La tesi si concentra sugli influssi lessicali che le lingue indiane hanno esercitato sulla lingua inglese sia in prospettiva diacronica sia sincronica. La prima parte dell'elaborato indaga, tramite l'impiego di uno strumento lessicografico, l'Oxford English Dictionary edizione on-line, la presenza in inglese di prestiti veri e propri, ma anche di derivati e composti, sorti in seguito al contatto tra l'inglese le lingue indiane a partire dal Sedicesimo secolo e fino ai nostri giorni, arrivando a individuare 1791 forme lessicali. La seconda parte intende verificare l'effettiva presenza, la frequenza d'uso e il significato di tali prestiti, composti e derivati nel British English contemporaneo, avvalendosi degli strumenti offerti dalla linguistica dei corpora. Il corpus di riferimento impiegato in questa seconda fase della ricerca è Bank of English. L'elaborato, oltre a delineare lo scenario storico culturale di riferimento, mette in evidenza le procedure metodologiche impiegate, e ricostruisce l'impianto teorico sulle questioni di interferenze tra codici linguistici, lingue in contatto e prestiti lessicali, riferendosi ai maggiori e più recenti studi in materia. / The research focuses on lexical influences exerted by Indian languages on British English as a result of linguistic contacts between Great Britain and India. Both diachronic and synchronic perspectives are taken into consideration in evaluating the extent of such lexical influences. The first part of the research analyses the presence of words of East Indian origin in English by means of the Oxford English Dictionary, on-line edition, be these words authentic lexical borrowings, or derivatives or compounds arisen as a consequence of such linguistic contacts. The historical period taken into consideration goes from the 16th century till nowadays. The second part of the research aims to verify the actual presence, frequency of usage and meaning of such words in contemporary British English by means of a linguistic corpora tool, namely the Bank of English by Harper Collins. The historical and cultural background of the relationships between Great Britain and India, as well as the theoretical background about linguistic interferences as a whole are also illustrated, with reference to the most authoritative and recent studies.

Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Code switching is a widely observed phenomenon in multilingual and multicultural communities. This study focuses on code switching by teachers in multilingual and multicultural high school classrooms in a particular district in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The aims of this study were to establish whether teachers in the classrooms concerned do code switch and, if so, what the functions thereof are. With these aims in mind, data were collected from four high schools in the Siyanda District, during 13 lessons in total. These lessons were on the subjects Economic Management Sciences, Business Studies and Accounting. The participants in the study were 296 learners in Grades 8 to 12 and eight teachers. Data were collected by means of researcher observations and audio recordings of lessons. These recordings were orthographically transcribed and then analysed in terms of the functions of code switching in educational settings as identified from the existing literature on this topic as well as in terms of the Markedness Model of Myers-Scotton (1993). The answer to the first research question 1, namely whether teachers made use of code switching during classroom interactions was, perhaps unsurprisingly, “yes”. In terms of the second question, namely to which end teachers code switch, it was found that the teachers used code switching mainly for academic purposes (such as explaining and clarifying subject content) but also frequently for social reasons (maintaining social relationships with learners and also for being humorous) as well as for classroom management purposes (such as reprimanding learners). The teachers in this data set never used code switching solely for the purpose of asserting identity. It appears then that the teachers in this study used code switching for the same reasons as those mentioned in other studies on code switching in the educational setting. The study further indicated that code switching by the teachers was mainly an unmarked choice itself, although at times the sequential switch was triggered by a change in addressee. In very few instances was the code switching a marked choice; when it was, the message was the medium (see Myers-Scotton 1993: 138), code switching functioned as a means of increasing the social distance between the teacher and the learners or, in one instance, of demonstrating affection. Teachers code switched regardless of the language policy of their particular school, i.e. code switching occurred even in classrooms in which English is officially the sole medium of instruction. As code switching was largely used in order to support learning, it can be seen as good educational practice. One of the recommendations of this study is therefore that particular modes of code switching should be encouraged in the classrooms, especially where the medium of instruction is the home language of very few of the learners in that school.

