Environmental problems are growing, and efficiency and technology improvements have failedto reduce them in aggregate. Sustainable consumption, the alternative to supply-sideimprovements, addresses consumer demand and behavior to reduce environmental impacts. Thisstudy attempts to determine whether the EcoRunner website tool can increase pro-environmentalconsumer behavior. To provide context for this interdisciplinary research question, an extensiveliterature review, focusing on economics and psychology (especially consumer science), wasconducted. The effect of EcoRunner on consumers was empirically evaluated with a survey. Theresults of the survey show no statistically significant changes as a result of using EcoRunner;however, this result may be due to the small sample size (n=6). Since literature review and surveyresults suggest that using the tool increases pro-environmental consumer behavior, rerunning the survey with a larger sample group might yield statistically significant results. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p>

This thesis project is based on the area of ​​Technical Design with a focus on sustainable development and sustainable consumption. The purpose of the project is to develop a concept for a product or service that helps families with children to reduce their negative environmental impact without reducing the supply of the products they need. The goal of the project is to provide in-depth knowledge of product and service development based on human needs. At the end of the project, a well-developed prototype will be created and presented. In order to succeed in creating a concept that both meets the users needs and contributes to minimal environmental impact, literature studies have been carried out in subjects such as sustainable development, aesthetics, consumption and circular economy. The project has been implemented according to the Design Thinking process (Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, u.å.). The process consists of the five phases Empathize, Define, Ideate, Build and Test. The sixth phase reDesign was added to set aside time for adjustments according to the user feedback collected in the test phase. Methods such as survey and interview were used early in the process to gain understanding of the users needs and motivations. The information collected in the Empathize phase was analyzed in the Define phase. With the use of methods such as Persona and Point of View, four problem areas could be identified and further defined. During sessions of How might we and brainstorming, many creative solutions were created. The idea that was considered to solve the problem in the best way was built as a prototype and then used in interactive user tests. Based on the user feedback, some adjustments were made prior to the final concept. The result of this thesis was the concept Pre-Loved Things, a new way of giving away gifts that do not increase consumption but instead make use of the resources that already exist. The end product is a sticker, designed to symbolize all the good that used products stand for. As a complement to this symbol, gift packages in different sizes are also sold, the idea is that these should be combined with an optional used product to easily create a nice gift that is ready to be given away. The hope is that the concept will change people's attitudes to used products and thus encourage more people to make a sustainable choice. / Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt i området Teknisk Design med inriktning mot ekologiskt hållbarhet och hållbar konsumtion. Syftet med examensarbetet är att ta fram ett koncept på en produkt eller tjänst som hjälper familjer med barn att minska sin negativa miljöpåverkan utan att för den skull minska utbudet av de produkter de behöver. Målet med projektet är att det ska ge fördjupad kunskap kring produkt- och tjänsteutveckling utifrån mänskliga behov. I slutet av projektet ska en välutvecklad prototyp tillverkas och presenteras. För att lyckas skapa ett slutkoncept som både möter användarnas behov och bidrar till minimal miljöpåverkan har litteraturstudier genomförts inom ämnen som hållbar utveckling, estetik, konsumtion och cirkulär ekonomi.  Projektet har genomförts enligt Design Thinking-processen (Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, u.å.). Denna process består av de fem faserna Empathize, Define, Ideate, Build och Test. Den sjätte fasen reDesign las till för att redan från start planera in tid för justeringar efter den användarfeedback som samlas in i Test-fasen. Metoder som enkät och intervju användes tidigt i processen för att förstå användarnas behov och motivationer. Den information som samlades in i Empathize-fasen analyserades i Define-fasen och med hjälp av metoder som Persona och Point of View kunde fyra problemområden identifieras och definieras. Under sessioner av How might we och brainstorming så skapades många kreativa lösningar. Den idé som ansågs lösa problemet på bästa sätt byggdes som prototyp och användes sedan i interaktiva användartester. Utifrån användarnas feedback så gjordes vissa justeringar inför det slutgiltiga konceptet.  Resultatet av detta examensarbete blev konceptet För Älskade-saker, ett nytt sätt att ge bort gåvor som inte ökar konsumtion utan istället tar tillvara på de resurser som redan finns. Slutprodukten är ett klistermärke, som ska symbolisera allt det bra som begagnade produkter står för. Som ett komplement till denna symbol säljs även presentförpackningar i olika storlekar, tanken är att dessa ska kombineras med en valfri begagnad produkt för att enkelt skapa en fin gåva som är redo att ges vidare. Förhoppningen är att konceptet ska ändra människors inställning till begagnade produkter och på så sätt uppmuntra fler att göra ett hållbart val.

