppliers, it also gives the company other factors than price to compete with. Customer involved product development gives a firm plenty of advantages, the risk of producing unattractive goods decreases when the customers get the possibility to be involved in an early stage of the product development. When being involved in an early stage the customers have an opportunity to share their thoughts and wishes about the final product. The possibility for customer involvement is something that is appreciated by the customers, who perceive the company as more customer oriented. To involve the customers in the product development process will also help strengthen the relationship with the customer. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Seventy-five percent of women offenders confined to prison, jails, or residential treatment programs are custodial parents of minor children at the time of their separation. Little is known, though, about how prosocial networks are used to address the effects of separation from children. Using Bui and Morash's conceptualization of the theory of gendered pathways, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand, from the perspective of incarcerated women, the experience of using prosocial networks to cope with the effects of separation. Data were collected through interviews with 10 mothers from 2 residential treatment programs in Michigan. Interview data were inductively coded, then subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. A key finding of this study was that women experience remorse, embarrassment, helplessness, and a sense of failure with respect to providing adequate care for their children and rely on their mothers or other female family members as the primary prosocial influence. Findings also suggest that Child Protective Services (CPS) is viewed by participants as intrusive and outside the prosocial network, yet significant to family reunification and permanency planning for children. Implications for positive social change include recommendations to criminal justice policymakers and Child Protective Services to consider provisions for supportive services for gender-specific programs that build on the influence of other, prosocial, female family members and promote a clear pathway to permanency planning for families, particularly where minor children are involved.

每當論及清朝中國自鴉片戰爭以來的對外關係，一般都認為是清朝中國被迫簽訂大量不停等條約之「屈辱外交」的開始，特別是在對外司法審判的議題上，大多認為清朝給與外國所謂「領事裁判權」的權利，造成中國司法管轄權的損害。但事實上，這種所謂「領事裁判權」的現象，在中國本身涉及外人在華犯罪的處置上，是普遍被採行的作法，不僅是過去中國歷代均有的慣例，就連清朝本身與俄羅斯簽訂的〈尼布楚條約〉，也被學界公認為是清朝中國第一個對等互惠的對外條約。姑且不論日後領事裁判權對中國的傷害為何，僅以清朝中國在簽約當下的時空背景來看，中國給予西方國家「領事裁判權」一事究竟該如何理解，值得後人重新檢視。 本文研究主旨在於用「同時代史觀」的視角，以清朝簽約當下的時空背景，來重新檢視清朝中國涉外司法審判。本文首先整理了中國自唐朝至明朝以來對涉外司法審判的沿革，並且爬梳清朝中國涉外司法審判的模式，從中發現清朝中國給予西方國家「領事裁判權」的做法，是符合清朝中國對外關係的邏輯思維，並證明清朝中國隊在華外人的司法態度，與中國自唐代以來的對在華外人的司法態度是一致的。本文認為，領事裁判權成為「屈辱外交」的意涵，是因為後人以歐洲近代國際法話語權下的「民族國家」視角來檢視過去清朝中國的對外關係，並且在不理解清朝中國固有對外秩序的邏輯下所做出的評斷。 / When it comes to China’s foreign relations in late Qing dynasty, the government has been criticized for its “humiliated diplomacy”, especially on the issue of extraterritorial jurisdiction since the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain. The authorization of consular jurisdiction to foreign countries is often considered as sabotage for the jurisdiction of China. However, the criticism is questionable because offering extraterritorial jurisdiction is ubiquitous among every dynasty in China. Even in Qing dynasty, the juridical attitude of China in the Treaty of Nerchinsk signed in 1689 with Russia is often recognized by academia as reciprocity to foreign country. Regardless of the disadvantages in the future, this act of giving extraterritorial jurisdiction by Qing dynasty at that time is worth to be scrutinized again. With this in mind, the purpose of this thesis is to discover the pattern of judgments involving foreigners from Tang to Qing dynasty in China. We also discuss about the response of Qing government when it faced the request of extraterritorial jurisdiction from foreign countries. In addition, a reinterpretation of the attitude toward the judgments involving foreigners of Qing dynasty is based on the perspective of China indigenous order to foreign relations. The research analyzes the settlement of judgments involving foreigners in different dynasties of China, confirming the consistency to China indigenous order to foreign relations and evolution during the Qing period. At last, this thesis overthrew the humiliation impression in contemporary understanding of the diplomacy in Qing dynasty, arguing such attitude is interpreted later by the concept of “nation state” , which is developed from early modern European countries to judge the international relations of Qing dynasty without understanding the Chinese foreign relations comprehensively.