Nous envisageons de mener une étude sociolinguistique, en centrant notre recherche sur les procédés de communication tels qu’ils s’appliquent dans le contexte de l’expérience menée par l’UNILA (L’Université Fédérale d’Intégration Latino-Américaine) située dans la ville brésilienne de Foz do Iguaçu, Etat du Paraná. La particularité de cette Université réside dans le caractère international de la composition de ses effectifs: la moitié du corps enseignant et des étudiants est brésilienne donc lusophone et l’autre moitié hispanophone. Cette recherche portera sur l'observation et l'analyse des processus de communication entre les étudiants lusophones (Brésiliens) et hispanophones (Argentins, Paraguayens...) en relation avec la politique linguistique de l’UNILA, et en particulier le rôle actuel et potentiel de l'intercompréhension dans cette Université (quelles pratiques actuelles, quelles pratiques possibles, leurs effets, etc.) et la place que peuvent occuper le français langue étrangère et le guarani (3ème langue officielle du Mercosur) dans ce contexte. Dans cette étude de cas, nous nous intéresserions plus particulièrement à la possibilité de recourir à l’intercompréhension, même lorsque ce recours est déjà spontané, dans certains groupes de locuteurs ignorant encore tout des découvertes des chercheurs dans ce domaine. Notre recherche serait basée sur l’observation et l’analyse des processus de communication entre les étudiants de l’Université UNILA à partir des questions suivantes : • Quels sont les procédés que les étudiants et les professeurs utilisent pour communiquer dans l’environnement bilingue proposé par l’UNILA? (les opérations, les stratégies…) • Quelles sont les possibilités el les limites de l’intercompréhension comme stratégie de communication dans le contexte académique ? • Quelles expériences par rapport à un contexte académique bilingue émergent dans le discours des étudiants. Ce projet de recherche se trouve lié à l’espace MERCOSUR, mais ce travail contribuera à créer un contexte propice à l’émergence de propositions pédagogiques applicables aussi en Europe. En effet, à l’issue de ce travail de recherche il est possible de prévoir une proposition de formation dans le domaine de l’intercompréhension et dans la promotion du plurilinguisme. / Today, the constant mobility of populations, information, and merchandise creates the need for new ways or new types of communication. In some ways, this situation highlights the communication options available to people speaking different languages. In this field, my research aims to explore and to study the methods and strategies of communication, especially in bilingual or multilingual contexts. Because the MERCOSUR trade zone in its entirety is too large an area for a detailed study, my research focuses on analyzing the strategies of communication in a smaller academic context: the University of Latin American Integration (UNILA). This university—located in the border zone between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay — is the first bilingual Spanish and Portuguese University in South America. This institution can certainly be considered a very rich context in which to study and observe whether mutual intelligibility can be implemented, applied, and taught as a tool for better communication and as a means of maintaining respect and the preservation of each language. In this case study, my intention is to describe the possibility and potential that mutual intelligibility can supply as a way of multilingual communication. In order to reach this aim, an ethnographical study is applied based on observation and analysis of the communication process between the students of the University UNILA following these questions: • What are the processes that students and teachers use to communicate in a bilingual environment offered by the Unila? • What opportunities and limits provide mutual intelligibility as a mode of communication in the academic context? • What experiences in relation to a bilingual academic context are emerging in the student speeches? Although this research is related to the MERCOSUR trade zone, this work could contribute to understands multilingual and educational proposals in Europe, since the streamlining of communication is a factor whose consideration is vital in order to forge stronger ties and integration among the countries. Indeed, at the end of this research our intention is also to provide a proposal and various experiences in the field of mutual intelligibility and the promotion of multilingualism. / La educación, así como los modelos educativos desempeñan un papel fundamental, tanto enla difusión del plurilingüismo, como en la promoción del aprendizaje de lenguas, ycontribuyen a la integración regional, la movilidad académica y el contacto entre lenguas yculturas. Sin embargo, no parece ser una tarea fácil entender las dinámicas de este fenómeno.En la misma linea, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal la descripción de losprocesos de comunicación que se han llevado a cabo hasta ahora, en el contexto de laUniversidad Federal de Integración Latinoamericana (UNILA), mediante un estudiosociolingüístico de cuño etnográfico centrado en las experiencias lingüísticas de losestudiantes de este ámbito académico. La UNILA, localizada en Foz do Iguaçu, (en lafrontera entre Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay), es