Material artefacts to be used during sex is today commonly known as “sex toys”. This thesis has aimed to understand the discursive practices preceding this late-modern conceptualization, and what the previous historical conceptualizations testified to in terms of sexual morality and constructions of sexuality. The focus has been on a Swedish expert-led discursive context, spanning from the late seventies to the mid-nineties. Despite a general idea of Swedish sexual progressiveness, the results show that the discourse around these objects were all but welcoming. The Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU) considered the selling of “sexual technical aids” as a difficult topic. Good sexuality was to share an emotional loving connection. Thus, it should not overemphasize sex and the body, which sex aids did by being used for sexual functioning or corporeal sensations. I have shown how a discussion of sex aid-use by men with certain physical disabilities dealt with this problem, by providing a context of enabling sexual activity within a romantic union between the men and their partners. Thus, erective aids were especially in focus. I argue that this shows a somatification of male sexuality, which has previously been discussed as taking place in Sweden after the introduction of pharmaceutical erective pills in the late 1990s. Parallel to this, I show a development of heralding female use of “sex toys” in the early 1990s media. Whereas male masturbation with sexual objects were still ridden with an idea of social inadequacy, women were increasingly championed to consume to masturbate. I argue that the developments of how to conceptualize sex aids in Sweden indicate a larger discursive change regarding sexuality. Not only were men and women increasingly considered as beings with separate sexualities, and thus given separate sex aid-markets to court this – but acceptable sexual expression overall broadened. Good sexuality in the Swedish 1990s had begun to embrace the bodily sensations felt during sex, as well as accept sex itself as an independent aim, and in consequence sex aids – or “sex toys” – as a more acceptable means to this end.

As a step towards decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the transport sector, electrical vehicles (EVs) have become more and more popular. Two major problem areas the EV industry is currently facing are range limitations, i.e. being restricted by the capacity of the battery, as well as a demand for higher bandwidth as the in-vehicle communication increases. In this thesis, an attempt is made to address these problem areas by examining the energy consumption required by Controller Area Network (CAN) and Ethernet. In addition, the effects of Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) are reviewed. The protocols are examined by performing a theoretical analysis over CAN, Ethernet and EEE, physical tests over CAN and Ethernet, as well as simulations of EEE. The results show that Ethernet requires 2.5 to four times more energy than CAN in theory, and 4.5 to six times more based on physical measurements. The energy consumption of EEE depends on usage, ranging from energy levels of 40 \% less than CAN when idle, and up to equal amounts as regular Ethernet at high utilisation. By taking full advantage of the traits of Time-Sensitive Networking, EEE has the potential of significantly decreasing the amount of energy consumed compared to standard Ethernet while still providing a much higher bandwidth than CAN, at the cost of introducing short delays. This thesis provides insight into the behaviour of a transmitter for each of the three protocols, discusses the energy implications of replacing CAN with Ethernet and highlights the importance of understanding how to use Ethernet and EEE efficiently.

