El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre los estilos de liderazgo y la transformación digital en las sucursales de las entidades financieras en Lima Moderna, 2021. Con el fin de validar si los estilos de liderazgo transaccional, liderazgo transformador y liderazgo trascendental tienen una relación con la transformación digital realizamos este estudio para servir de base a las entidades bancarias y no pierdan su nivel de posicionamiento en el mercado. El diseño de la investigación es No experimental - Transversal. Para recolectar la información se aplicó una encuesta cualitativa tipo Likert con 5 niveles a una muestra de 349 colaboradores de los 4 bancos más representativos del Perú a nivel Lima Moderna: Banco de Crédito del Perú, BBVA Banco Continental, Interbank y Scotiabank; calculando el número de colaboradores a encuestar por banco según participación de mercado. Para determinar la fiabilidad del instrumento, se realizó el cálculo del coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach donde se obtuvo un valor de 0.804 en los estilos de liderazgo y 0.801 para la transformación digital, lo cual indica que nuestro instrumento es confiable al tener valores muy cercanos al 1. Finalmente se obtuvo un valor de 0.764, lo cual llevó a rechazar la hipótesis nula y aceptar la hipótesis general. Lo cual indica que la relación entre los estilos de liderazgo y la transformación digital en las sucursales de las entidades financieras en Lima Moderna, 2021 es significativa y positiva y corresponde a una correlación alta. / The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between leadership styles and digital transformation in the branches of financial institutions in Lima Moderna, 2021. In order to validate whether transactional leadership, transformational leadership and transcendental leadership styles have a relationship with digital transformation, we conducted this study to serve as a basis for banking institutions and not to lose their level of positioning in the market. The research design is non-experimental - Transversal. To collect the information, a qualitative Likert-type survey with 5 levels was applied to a sample of 349 employees of the 4 most representative banks in Peru at the Modern Lima level: Banco de Crédito del Perú, BBVA Banco Continental, Interbank and Scotiabank; calculating the number of employees to be surveyed per bank according to market share. To determine the reliability of the instrument, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated, where a value of 0.804 was obtained in the leadership styles and 0.801 for the digital transformation, which indicates that our instrument is reliable as it has values ​​very close to the 1. Finally, a value of 0.764 was obtained, which led to rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the general hypothesis. Which indicates that the relationship between leadership styles and digital transformation in branches of financial institutions in Lima Moderna, 2021 is significant and positive and corresponds to a high correlation. / Tesis

Titel: Hybridarbete, det nya arbetssättet efter Covid-19. - Samspelet mellan situationsanpassat ledarskap, arbetsutförande och psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Problembakgrund: Covid-19 har inneburit en förändrad arbetssituation inom tjänstesektorn, vilket lett till att hybridarbete implementerats. Med ledarens centrala uppgift, att påverka de anställda att nå organisationens mål, förändras ledarskapet och i vilken kontext som ledarskapet utövas eftersom medarbetare delvis befinner sig på distans. Att arbeta på en hybridarbetplats innebär även en förändrad arbetsmiljö för de anställda. Hybridarbete och dess arbetsmiljö kan därmed identifieras som en utmaning för ledarskapet i syfte att påverka de anställdas arbetsutförande. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur medarbetarnas arbetsutförande kan påverkas av chefens situationsanpassade ledarskap och en förändrad psykosocial arbetsmiljö på en hybridarbetsplats.  Metod: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats. Enkätundersökningar har utformats i Microsoft Forms och besvarats av 70 respondenter, varav 60 medarbetare och 10 chefer, som använder sig av en hybridarbetsplats. Slutsats: Beroende på hur chefer anpassar sin ledarskapsstil, i termer av kommunikation, anpassningsförmåga, tillgänglighet och socialt stöd får det en positiv eller negativ inverkan på medarbetarnas arbetsutförande. Chefer bör beakta individens preferenser avseende den psykosociala arbetsmiljön, eftersom en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö stärker arbetsutförandet. / Title: Hybrid work, the new way of working after Covid-19. - The interplay between situational leadership, work performance and psychosocial work environment. Problem: Covid-19 has meant a changed work situation in the service sector, which has led to hybrid work being implemented. With the leader's central task, to influence the employees to achieve the organization's goals, the leadership changes and in which context the leadership is exercised because employees are partly at a distance. Working in a hybrid workplace also means a changed work environment for the employees. Hybrid work and these work environments can thus be identified as a challenge for leadership to influence employees' work performance. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of how employees' work performance can be affected by the manager's situation-adapted leadership and a changed psychosocial work environment in a hybrid workplace. Method: The study is based on a quantitative method with an abductive approach. Surveys were designed in Microsoft Forms and answered by 70 respondents, including 60 employees and 10 managers, who use a hybrid workplace. Results: Depending on how managers adapt their leadership style, in terms of communication, adaptability, accessibility and social support, it has a positive or negative impact on employees' work performance. Managers should consider the individual's preferences regarding the psychosocial work environment, as good psychosocial work environment strengthens work performance.