una universidad construida con base en losconceptos de integración, interdisciplinariedad, bilingüismo (portugués/español). La UNILAabrió sus puertas en 2010 para la entrada de estudiantes de varios países latinoamericanos.Estos estudiantes, que llegaron desde diversos ambientes escolares, sociales y culturales,acceden a un entorno en donde se ven enfrentados a convivir, estudiar y llevar procesos deaprendizaje en una lengua extranjera y con diversas culturas académicas, lo cual proporcionóun terreno fértil para la observación y el análisis de experiencias de comunicaciónplurilingües y de intercomprensión académica en lenguas romances. / A educação assim como os modelos educativos desempenham um papel fundamental, tantona difusão do plurilinguismo, como na promoção da aprendizagem de línguas com o intuitode contribuir para a integração regional, a mobilidade acadêmica e o contato entre línguas eculturas. No entanto, não parece ser uma tarefa fácil entender as dinâmicas deste fenômeno.Nessa linha de ideias, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a descrição dos processos decomunicação que foram desenvolvidos até o momento no contexto da Universidade Federalda Integração Latinoamericana (UNILA), mediante um estudo sociolinguístico de cunhoetnográfico centrado nas experiências linguísticas dos estudantes dessa instituição de ensino.A UNILA, localizada em Foz do Iguaçu (na fronteira entre a Argentina, Brasil e Paraguay), éuma universidade construída com base nos conceitos da integração, interdisciplinaridade ebilinguismo (português/espanhol). A referida universidade iniciou suas atividades em 2010com a entrada de estudantes de vários países latinoamericanos. Esses estudantes provenientesde diferentes ambientes escolares, sociais e culturais deparam-se com culturas acadêmicasdiversas das suas e começam a conviver, estudar e desenvolver processos deaprendizagens de uma língua estrangeira com culturas acadêmicas díspares. Essa integraçãoproporciona um terreno fértil para a observação e a análise de experiências de comunicaçõesplurilíngues e de intercompreensão acadêmica em línguas românicas.

The focus of this study is on language maintenance and shift in Maale, a minority language spoken in Ethiopia. The main aims of the study are to give an account of the underlying social factors that have contributed to language maintenance in the Maale speech community, and to investigate whether the mother-tongue literacy programme in the Maale region is going to facilitate language maintenance or contribute to language shift. The findings suggest that regional nationalism, which corresponds to ethnic nationalism in Paulston's theory of social mobilisation, is the reason why the Maale language has been maintained as a viable language in spite of centuries of political repression. The findings also indicate that the mother-tongue literacy programme currently contributes to language maintenance but it is a stepping stone to further education, which favours the learning of a second language, which could lead to possible attrition of the mother tongue. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Sociolinguistics)

Completely couched in and steered by the qualitative research method, this study examines the linguistic constraints on the code-switching of the bilingual Shona-Xhosa speakers in Cape Town. The views of the key research participants obtained through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires were heavily relied on. The motivations for the code-switching of the bilingual Shona-Xhosa speakers in Cape Town were explored in this study, including the Shona-Xhosa interlink. Myers-Scotton‟s Markedness theory was scrutinized to discern the assorted social variables motivating the bilingual speakers to code-switch in Cape Town while the Matrix Language Frame Model was used to determine that Shona is the base language and isiXhosa is the embedded language in the Shona-Xhosa code-switching in Cape Town. Diverse linguistic constraints were examined in the context of the Shona-Xhosa code-switching and their universality was disputed. Similarities between Shona and Xhosa were unearthed and the researcher recommends that further Shona-Xhosa studies be pursued. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Mgr. Lenka Picková Vitality of the current Galician language Abstract: Never in the field of human history has the dying out of languages been as intense as it is in the present day. The goal of this paper is to assess the vitality of the one of the co- official languages in Spain, the Galician language. After an indispensable definition of the social-historical context, a deep, qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine factors is performed: inter-generational language transmission, education, the absolute and relative number of speakers, trends in existing language domains and media, governmental and institutional language attitudes, and, above all, the attitudes of Galician citizens toward their languages. In the final chapter, a summary of the results of these individual factors, as well as an assessment of their influence on the vitality of the Galician language, is provided. Key words: endangered languages, assessment of language vitality, Galician, language attitudes, minority languages, diglossia, languages in contact, national identity, speaker's attitudes.