More and more local governments (municipalities and county councils) include the indirect climate impacts of consumption in their environmental work. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an established tool for inventorying both direct and indirect impacts of a product or service, but when the climate impact of an entire organization's consumption of products and services is of interest, the inventory of data can easily become excessive. Through the years, various methods for enabling life cycle inventory on the organizational level have been developed. Hybrid-LCA is one of them where the term "hybrid" comes from that the method combines a so-called bottom up with a top down approach of the data inventory. The practical application of hybrid-LCA and the usefulness of the assessment results for local governments are not self-evident. This study aims to investigate the practical application of hybrid-LCA as a tool for inventorying climate impact for municipalities’ and county councils’ consumption. The purpose includes identifying the challenges associated with the practical procedure when conducting a hybrid-LCA and evaluating the inventory results’ usefulness in municipalities and county councils’ climate work. The results of the study are based on semi-structured interviews, a case study in which hybrid LCA is applied and a workshop where the case study is evaluated. The results show that the hybrid-LCA enables both a holistic approach to the climate impact and a level of detail for selected areas, making it possible to prioritize areas and identify measures to reduce the climate impact from consumption. The main challenges that arise in the practical procedure of the hybrid-LCA are associated with inventory and verification of foreground data and matching purchases of product groups to standardized classifications. To simplify the execution, increase transparency and facilitate monitoring, local governments are recommended to investigate the possibility of coordinating purchasing system and labeling product groups, in accordance with standardized classifications. It is also recommended to request information about a products weight and material content from suppliers. The uncertainties associated with the outcome of a hybrid-LCA are and remain large, therefore it is important that the results are communicated in terms of potential environmental impacts.

Background Due to increased environmental issues around the world, people are getting more and more aware of the effects of their consumption and their influence on the environment. Companies have therefore started to provide green products to the market to satisfy customer demand. However, there is a lack of knowledge in the literature when it comes to what customers really value when it comes to green products. Mainly green durable goods, as well as their determinants and what affects their green purchase intentions.   Purpose The purpose of the study is therefore, to analyze what green determinants affect purchase intention for floors as an example of a green durable good. A related purpose is to investigate how green production attitude and consumption attitude impact floor purchase intention. The results of the investigation could help the floor manufacturers better understand what is valued by the consumer and thus be able to invest right resources for right action to meet customer needs.   Method This study was a survey study using primary quantitative analysis and data collecting. The questionnaires were conducted with 97 participants around Sweden using social media and an online questionnaire. The data were tested through different reliability and validity tests and other kinds of statistical tests to analyze the proposed theoretical research model with help of SPSS and AMOS.   Results Environmental production attitude (determinants of green production) significantly affects the purchase intention for durable goods. Environmental consumption attitude could not be tested due to failing in the reliability and validity tests, and therefore no confirmation about the effect of these determinants could be drawn.   Conclusion For consumers in general, the perceived greenness of a floor lays in the determinants of the production which this study can prove.   Delimitations This study has only focused on the Swedish demand-side when it comes to purchase intention for green durable goods and the effects of this and not the supply-side. Furthermore, the purchase intention is limited to today´s circumstances and the changes over time have not been under consideration. The product choice has been durable goods, with particular attention to floors. / Bakgrund På grund av ökade miljöfrågor runt om i världen blir människor mer och mer medvetna om effekterna av konsumtionen och deras påverkan på miljön. Företagen har därför börjat tillhandahålla miljövänliga produkter på marknaden för att tillgodose kundernas efterfrågan. Det finns dock brist på kunskap i litteraturen när det kommer till vad kunder verkligen värdesätter när det gäller gröna produkter, speciellt produkter med lång livslängd. Liksom deras bestämmande faktorer och vad som verkligen påverkar deras gröna köpintentioner.   Syfte Syftet med studien är därför att analysera vilka miljövänliga påverkningsfaktorer som finns för golv, som är ett exempel på en produkt med lång livslängd. Ett relaterat syfte är att undersöka hur den miljövänliga produktionsattityden och konsumtionsattityden påverkar köpintentionen för golv. Resultaten av undersökningen är till för att golvtillverkaren bättre ska förstå vad som värderas utifrån konsumenten och därmed kunna investera rätt resurser på rätt aktivitet för att på så sätt möta konsumenternas behov.   Metod Denna studie var en undersökningsstudie som främst nyttjat primär kvantitativ analys och datainsamling. Frågeformulären genomfördes med 97 deltagare runt om i Sverige med hjälp av sociala medier och ett online frågeformulär. Den insamlade datan testades genom olika pålitlighets- och validitetstester samt andra typer av statistiska tester för att analysera den teoretiska forskningmodellen med hjälp av SPSS och AMOS.   Resultat Attityd för miljövänlig produktion (bestämmande faktorer för grön produktion) har signifikant effekt på köpintensiteten för produkter med lång livslängd. Attityd för miljövänlig konsumtion kunde inte testas på grund av brist på pålitlighet och validitet och därför kunde ingen slutsats/analys av effekten på dessa faktorer dras.   Slutsatser För konsumenter i allmänhet ligger den uppfattade miljövänligheten hos en miljövänlig produkt med lång livslängd i produktionsattributen, vilket denna studie kan bevisa.   Avgränsningar Denna studie har endast fokuserat på den svenska efterfrågesidan när det gäller köpintentioner för produkter med lång livslängd och effekterna av detta och inte utbudssidan. Vidare är köpintentionen begränsad till dagens omständigheter och förändringarna över tiden har inte varit föremål för överväganden. Produktvalet har varit varaktiga varor, med särskild hänsyn till golv.