As the focal point of the school, the principal’s leadership is integral to its effective functioning. This study used a self-assessment to analyze the self-identified strengths of principals in Islamic schools within the five most populated states in the United States (which also have the largest number of mosques) and the commonalities in those strengths based on (a) the enrollment of the school; (b) year school was established; (c) the gender of the principal; (d) the principal’s professional preparation, e.g., degree in education vs. other fields and years of experience; and (e) geographic location. While only a small amount of statistical significance was evident (p < .05) in exploring the differences between groups, several conclusions were made. In analyzing the strengths of the principals, the least selected strength was Significance and the most was Analytical, which had the highest proportion of affirmatively responding principals as compared to any of the other strengths. Additionally, the relationship between principal strength and school enrollment resulted in for the strengths of Command and Developer at a significance level that was less stringent than the p = .002 dictated by the study; principals at schools that have a student enrollment of 151-200 ranked Command higher as compared to principals in schools of other sizes, whereas those with an enrollment of 150 or fewer students ranked Developer as a more preferred strength. In addressing principal strengths and gender, the results showcased males ranking Self-assuredness as their preferred trait more frequently than their female counterparts, who preferred Futuristic. Furthermore, the relationship of principal strengths and area of education resulted in the strengths of Activator, Maximizer, and Positivity as being iv ranked higher for principals who had a degree in education at the p = .05 level. The strengths of Empathy, Harmony, and Responsibility (p < .05) and Deliberative (p < .01) were ranked higher by principals who did not have a degree in education. Also, based on the average rankings of principal strengths, Achiever indicated the strongest association for principals with a degree in education and Deliberative for principals who did not. The results of the mean ranking of the strengths among principals of differing years of experience resulted in the ranking of Focus and Includer at higher levels for principals with 3-6 years of experience (p < .01). Furthermore, the average rankings showcased the strength of Achiever as the most strongly rated for principals with less than 3 years of experience, Focus for principals with 3-6 years of experience, and Analytical for principals with more than 6 years. Examination of principal strengths based on geographic location was conducted descriptively due to small group sizes. Among the five states of focus, average rankings of strengths indicated that Deliberative was the most preferred among California principals, Includer among Florida principals, Activator among Illinois respondents, Command among New York principals, and Analytical in Texas.

Studien har som syfte att undersöka hur framgångsrika ledare framställs idag och till vilken utsträckning samt i vilka situationer de brukar ett auktoritärt ledarskap. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har dagsaktuella ledarskapstrender samt fiktiva ledare i aktuell populärkultur analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att vissa egenskaper är gemensamma hos framgångsrika ledare i såväl trender som hos fiktiva ledare. Det råder delade meningar samt avsaknad av en nyanserad förklaring av vad som är ett auktoritärt ledarskap. Genom att sätta ihop en samlad bild av ett auktoritärt ledarskap går det att urskilja hur vissa situationer efterfrågar och förväntar ett auktoritärt ledarskap. / The purpose of this study is to examine how successful leaders are portrayed today and to what extent as well in which situations they practice authoritarian leadership. To fulfill the purpose of the study have current leadership trends and fictitious leaders in recent popular culture been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The results indicate that some characteristics are mutual for successful leaders in trends as well as fictitious leaders. There is a disagreement and a lack of nuanced definition of an authoritarian leadership. Creating a collective definition of an authoritarian leadership makes it possible to discern how certain situations demand and expect authoritarian leadership.