Cette thèse de doctorat contribue au champ de recherche sur l'immigration francophone en milieu minoritaire à partir du contexte acadien néo-brunswickois. Ce travail considère le phénomène de l'immigration francophone comme un analyseur de tensions et de confrontations socio-identitaires et linguistiques au sein de la société acadienne d'accueil. L'analyse fait ressortir un processus de transformation de la représentation politique ainsi que de l'identité collective de la communauté acadienne. De manière plus approfondie, cette recherche illustre le rôle des langues dans le projet migratoire et le projet d'intégration des immigrants francophones à Moncton en regard de sa situation de contacts de langues inégalitaires. Cette thèse adopte une approche interprétative et qualitative afin de privilégier le sens donné par les acteurs directement impliqués dans les phénomènes sociaux et linguistiques à l'étude. / This doctoral thesis is a contribution to the field of research on francophone immigration in a minority setting, more specifically in Acadian New Brunswick. This thesis is examining francophone immigration as a means of understanding and analysing identity and linguistic tensions amongst the Acadian host community. The analysis shows that Acadian society is undergoing a transformation process regarding its political representation and collective identity. The objective is to understand the role that languages play in the migration trajectory and the integration plans of francophone immigrants in Moncton with respect to its unequal linguistic situation. This thesis adopts an interpretative and qualitative approach that takes into account the points of view of the participants who are directly involved in the linguistic and social phenomena under review.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T19:08:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Mesquita - 2015.pdf: 1724032 bytes, checksum: b265b14948cf4290d05ddcc192403763 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T19:09:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Mesquita - 2015.pdf: 1724032 bytes, checksum: b265b14948cf4290d05ddcc192403763 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-09T19:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Mesquita - 2015.pdf: 1724032 bytes, checksum: b265b14948cf4290d05ddcc192403763 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Xerente inhabit the right margin of the Tocantins river, approximately 100 km north of Palmas (TO), and the population comprises 3,600 individuals. After more than two hundred years of contact with non-indigenous populations, the Xerente maintain their language and unique cultural traits, a particular way to perceive and immerse themselves in real life. As a consequence of this accelerated process of contact with non-indigenous populations, the Xerente are now in a stage of high bilingualism (BRAGGIO, 2012), a situation that reveals several phenomena, among them, one which is called code-switching (CS). Our work focuses on this phenomenon. The goal is to attain a broad understanding of grammatical and typological characteristics and the social and pragmatic motivations of CS in the Xerentespeaking community. Data from the grammatical analysis, performed with the support of the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF) and 4-M (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993a, 2002) models show that, in the CS used by the Akwe, the matrix language (ML) is predominantly the Xerente language, while the Portuguese language is relegated to the position of embedded language (EL) within the bilingual projection of Complementizer (CP), the unit of analysis of the MFL. Additionally, our data present samples of facts which previous studies applying the MLF model have considered to be rare. It has to do with the isolated insertion of grammatical morphemes presenting with the trace [-refers to grammatical information outside of Maximal Projection of Head] and adverbs, which we see, along with the recurrent use of some names and verbs from the Portuguese language (probably borrowings), as evidence of the advanced degree of contact between the Xerente and the Portuguese languages. This reflects the different weight of these languages in certain social domains. The configurations of this contact are also revealed by the analysis of the sociolinguistic variables and the social and pragmatic motivation of the CS, realized under the light of the Markedness Model (MYERSSCOTTON, 1993b), supported by Gumperz (1982) social and interactional approach and the assumptions of the Ethnography of Communication (HYMES, 1972[1964], 1974, 1986). It is then possible to determine that in the urban environment, among the younger population with more schooling, there is a more intense and