Människan förlitar sig alltmer på att teknologi ska lösa komplexa problem i framtiden och klimatförändringar är något som ständigt diskuteras i denna kontext. I och med ökade utsläpp arbetar företag för att hitta tekniska lösningar för att minska sin klimatpåverkan. En teknik som har utvecklats de senaste åren är persuasive technology, som används för att övertyga användaren till ett viss beteende och/eller attityd. Uppsatsen riktar in sig på textil- och klädindustrin inom e-handel, vars företag försöker skapa lösningar som främjar hållbara konsumtionsmönster och ökar konsumenters medvetenhet kring området. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur persuasive technology på e-handelsplatser kan påverka människors attityder gentemot hållbar konsumtion, samt vilka likheter och skillnader som kan urskiljas mellan två e-handelsplatser. Detta har testats genom en kvalitativ fallstudie där respondenter fick interagera med de två e-handelsplatserna ZARA och H&amp;M och besvarade ett fråge- formulär. Uppsatsen utgår från ramverket The Functional Triad, som används vid urvalsprocessen för att identifiera e-handelsplatser, samt för att reflektera över hur väl e-handelsplatserna tillämpar ramverket och vad det gav för resultat. Fallstudiens resultat visade att en majoritet av respondenterna hade en oförändrad attityd gentemot hållbar konsumtion, men det fanns en del respondenter som upplevde en attitydförändring antingen gentemot hållbar konsumtion eller företaget. Uppsatsens slutsats är att persuasive technology kan påverka människors attityder på olika sätt och att det fanns vissa skillnader mellan de två e-handelsplatserna, dock var skillnaderna inte avgörande för respondenternas attityd- förändring. Uppsatsen har visat att denna teknologi kan ha en betydande roll för framtidens möjligheter till en hållbar konsumtion, men att det samtidigt finns många faktorer som spelar in i huruvida det sker en attitydförändring. / People have increasingly started to rely on technology to solve future complex problems, and climate change is something that is constantly being discussed in this context. With increased emissions, companies are working to find technical solutions to decrease their climate impact. One technology that has been developed in recent years is persuasive technology, which is a technology used to convince the user of a certain behavior and/or attitude. The thesis will focus on the textile and clothing industry within e-commerce, whose companies attempt to create solutions that encourage sustainable consumption and increase consumers' awareness of the area. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether persuasive technology in e-commerce sites can influence people’s attitudes toward sustainable consumption, and what similarities and differences can be distinguished between the two e-commerce sites. This has been tested through a case study where respondents interacted with the two e-commerce sites ZARA and H&amp;M and answered a questionnaire. This thesis is based on the framework The Functional Triad, which is used in the selection process to choose e-commerce sites and to reflect on how well the e-commerce sites apply the framework and what the results were. The results showed that a majority of the respondents had an unchanged attitude towards sustainable consumption, but there were also respondents that experienced a change in attitude either towards sustainable consumption or the company. The conclusion implies that persuasive technology can affect people's attitudes in different ways and that there were some differences between the two e-commerce sites, though this was not decisive for the respondents' change in attitude. This thesis has shown that this technology could play a significant role in the future opportunities for sustainable consumption, but there are many factors that determine whether there is a change in attitude.