This thesis uses an historical lens to understand the political development of desegregation law since Brown, which demonstrates that local policies are produced by Supreme Court precedent. However, school districts and community members also create conditions in which the Supreme Court rules on integration law. Examining the history of segregation in Seattle and the efforts of integration (or efforts against it) illuminates the trajectory of civil rights. Claims once used to integrate black school children became a defense for white children to attend, inevitably, white neighborhood schools, due to the lingering effects of housing segregation. Seattle’s desegregation policies depended upon the city’s local conditions and the Board’s strategy reflected national trends dictated by the Supreme Court’s decisions. In turn, Seattle’s local policies affected the Supreme Court’s decision regarding school integration in 2007. The local conditions surrounding many of Seattle parents’ fight against mandatory school assignment plans based on race in 2007 could not have been accomplished without the historical precedent against busing established by liberal, anti-busing groups during the 1970s and 1980s.

This study identifies effective practices in the design of alternative education programs; and more specifically, programs that support the positive social engagement and healthy development of adolescents who have left the public education system and are labeled as marginalized or street involved. Effective practices were identified theoretically through a critic of current educational practices within the North-American public system and through the application of an integral systems theory framework of human development that identifies patterns of relationships between seemingly divergent perspectives in order to achieve the broadest breath of understanding through the inclusion of the truths held within each. A case study of a program that applied these practices within a community agricultural context was then analyzed to test their relevancy in the field. Through an analysis applying qualitative descriptive methodologies the following practices were identified as being effective in supporting positive engagement: 1) an experiential curriculum geared towards developing employable skills, 2) program activities that directly contributed to the local community, 3) the provision of a wage for program participants 4) adults facilitating the program trained in providing supportive caring relationships, 5) program peer groups being composed of youth and young adults of mixed ages and socio-economic backgrounds with marginalized youth being a minority, 6) a social co-operative organizational structure to administer the program. Limitations of the study were the small number of youth sampled as a result of the nature of the structure of the program in the case study. / Graduate

Title: "Stop! You can't play with me!" A norm-critical essay on how the teacher influences children's free play at preschool Abstract This essay is based on two cases describing two children in a few different situations at preschool. These cases form the basis of a dilemma, discussing how involved the teacher should be in children's free play. The dilemma poses questions regarding the teacher’s actions when a child does not want to play with other children, as well as a child that seems incapable of playing with other children. The cases help highlight the implicit idea that children should play with other children. My purpose is to investigate what implicit normative ideas exists about children playing at preschool and to what extent they form my own notion about the necessity for children to be able to play. The method used in this paper is a reflective essay. This enables it possible for me to reflect on my role as a teacher and how I act in the different cases. The reflective part of the essay focuses on answering posed questions, with the basis of discussion being the Swedish curriculum for preschool and its influences. Further, the essay discusses the origin of my own ideas about how children should play originate from. The focus then moves to a sociocultural perspective, specially how children learn and develop when they interact with each other. This section of the essay also discusses norms at preschool, developed from an interpretation of the curriculum, as well as existing ideas about children playing and children as competent learners. Finally, the essay also discusses current research on children and how they play, as well as current research on the importance of involved teachers, put in relation to the two children portrayed in the presented cases. My conclusion is that the teacher is subject to the curriculum, and needs to act according to its content. A significant part of the work is creating a safe environment for the children. The curriculum of the Swedish preschool, and the implicit theories that help shape it, act as a guide to the teacher’s actions. It states that children should explore the world around them; hence there are norms about how a child should play. Keywords: preschool, free play, social interaction, norms, involved teachers, curriculum