Ständig forskning pågår kring begreppet ledarskap i relation med andra viktiga delar som inkluderas i ledarskapet. Tidigare studier har undersökt ledarskapets påverkan på medarbetarnas motivation men resultaten är spretiga och trots omfattande studier tycks forskare inte vara helt överens. Forskningen kring ledarskap har gått från att främst handla om ledaren till att även inkludera följderna av ledarskapet. Det är även grunden för denna studie vars syfte är att förklara hur den transformativa och transaktionella ledarskapsstilen påverkar medarbetarnas motivation i arbetet samt beskriva på vilka sätt medarbetare inom rekryterings- och bemanningsbranschen i Sverige motiveras olika beroende på könstillhörighet. Studien är uppbyggd på en kvantitativ metod där hypoteser är utformade för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. Hypoteserna och forskningsfrågorna i studien undersöker ledarskapsstil och motivation indelat i inre och yttre motivation. Enkätundersökningen är utformad i Webbankäter.com och de påståenden som återfinns i enkäten är inspirerade av mätinstrumentet Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Utöver det är påståendena också formulerade utifrån dimensionerna inom det transformativa och transaktionella ledarskapet samt de ledarskapsbeteenden som återfinns inom respektive dimension. Studiens resultat visar att ledarskapsbeteenden inom det transformativa ledarskapet har en signifikant positiv påverkan på både män och kvinnors motivation, dock motiveras de av olika dimensioner och beteenden. Resultaten gällande det transaktionella ledarskapet visar att det endast är två dimensioner inom ledarskapet som har en signifikant positiv påverkan på män och kvinnors motivation. / Constant research is being conducted on leadership in relation to other important elements that are included in leadership. Previous studies have investigated the impact of leadership on employee motivation but the results are scattered and despite extensive studies, researchers don't seem to be in a complete agreement. Research has gone from primarily focusing on the leader to also including the consequences of leadership. That is also the purpose with this study, that aims to explain how the transformative and transactional leadership style affects employees motivation and describe in what ways employees in the recruitment- and staffing industry in Sweden are motivated differently depending on gender. The study is based on a quantitative method and hypotheses are designed to answer the study’s research questions. The hypotheses and research questions in the study investigate leadership style and motivation divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The survey is designed in Webbenkäter.com and the statements found in the survey are inspired by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). In addition to that, the statements are also formulated based on the dimensions within transformative and transactional leadership and the leadership behaviors found within each dimension. The results of the study shows that the behaviors within the transformative leadership has a significant positive impact on both men and women’s motivation, although they are motivated by different dimensions and behaviors within the transformative leadership. The results regarding transactional leadership shows that only two of the three dimensions has a significant positive impact on men and women’s motivation.

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In all workplaces there are some type of a leader, a leader who in some way must guide and drive the work-group towards success. Today, there is a lot of research into what drives the employee forward and creates motivation. Research that is harder to find on the other hand is how the actual managers work about creating motivation and what their own view is of their leadership.   The purpose of this study is to fill that knowledge gap by finding out how managers view their own leadership, what view they have of their employees and how they feel they work with motivating their work group. In order to find out, a qualitative study of eight interviews with managers of different levels in the industrial sector was carried out, based on McGregor's theory X and Y, in Lewin's three leadership styles; authoritarian, democratic and let-go and in self-determination theory. In the study, the focus has been on the managers' perspective, which gives a subjective picture based on the respondents in the study's perspective.   The results of the study showed that the managers view their employees based on Theory Y, which means that they see people as voluntary workers and that people have the ability to make their own decisions. How the leadership styles could be applied to the managers was not as clear as there were elements of both the authoritarian and the let-go leadership style, but it turned out that the democratic leadership style was dominant among the managers. Finally, it could be stated that managers use both internal and external motivational factors to motivate their work group. Based on their motivation exercise, however, the managers show that it is the inner motivational factors that the greatest focus is on in order to achieve a high level of motivation. / På alla arbetsplatser finns det någon typ av ledare, en ledare som på något sätt ska vägleda och driva arbetsgruppen mot framgång. Idag finns det en hel del forskning på vad som driver medarbetaren framåt och skapar motivation. Forskning som är svårare att hitta är däremot hur cheferna går till väga för att skapa motivation och vad deras egen syn är på sitt ledarskap. Denna studies syfte är att fylla den kunskapsluckan genom att ta reda på hur chefer ser på sitt eget ledarskap, vilket synsätt de har på sina anställda och hur de upplever att de går till väga för att motivera sin arbetsgrupp. För att kunna ta reda på detta genomfördes en kvalitativ studie på åtta intervjuer med chefer av olika nivåer inom industrisektorn. Detta med grund i McGregors teori X och Y, i Lewins tre ledarskapsstilar; auktoritär, demokratisk och låt-gå och i självbestämmandeteorin. I studien har fokus legat på chefernas perspektiv, vilket ger en subjektiv bild utifrån respondenterna i studiens perspektiv. Resultatet i studien visade att cheferna ser på sina anställda utifrån Teori Y, vilket innebär att de ser människan som frivilligt arbetande och att människan besitter förmågan att ta egna beslut. Hur ledarskapsstilarna kunde appliceras på cheferna var inte lika tydligt då det fanns inslag av både den auktoritära-och låt-gå-ledarskapsstilen, men det visade sig att den demokratiska ledarskapsstilen var dominerande hos cheferna. Slutligen kunde man konstatera att chefer använder sig både av inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer för att motivera sin arbetsgrupp. Utifrån deras motivationsutövande visar dock cheferna att det är de inre motivationsfaktorerna som störst fokus ligger på för att uppnå en hög motivationsnivå.