Millennials as consumers are often more positive towards sustainable consumption than their actual consumption behavior shows. Furthermore, eco-labels are considered an easy way to show that a brand or product is environmentally friendly. They are perceived as reliable information and can therefore influence consumers' choices. However, the growing number and a general lack of knowledge about both the overall concept of sustainability and specific eco-labels complicate their use and can thus confuse consumers. Thus, our hope is that this study can add new insights into Swedish Millennials' attitudes towards eco- labels and in turn the impact of eco-labels on attitudes towards sustainable consumption. This study aims to explore what attitudes and perceptions Swedish Millennials have towards eco-labeled goods, and what impact they have on their perception of sustainable consumption. The empirical data is based on a qualitative research method with four semi- structured focus groups. The results of this study show that young consumers perceive eco- labels as confusing, expensive, difficult and not entirely reliable. With that said, we noted that the participants still felt that with a smaller price difference, they still bought products with eco-labels. Furthermore, the results of this study show that eco-labels have a mixed impact on consumers' attitudes towards sustainable consumption. Many felt that eco-labels made sustainable consumption seem difficult, and others felt that there were better alternatives such as shopping locally produced. Finally, it is our understanding that companies must focus on creating awareness, developing positive associations and strengthening brand trust in eco-labels. It will not only create higher brand loyalty, but also result in consumers continuing to demand sustainable products that are good for both the consumer and the planet.

Sammanfattning Titel: Alvedon vs det generiska läkemedlet Pamol - En studie om konsumentens kännedom, trovärdighet och dess påverkan av prisskillnader inför ett köpbeslut. Datum: 2021-05-25 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats  Författare: Darja Faily &amp; Nader Albanna Handledare: Christine Tidåsen Examinator: Klaus Solberg Søilen Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka konsumenters preferens och uppfattning av de generiska paracetamol-läkemedlen Alvedon och Pamol. Detta mäts genom att undersöka variablerna kännedom, trovärdighet och pris.  Forskningsfråga: “Finns det en skillnad på trovärdighet och kännedom mellan det generiska paracetamol-läkemedlen Pamol och Alvedon?” samt “Kan de generiska paracetamol-läkemedlen påverka konsumentens köpbeslut av dess stora prisskillnader?”.  Teoretiskt referensram: Tidigare forskning och teorier gällande kännedom, trovärdighet och prisets påverkan på konsumentens köpbeslut.  Metod: Primär- och sekundärdata har samlats in genom trianguleringsmetoden, det vill säga både av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. De kvantitativa metoden genomfördes med en webbenkät, med urvalsstorleken 236 individer. I den kvalitativa metoden, genomfördes  fokusgruppsdiskussion med två grupper, bestående av fyra deltagare i respektive grupp.   Slutsats: Baserat på primär- och sekundärdata och hypotesprövningar kan vi dra slutsatsen att kännedomen och trovärdigheten förekom högst hos varumärket Alvedon, i jämförelse med Pamol. Dessutom att varumärkenas stora prisskillnad var en avgörande roll för konsumentens köpbeslut när pris förekom som en faktor. Nyckelord: Kännedom, Trovärdighet, Köpbeslut, Pris, Alvedon, Pamol, Generiska läkemedel / Abstract Title: Alvedon vs det generiska läkemedlet Pamol - En studie om konsumentens kännedom, trovärdighet och dess påverkan av prisskillnader inför ett köpbeslut Date: 2021-05-25 Level: Bachelor Thesis in Science in Business Administration and Economics and International Marketing  Author: Darja Faily &amp; Nader Albanna Supervisor: Christine Tidåsen  Examiner: Klaus Solberg Søilen Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers preferences and perceptions of the generic-paracetamol drugs Alvedon and Pamol. By examining the variables knowledge, credibility and price. To review whether consumers prefer the branded drug Alvedon or the generic drug Pamol.  Research question:  “Is there a difference in credibility and knowledge between the generic paracetamol- drugs Pamol and Alvedon?” and, “Can generic paracetamol drugs influence the consumer’s purchasing decision due to its large price differences?” Method: Primary and secondary data were collected by the triangulation method, by both a qualitative and quantitative method. The quantitative method was conducted with a web survey, with a sample size of 236 individuals. In the qualitative method, focus discussions were conducted with two groups, where they consisted of four participants in each group. Findings: Previous research and theories regarding knowledge, credibility and how price affects the outcome of consumers purchasing decisions. Conclusion: Based on primary and secondary data and hypothesis tests, we can conclude that the knowledge and credibility were highest at the Alvedon brand, in comparison with Pamol. In addition to the fact that the brands' large price difference was a decisive role in the consumer's purchasing decision when price appeared as a factor. Keywords: Knowledge, Credibility, Purchase Decision, Price, Alvedon, Pamol, Generic Drugs