varied use of CS. In the topic variable analysis, CS is mostly used in subjects regarding social domains related to the predominant language/culture, exactly where there are instances of diglossic conflicts in which languages find themselves in a situation of competitiveness, as pointed out by Braggio (2010). Among the events analyzed, the ritual speech of the elders is, by far, that which presents the greatest resistance to contact with Portuguese. However, in events that take place in the city, as well as other events in which topics are related to that environment, we see CS being used more frequently and presenting greater diversity/complexity. The phenomenon presents itself as a unmarked or exploratory choice, precisely in these events, which gives Portuguese a series of attributes that include the traces [+education], [+formality], [+authority], [+official] and [+sociocultural status]. In view of that, we believe that a broad understanding of CS and of the sociolinguistic configurations in which it takes place, can contribute to the academic education of indigenous populations, in the sense that it will help in the preparation of pedagogical materials. It will also help to establish goals for linguistic policies geared towards providing vitality, and strength to the linguistic and cultural autonomy of the Xerente people. Moreover, the paper also offers a contribution to sociolinguistics, to the study of languages in contact and to the study of indigenous languages, most notably, the Akwe-Xerente language. / O povo indígena xerente (Jê) habita a margem direita do rio Tocantins, aproximadamente cem quilômetros ao norte de Palmas (TO) e tem uma população estimada em 3.600 indivíduos. Após um histórico de mais de duzentos anos de contato com os não índios, os xerente mantêm a sua língua e traços culturais singulares, que constituem uma maneira particular de perceber e se inserir na realidade. Em consequência desse processo de contato cada vez mais acelerado, os xerente se encontram em estágio de bilinguismo alto (BRAGGIO, 2012), situação reveladora de fenômenos diversos, entre eles, o code-switching (CS). Nosso trabalho tem foco especial sobre esse fenômeno, com objetivo de seu entendimento amplo no que diz respeito às características gramaticais, tipológicas e as motivações sócio-pragmáticas do code-switching na comunidade de fala xerente. Os dados da análise gramatical, realizada com suporte dos modelos Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF) e 4-M (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993a, 2002) mostram que, no CS utilizado pelos akwe, a matrix language (ML), majoritariamente, é a língua xerente, restando ao português a posição de embedded language (EL) dentro da projeção do complementador (ou CP bilíngue), unidade de análise do modelo MLF. Além disso, nossos dados apresentam amostras que constituem fatos considerados mais raros em estudos prévios que aplicaram o modelo MLF. Trata-se de inserções isoladas de morfemas gramaticais que apresentam o traço [- referência à informação gramatical externa ao núcleo do sintagma] e advérbios, o que enxergamos, juntamente com a recorrência do uso de alguns nomes e verbos do português (prováveis empréstimos), como um indício do grau avançado de contato entre as línguas xerente e portuguesa, reflexo da diferença de peso entre elas em alguns domínios sociais. Essas configurações do contato também são reveladas pelas análises das variáveis sociolinguísticas e das motivações sócio-pragmáticas do CS, realizadas sob o prisma do Modelo de Marcação (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993b), com apoio da abordagem sociointeracional de Gumperz (1982) e dos pressupostos da Etnografia da Comunicação (HYMES, 1972[1964], 1974 e 1986). Verifica-se, então, que é no ambiente urbano, entre os mais jovens e mais escolarizados que se dá uma maior intensidade e variedade no uso de CS. Na análise da variável tópico, destaca-se o uso de CS em assuntos que abrangem domínios sociais relacionados à língua/cultura dominante, exatamente onde há pontos de conflitos diglóssicos em que as línguas são levadas, como aponta Braggio (2010), a uma situação de concorrência. Entre os eventos analisados, as falas rituais dos anciãos são, de longe, os eventos mais resistentes ao contato com o português. Já os eventos realizados na cidade, assim como os demais eventos em que os tópicos são relacionados a tal ambiente, são os que apresentam maior frequência e diversidade/complexidade de CS. O fenômeno se apresenta como escolha não marcada ou exploratória justamente nesses eventos, o que configura o português como um índice de um conjunto de atributos que inclui os traços [+educação], [+formalidade], [+autoridade], [+oficial] e [+status sociocultural]. Diante disso, acreditamos que o amplo entendimento