In the face of globalisation, one of the challenges for Christians ministering to asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom is the question of integrating Christian asylum seekers and refugees into the Christian community. British churches and para-church organisations that are involved in refugee ministry have to decide whether they want to support the formation of independent refugee churches or the integration of refugees and asylum seekers into local indigenous churches. This thesis examines these options from a missiological perspective. Two social research projects form the heart of this study. One compares the life and ministry of two mature minority ethnic churches, the other investigates the integration process at a British church that has been involved in refugee ministry for almost a decade. Contrary to the widespread view that the establishment of homogeneous churches is crucial for the mission of the church in postmodern British society, the findings of this research suggest that the integration of asylum seekers and refugees into indigenous British churches is the better option. They further demonstrate that it is not the mono-ethnic refugee church but the multi-ethnic church which makes the greater contribution to the integration of Christian asylum seekers and refugees and to the missio Dei in Britain. In a multi-ethnic church, asylum seekers and refugees serve as role models to British Christians and especially as effective agents of mission. These research findings also show that the integration of asylum seekers and refugees is promoted through the congregation within the congregation model and an incarnational approach to mission. However, they equally indicate that various stumbling blocks can hinder the integration process. These include a low ecclesiology, a conversionist approach to mission, a lack of awareness of globalisation, and a reactive leadership style and church culture. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th ((Missiology)Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology)

In Botswana secondary schools, a positive climate is more of an ideal than a reality. It is the task of stakeholders particularly the headteacher's to create and sustain a conducive learning environment to improve pupils' academic and behaviour standards. To a large extent, the headteacher, as an individual occupying the highest official position in the school, determines how the school is run. His/her expectations, values, beliefs, relationships with teachers and the examples he/she sets for the whole school shape the climate in the school. The headteacher can promote or inhibit a positive climate through his/her leadership behaviour pattern. Thus, the headteacher's leadership style is significant in creating and sustaining a positive school climate. This study has been undertaken to examine the connectedness between headteacher leadership style and school climate. This research focuses on the improvement of climate in Botswana secondary schools through the headteacher's appropriate use of leadership styles in different situations with a view to answer the following questions: What different leadership styles are employed by school headteachers? What are the different types of climates in schools? Are the leadership styles of school headteachers responsible for the climate that exists in their schools? What are the implications of the headteachers' leadership styles for school climate? How can school climate be improved? What roles can the headteachers, teachers and other stakeholders play to improve school climate? The research report comprises six chapters: Chapter one contains the background information of the research, statement of the research problem, aim and objectives of the research, demarcation of the study, definition of concepts, research methods and the research structure. Chapter two presents a review of literature on leadership styles, factors affecting it and discussion of models from different perspectives form part of this chapter. However, the emphasis is on Hersey and Blanchard's situational model which proposes the appropriate use of leadership styles to suit situations. Chapter three covers a review of relevant literature on school climate and factors affecting it. Chapter four presents detailed report on the empirical study. Questionnaires each of which contains items on leadership styles and school climate were responded to by secondary school teachers and interviews were conducted with headteachers. Chapter five contains data analysis and interpretation. Various leadership styles used by headteachers and the corresponding climates were identified. The findings indicated that the type of climate that exists in schools is related to the headteachers leadership style. It emerged that organisational climates vary in schools and that the participating leadership style promotes an open organisational climate. Implications for school performance and for the nation's vision (Vision 2016) was given. Chapter six presents findings from the literature study as well as the empirical study, conclusions based on the findings and recommendations for improvement for practice and further research. / Educational Studies / DED (EDUC MANAGEMENT)

The study focuses on management strategies of the highly impoverished secondary schools of the Mount Fletcher District in the Eastern Cape. Challenges facing the impoverished learners and managerial experiences of principals of these schools have been discussed in the study. A literature review provided a conceptual framework and covered definitions of poverty, school management strategies, leadership styles and qualities required for a successful principal heading a secondary school with impoverished learners. An empirical investigation using a qualitative approach was conducted and data gathered by means of interviews with principals, Life Orientation teachers and parents. Finally a synopsis of findings and recommendations were made to assist the policy makers, Departmental officials, principals, teachers and parents in proper management of secondary schools in the poor rural communities. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)