Tidens största utmaning idag är klimatförändringen och dess negativa effekter. En grund till många fall av att politisk instabilitet, hälsorisker och ojämlikheter i mänskliga rättigheter är ohållbara konsumtions- och produktionsmönster som leder till miljöförstöring och sociala orättvisor. Tillväxtverket (2020) utförde en undersökning som har påvisat att närmare hälften av de svenska näringsliv arbetar med ett hållbart arbete. Men å andra sidan är det viktigt att iaktta att arbetet mot hållbar utveckling har utvidgat sig och blivit allt mer komplicerad att uppfylla de senaste decennierna.  Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur de mindre företagen värdesätter FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål 12.4 i två olika branscher, samt hur de aktivt arbetar med att förbättra det. Syftet har uppfyllts genom att författarna genomfört intervjuer med två mindre fallföretag, det ena är Gästrike Ekogas och det andra är St:Eriks. Författarna har därmed genomfört en litteraturstudie i områden som anses relevanta. Studien identifierade två nyckelfaktorer, den första nyckelfaktorer är att Gästrike Ekogas inte arbetar utifrån den globala målen och har därför inte värderingar. För att förbättra arbetet inom hållbarhet har det även påvisats att verksamheten saknar resurser. Den andra nyckelfaktorer som författarna identifierat, är att St:Eriks vision är att de ska vara det självklara valet för hållbar samhällsbyggnad, vilket visar att de har en seriös värdering för hållbarhet. De tar också miljön som ett nyckelområde och har arbetar hårt med det. Eftersom företaget överväger utsläpp av kemiska ämnen och dess konsekvenser arbetar St:Eriks också ständigt för att minska dessa utsläpp med hjälp av sina interna resurser och tredje part. Det har även påvisats för att verksamheten i fråga skall ha en kapabilitet att kombinera ny teknik, förändringar till praxis, med nya affärsmodeller. För att verksamheter lyckligtvis skall anta och implementera en hållbar konsumtion och produktion handlar det i princip om att kräva förändring i organisationens vision och utbildningar. Med tanke på att St:Eriks produkter har en lång livslängd så var det väldigt viktigt för dem att förhålla sig till FN:s 12e globala mål då den innefattar produktion och konsumtion. / The biggest challenge of the time today is climate change and its negative effects. One reason for many cases of political inequality, health risks and human rights inequalities is consumption and production patterns that lead to environmental degradation and injustice. Statistics from the Swedish Agency for Growth (2020) have shown that almost half of Swedish industry works with sustainable work. On the other hand, however, it is important to observe that the work towards sustainable development has expanded and become increasingly complicated to meet the latest conditions.  The purpose of this study is to investigate how highly the smaller companies value the UN's Global Sustainability Goals 12.4 in two different industries, and how they actively work to improve that work. The purpose has been fulfilled by the authors conducting interviews with two case companies, thus the authors have conducted a literature study in areas considered relevant. The study identified two key factors, the first key factor being that Gästrike Ekogas does not work on the basis of the global goals and therefore does not have values. In order to improve the work in sustainability, it has also been demonstrated that the business lacks resources. The other key factor identified by the authors is that St:Erik's vision is that they should be the obvious choice in sustainable community building, which indicates a lot that they have a serious value about sustainability. They also have the environment as a focus area, and which they work with constantly. As the business takes into account the chemical emissions and its consequences, and that St:Eriks also works constantly to reduce these emissions with the help of resources that exist within the business and with the help of third parties.  It has also been demonstrated that the activities in question should have the capability to combine new technologies, changes to practices, with new business models. In order for businesses to fortunately adopt and implement sustainable consumption and production, it is basically about demanding change in the organization's vision and education. Since St:Erik's products have a long lifespan, it was very important for them to relate to the UN's 12th global goals as it includes production and consumption.