do code-switching e das configurações sociolinguísticas em que ele ocorre, pode contribuir para educação escolar indígena, no sentido de auxiliar na elaboração de materiais didáticos e a traçar metas de políticas linguísticas voltadas para a vitalização, fortalecimento da autonomia linguística e cultural do povo akwe. Ademais, o trabalho também oferece uma contribuição à linguística, à sociolinguística, ao estudo de línguas em contato e ao estudo das línguas indígenas, em especial da língua akwe xerente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:18:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Gomes da Silva.pdf: 1100746 bytes, checksum: e41c16b042bba41c43fef5214950bc72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-19 / This qualitative study investigates an American immigrant group in the Central-West region of Brazil and its perceptions of the Portuguese and English languages as well as Brazilian and American cultures. More specifically, this research identifies and analyzes both language and cultural domains within the community in order to establish a sociolinguistic profile of the group. Ethnographic theory was the basis for data collection as well as for identification and analysis of the group's main cultural domains, which were evidenced in participants speeches during interviews and social interactions. Language domains were gathered through interviews, questionnaires and field observations. The theoretical section includes works on language and its influence on society (BAKER, 1993; GROSJEAN, 1982; ROMAINE, 1995), conceptions of culture in various areas of study, such as anthropology, sociology and ethnography (LARAIA, 2007; SPRADLEY, 1980; VILA NOVA, 1985), and identity and difference as social products (HALL, 2007; SANTOS, 2007; WOODWARD, 2007). Results revealed that both languages are used in the community, although English is the predominant language in most social domains. Portuguese is used within the family domain in cases of interracial marriage and during social interactions outside the community. English, in turn, is present in the other domains such as the church, the neighborhood, the school and work inside the community. Shortly, English is seen by most participants as the link that connects them to their native country while Portuguese is seen as an instrument to gain access to job and higher education. Results also revealed that faith, conversion and testimony are prominent cultural domains in the participants cultural horizons as well as a varied range of stereotypes about the American and the Brazilian cultures. / Este estudo de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa tem como objetivo geral investigar as percepções sobre as línguas portuguesa e inglesa e as culturas brasileira e norte-americana de um grupo de imigrantes que vivem na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Em termos mais específicos, a pesquisa busca identificar e analisar (a) os domínios de uso do inglês e do português na comunidade, com vistas a delinear o perfil sociolinguístico do grupo, e (b) os domínios culturais da comunidade no que diz respeito às línguas e culturas brasileira e norteamericana. Para tanto, recorremos aos princípios da etnografia para a coleta de dados e também para a identificação e análise semântica dos principais domínios culturais observados na fala dos participantes durante as entrevistas e interações sociais. Com base em entrevistas, questionários e observações de campo, investigamos os domínios de uso do inglês e do português no interior da comunidade. O referencial teórico deste trabalho apresenta estudos que discorrem sobre a língua e sua influência na sociedade (BAKER, 1993; GROSJEAN, 1982; ROMAINE, 1995), os conceitos de cultura veiculados por diversas áreas do saber, como a antropologia, a sociologia e a etnografia (LARAIA, 2007; SPRADLEY, 1980; VILA NOVA, 1985) e, ainda, a identidade e a diferença como produtos do meio social (HALL, 2007; SANTOS, 2007; WOODWARD, 2007). Os resultados mostram que tanto o português quanto o inglês são usadas na comunidade, embora haja predominância do inglês. Ao que se refere aos domínios de uso das línguas, a língua portuguesa é usada no domínio familiar nos casos de casamentos inter-raciais e nas interações sociais, fora da comunidade. A língua inglesa, por sua vez, predomina nos demais domínios, isto é, na igreja, na escola, na vizinhança e no trabalho para aqueles que atuam no interior da comunidade. O inglês é visto pela maioria como o elo que os une ao país de origem enquanto que o português é o instrumento de trabalho. O estudo também mostra que o horizonte cultural dos participantes perpassa domínios culturais tais como a fé, a conversão e o testemunho, além de revelar estereótipos sobre as culturas norte-americana e brasileira.

Abstract This thesis discusses the Veps indefinite pronoun system and its development. I show how the long lasting contact effect of Russian can be perceived in the Veps indefinite pronoun system. The approach I have adopted in this study combines insights from multilingualism and linguistic typology. The study is concerned mainly with the synchronic level of the language, but I have also examined the diachrony of the system. The data of this study consist of both sociolinguistic and language data, quantitative and qualitative data, old and new data, and data representing both written as well as spoken registers. The study consists of four separate publications. The first of them is a collaborative publication, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report. The publication has a sociolinguistic viewpoint: it enlightens the linguistic situation of the Vepsians. In the article The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns, I describe the Veps indefinite pronouns by means of the semantic map methodology. I show that, despite the numerous similarities between the Russian and Veps pronominal series, the Veps indefinite pronouns actually constitute a distinctive system. In the article Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns, I classify the Veps indefiniteness markers as MAT (morpheme transfer) loans or PAT (morphological pattern transfer) loans, according to the manner in which they have been acquired from Russian. I show that the Veps indefinite pronominal system has undergone obvious contact-induced morphological changes. In the article Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö, I show that in addition to the interrogative-derived indefinite pronouns the use of bare interrogatives as indefinites is common in Veps. I have divided this use into nine different clause and phrase structures. In the study, I show that the diachronically unstable system of indefinite pronouns has undergone many changes in Veps, due to language contact with Russian. From the individual speaker’s mind and speech, the effect of Russian has gradually spread as a part of the linguistic system of the Veps speech community. Thus, the contacts of the Veps and Russian speech communities have resulted in changes in the Veps indefinite pronoun system. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani vepsän kielen indefiniittipronominijärjestelmää ja sen kehitystä. Osoitan, miten venäjän vuosisatoja jatkunut kontaktivaikutus näkyy vepsän indefiniittipronominien järjestelmässä. Tarkastelun näkökulmat olen omaksunut kontaktilingvistiikasta, monikielisyystutkimuksesta ja typologisesta kielentutkimuksesta. Tutkimus koskee pääosin kielen synkronista tasoa, mutta olen ottanut kantaa myös järjestelmän diakroniseen kehitykseen. Tutkimuksen aineistokokonaisuuteen kuuluu sekä sosiolingvististä että kieliaineistoa, kvantitatiivista ja kvalitatiivista aineistoa, uutta ja vanhaa aineistoa sekä niin kirjoitettua kuin puhuttuakin kieltä. Tutkimus koostuu neljästä erillisestä osajulkaisusta. Ensimmäinen niistä on yhteisjulkaisu, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report. Julkaisu on näkökulmaltaan sosiolingvistinen: se valottaa vepsäläisten kielellistä tilannetta. Artikkelissa The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns kuvaan vepsän indefiniittipronomineja semanttisten karttojen metodologian avulla. Osoitan, että lukuisista venäjän ja vepsän kielen pronominisarjojen yhtäläisyyksistä huolimatta vepsän indefiniittipronominit muodostavat omaleimaisen järjestelmänsä. Artikkelissa Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns luokittelen vepsän venäjän kielestä lainatut indefiniittisyyden tunnukset niiden lainaustavan mukaan joko MAT- tai PAT-lainoiksi. MAT-lainoissa kielelliset segmentit toisinnetaan toisessa kielessä, PAT-lainoissa funktionaaliset mallit. Osoitan, että vepsän indefiniittipronominien järjestelmässä on tapahtunut selviä kontaktilähtöisiä morfologisia muutoksia. Artikkelissa Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö osoitan, että tunnuksisten indefiniittipronominien lisäksi käytetään vepsässä yleisesti myös paljaita interrogatiiveja. Olen jaotellut niiden esiintymisympäristöt yhdeksäksi erilaiseksi lause- ja lausekerakenteeksi. Tutkimuksessa osoitan, että indefiniittipronominien diakronisesti epästabiili järjestelmä on vepsässä kokenut venäjän kontaktivaikutuksesta monia muutoksia. Yksittäisen kielenpuhujan mielestä ja puheesta venäjän vaikutus on vähitellen levinnyt osaksi vepsäläisen kieliyhteisön kielen järjestelmää. Näin vepsäläisen ja venäläisen puhujayhteisön kontaktit ovat johtaneet vepsän kielen indefiniittipronominien systeemin muutokseen. / Lühenduz Ičein dissertacijas minä tarkištelen vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemad i sen kehitoitust. Ozutan, kut äjad voz’sadad olijad kontaktad tuleba sil’mnägubale vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemas. Tedotön perspektivaks olen otnu ičelein kontaktkel’oppindan, äikeližuz’oppindan i tipologižuz’oppindan pirdoid. Tedotö om tobjimalaz sinhronine, no olen tarkištanu mugažo erasid problemoid diahronižen kehitoitusen sistemaspäi. Tedotön lähtematerialoihe mülüb sociolingivistižid materialoid, kel’materialoid, kvantitativižid i kvalitativižid materialoid, uzid i vanhoid materialoid paginkelespäi i kirjutadud kelespäi. Neciš tedotös om nel’l’ erilašt kirjutest. Ezmäine niišpäi, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report, om ühthižkirjutez. Necen kirjutesen nägemuz om sociolingvistine. Sen päazj om tedištada i ezitada vepsän kelen i vepsläižiden oloid nügüd’aigas. Kirjuteses The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns kuvadan vepsän indefinitižid pronominoid semantižiden kartoiden metodologian abul. Ozutan, miše hot’ venän i vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden affiksoiden kogomused oma karthižed, vepsän indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistem om kaiken-se originaline. Kirjuteses Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns tarkištan venäkelespäi vepsän kel’he ottud affiksad MAT- i PAT- velgmaneran mödhe. MAT-velg znamoičeb, miše ühten kelen kel’material kopiruidas toižehe kel’he, a PAT-velgoiš kopiruidas vaiše znamoičendoid. Ozutan, miše vepsän indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemas om sündunu morfologižid vajehtesid, miččed oma sel’ktad kel’kontaktoiden jäl’ged. Kirjuteses Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö ozutan, miše indefinitižiden pronominoiden ližaks vepsän keles voib kävutada interrogativižid pronominoid indefinitižiden pronominoiden sijas. Olen tarkištanu virkehid, kus nene azjad ezineba i olen mülütanu niid ühesandehe erazvuiččehe gruppaha. Indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistem ei ole diahronijan polespäi seižui. Ičein oppindas ozutan, miše vepsän kelen sistem om lujas vajehtanus venäkelen kontaktpainandan tagut. Ühten kelen pagižijan melespäi i paginaspäi om venäkelen painastuz aigan sirttes levitanus vepsän kelen sistemaha. Muga oma vepsän i venän pagižijoiden keskeižed kosketused vajehtanuded vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemad.