Med studien ville vi lyfta fram de faktorer som kan underlätta eller försvåra när man som förskollärare gör en anmälan till socialtjänsten vid oro om att ett barn far illa. Denna kvalitativa studie genomfördes genom fem intervjuer med utbildade förskollärare från tre olika kommuner i mellansverige. Vår empiriska data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt accountteorin och begreppen normer och normalitet. Analysen visade att det fanns både emotionella barriärer inom förskollärarna som försvårade, men även externa hinder. Förskollärarna kände en känsla av osäkerhet samt värnade om den relation de hade till barnets föräldrar vilket försvårade när de ställdes inför att göra en anmälan. Det visade sig också finnas en stor gråzon kring var gränsen går för när de ska göra en orosanmälan och samtliga förskollärare upplevde en brist på kunskap inom flera områden relaterade till anmälningsplikten. Alla förskollärare hade även begränsad erfarenhet av socialtjänsten och det fanns en övervägande negativ syn på det arbete som socialtjänsten utför efter inkommen anmälan. Det framkom fler faktorer som försvårar en anmälan än som underlättar. De två faktorer som framkom som underlättar för att genomföra en anmälan är faktorer på förskolan som arbetsplats. Förskollärarna kände att arbetslaget skapade en trygghet när de genomförde en anmälan och att det fanns tydliga riktlinjer att följa innebar att själva genomförandet av anmälan inte är svår när de kom till den punkten. / The aim of this study was to highlight the factors that can facilitate or complicate when preschool teachers make a report to the social services about the risk of children being maltreated. This qualitative study was conducted through five interviews with qualified preschool teachers from three municipalities in central Sweden. The empirical data was analysed using the qualitaive content analysis, account theory and norms and normality. The results showed that there are both emotional barriers within preschool teachers’ themselves that complicates, but also external obstacles. The preschool teachers experienced a sense of insecurity and they valued the relationship with the parents of the children, which complicates when making a report. It also appeared to be a great grey area about when to make the decision to and actually file a report. All preschool teachers experienced a lack of knowledge regarding several fields connected to the mandatory reporting. All participants also had a limited experience of the social services and there was a predominantly negative view on the work that the social services performed after they received a report. It appeared to be more factors that complicate the process of making a report, than factors that facilitate. The two facilitating factors were related to their working enviroment in the preschool. The preschool teachers felt that the team they worked with established a sense of comfort when making a report. They also expressed that well defined and easily accessible guidelines about how to file a report helped once they had reached that point.

Titel: Oro hos förskolepersonal vid misstankar om barn som far illa. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka kunskap, inställning, och erfarenheter som anställd förskolepersonal i Gnosjö kommun har gällande att anmäla misstanke eller kännedom om att barn far illa.   Metod: Den metod som använts är pappersenkäter som skickats ut med post. Anställda på de kommunala förskolor samt en fristående privat förskola i Gnosjö deltog i enkätundersökning. Undersökningen inkluderade både öppna och slutna frågor tillsammans med 3-stegs vinjetter. Resultat: Få orosanmälningar görs av förskolepersonal och kunskapshöjande insatser efterfrågas av förskolepersonalen, trots att majoriteten anger att de har kunskap om orosanmälningar. Förskolepersonalen upplever till viss del bristande stöd av socialtjänsten, men stöd inom personalgruppen. Det finns samband mellan antal yrkesverksamma år och delaktighet i orosanmälningar. Förskolepersonalen beskriver oro för konflikter med föräldrar vid orosanmälan. Dessutom beskrivs att det förekommer att deras rektor hindrar orosanmälningar. Slutsats: Slutsats: Det finns ett behov av de kunskapshöjande insatser som önskas av förskolepersonalen, för att öka kunskap om orosanmälningar från förskolan som det finns en avsaknad av. / Title: Concern among preschool-staff in case of suspicion of children being maltreated Purpose: The thesis aims to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of preschool-staff in Gnosjö municipality concerning reporting suspicions or knowledge of child maltreatment.  Method: The method used for data collection is questionnaires sent out by post. Employees at the municipal preschools and an independent private preschool in Gnosjö participated in a survey. Questionnaires included both open and closed questions along with 3-step vignettes. Results: Few reports of concern are made by the preschool staff and they request knowledge-raising efforts, despite the majority describing that they have knowledge of reports of concern. The preschool staff experience a lack of support from social services, but experiences support from their staff group. There is correlation between years of work experience and participation in reports of concern. Preschool staff describe fear of conflicts with parents when reporting concern. They also described that their manager could prevent reports of concern. Conclusion: There is a need for the knowledge-raising efforts desired by the preschool staff, to increase knowledge of reports of concern from the preschool, of which there is a lack.

Covid-19-pandemin och efterföljande marknadskrasch skapar en unik möjlighet att analysera det finansiella värdet av hållbarhet. Denna studie undersöker uthållighet hos hållbara företag på den svenska aktiemarknaden under Covid-19-kraschen. Tidigare litteratur är tvetydig gällande värdet av hållbarhet men indikerar att det kan agera som en “hedge” under kristid. Däremot saknas forskning om detta samband på marknader där hållbarhetsrapportering är obligatoriskt. Denna studie analyserar Covid-19-kraschen med hjälp av en eventstudiemetod. Genom tvärsnitts- och difference-in-differences regression analyserar vi avvikelseavkastning för hållbara företag på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Efter kontroller för företags- och dagsfasta effekter finner vi att de mest hållbara svenska företagen fick en daglig avvikelseavkastning på 0,526 procent från 24 februari 2020 till 31 mars 2020. Dock hade samma företag en daglig avvikelseavkastning på -0,518 procent efter den 16 mars 2020, då Sveriges regering och riksbank presenterade krispaket för att stimulera den svenska ekonomin. Detta resultat indikerar att hållbarhet hade en positiv påverkan på företags uthållighet på aktiemarknaden under Covid-19-kraschen. Resultatet är statistiskt signifikant och går i linje med tidigare studier på marknader som inte omfattas av obligatorisk hållbarhetsrapportering. / The Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent market crash provides a unique opportunity to analyze the financial value ​​of environmental and social (ES) sustainability. This study examines the resiliency of sustainable companies in the Swedish stock market during the crisis. Previous literature is ambiguous about the value of sustainability but indicates that it can act as a hedge in times of crisis. However, research on this subject is lacking in markets where sustainability reporting is mandatory. This study uses an event study design to analyze the Covid-19 crash. We analyze abnormal returns for sustainable companies in Sweden through cross-sectional and difference-in-differences regression. Following controls for day and firm fixed effects we find that the Swedish companies within the highest quartile of sustainability score received a daily abnormal return of 0,526 percent from 24 February 2020 to 31 March 2020. However, the same companies had a daily abnormal return of -0,518 percent after 16 March 2020, when the Swedish Government and the Swedish Riksbank presented crisis packages to stimulate the Swedish economy. The results indicate that sustainability positively affected stock resilience during the Covid-19-crisis. Our results are statistically significant and align with similar studies in markets where sustainability reporting is not mandatory.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka förskole- och skolpersonals upplevelser och erfarenheter av barn som far illa och de omständigheter som leder fram till en orosanmälan. Empirin har samlats in med hjälp av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer och har sedan analyserats med hjälp av rollteori. Resultaten påvisar att personalen är införstådd i det enskilda anmälningsansvar som föreligger utifrån 14 kap. 1 § Socialtjänstlagen (SFS 2001:453), men att personalens förmåga att identifiera oro är såväl individuellt som kontextuellt betingad. Studien belyser också att personal inom skola och förskola anser att den utbildning och det stöd de får gällande orosanmälningar är bristfällig, varför de önskar en bättre samverkan med socialtjänsten. I analysen av det empiriska materialet framkommer att rollkonflikter och rolloklarheter kan uppstå i de fall personalen inte upplever en tydlig ram kring när, och hur, en orosanmälan ska göras. Slutligen belyser studien att samverkan mellan skolor/förskolor och socialtjänsten uppenbart behöver förbättras för att öka personalens anmälningsbenägenhet. / The purpose of this work was to investigate preschool and school staff's experiences of maltreated children and the circumstances that lead to a report of concern. The data was collected using five semi-structured interviews and were then analyzed by using role theory. The results show that the staff are aware of the individual responsibility to report concern that exists based on 14 ch. 1 § of the Social Services Act (SFS 2001:453) and 29 ch. 13 § of the Swedish Education Act (SFS 2010:800), but that the staff's ability to identify concerns is both based on both individual and contextual factors. The study also highlights that staff in schools and preschools consider that the training and support they receive regarding reports of concern is insufficient, which is why they wish for better collaboration with the Social Services. In the analysis of the empirical material, it appears that role conflicts and role ambiguity can arise in cases where the staff do not experience a clear framework for when, and how, a report of concern should be made. Finally, this study highlights that collaboration between school/preschool and the Social Services clearly needs to be improved in order to increase the staff's willingness to report.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera och förklara utvecklingen av den frivilliga och lagstadgade hållbarhetsredovisningen mellan år 2015 och 2018. Anledningen till detta är att frågor som rör miljön och klimatet blivit allt viktigare i dagens samhälle. Konsekvensen av detta har dels blivit att nya lagstiftningar har instiftats, dels att diverse olika organisationer tagit fram en mängd olika direktiv och ramverk som är frivilliga att följa. För att undersöka denna problematik har empiri tagits fram genom en innehållsanalys där års- och hållbarhetsrapporter har analyserats. Innehållsanalysen har utförts på sju olika företag inom tre branscher. Dessa branscher är dagligvaruhandeln, skogs- och pappersindustrin samt bygg- och anläggningsindustrin.  I analysen har empirin tolkats med hjälp av en teoretisk referensram innehållande följande teorier: legitimitetsteorin, intressentteorin och multi-level governance. Resultatet har visat att den frivilliga rapporteringen blivit allt viktigare för samtliga företag i uppsatsen, detta på grund av att intressenter och investerare idag har högre krav på företagen i dessa frågor. Slutsatsen i arbetet är därav att hållbarhetsredovisning och framförallt den frivilliga delen har utvecklats från att tidigare vara mer ytlig till att idag karaktäriseras av ett mer omfattande arbete. Under analysens första år fanns tendenser till att företag endast kort beskrev sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Detta har utvecklats under analysens sista år då hållbarhetsrapporterna istället innehåller en mer djupgående och omfattande beskrivning. Det innebär att både förarbete och resultat av hållbarhetsarbetet beskrivs. / The purpose of this paper has been to analyze and explain the development of the voluntary and mandatory sustainability reporting between 2015 and 2018. The reason behind is that issues relating to the environment and the climate have become increasingly important in today's society. The consequence has been that legislation has been instituted, but also that organizations have produced a variety of directives that are voluntary to follow. In order to investigate this problem, empirical data has been developed through a content analysis where annual and sustainability reports have been analyzed. The content analysis has been implemented on seven different companies within three industries. These industries are the grocery trade, the forest and paper industry and the construction industry.  The analysis has been interpreted by a theoretical framework containing the theory of legitimacy, stakeholder theory and multi-level governance. The result has shown that the voluntary reporting has become increasingly important for all companies in the paper. The reason behind is that stakeholders today have higher demands on the companies. The conclusion is therefore that the sustainability report and, above all, the voluntary part have evolved from earlier being more superficial to today being characterized by a more extensive work. During the first year of the analysis, companies tended to only briefly describe their sustainability work. This has been developed during the last year of the analysis as it now contains a more comprehensive description. This means that both preliminary work and results of the sustainability work are described.

Estudo de abordagem qualitativa que teve como objetivos conhecer e analisar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde e dos usuários do SUS, sobre a violência de gênero e a compreensão da notificação compulsória de violência contra a mulher no conjunto das ações de enfrentamento, a fim de elencar subsídios para elaboração de um projeto conjunto de intervenção na realidade. O estudo foi realizado com profissionais de saúde representantes das doze unidades da Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Distrito do Capão Redondo, profissionais da Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Sul e usuários do SUS da mesma região. Os dados foram coletados durante a realização de três sessões de uma Oficina de Trabalho em que os discursos grupais foram gravados, transcritos e submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram analisados segundo as categorias analíticas de gênero e violência de gênero. Os resultados mostram que os grupos possuem uma visão conservadora acerca da construção da masculinidade e feminilidade, evidente pela confirmação de papéis idealizados para o homem e para a mulher, revelando estereótipos próprios do senso comum: homem - provedor e mulher - cuidadora. O grupo reconhece a violência de gênero como violação dos direitos humanos e a interface que ela possui com a saúde. As dificuldades de enfrentamento encontram-se no despreparo dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao reconhecimento e atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência. Associado a isso, está o desconhecimento dos caminhos utilizados para o enfrentamento do problema. Quanto à notificação compulsória da violência, constatou-se que reconhecem a inexistência da utilização do serviço, a despeito da sua importância para conferir visibilidade aos casos de violência. Consideram importante a elaboração de políticas públicas a partir da realidade constatada. No entanto, não diferenciam a notificação compulsória da denúncia por meio de Boletim de Ocorrência. O desconhecimento de todo o processo que envolve a notificação de violência gera desconforto e medo tanto nos profissionais quanto nos usuários. As propostas de intervenção discutidas pelo grupo incluem a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde para o atendimento e a realização da notificação, associada à definição de fluxos e à construção de uma rede de atenção às mulheres em situação de violência. / Qualitative approach study with the objective of knowing and analyzing the perceptions of health professionals and SUS users about violence of gender and their understanding of the mandatory report of violence against women in the set of actions for facing the problem, in order to recruit subsidy for the elaboration of a combined project of intervention in that reality. The study was performed with health professionals representing the twelve units of Family Health Strategy of the District of Capao Redondo, professionals from the Southern Regional Health Coordination and SUS users from that same region. Data was collected during three sessions of a Workshop when the group discussions were recorded, transcribed and submitted for content analysis. The results were analyzed according to the analytical categories of gender and gender violence. The end results reveal that the groups possess a conservative vision about the construction of masculinity and femininity. This was evidenced by the confirmation of roles idealized for man and woman, which revealed common sense stereotypes: man provider and woman keeper. The group recognizes that violence of gender is a violation of human rights and that it interferes with health. Setbacks in facing the situation reside in the health professionals lack of preparation regarding the recognition and service to women in violence situations. Associated with that, is the lack of knowledge regarding the ways to face the problem. As for the mandatory report of violence, it was found that they recognize this service is not used, despite its importance to confer visibility to violence cases. They consider important the elaboration of public politics based on the reality found out. However, they do not differentiate the report [notification] and the accusation (Police Report). The lack of knowledge about the entire process involving the report of violence generates discomfort and fear both in professionals and users. The intervention proposals discussed by the group include enabling health professionals to serve and to use the report associated with the definition of flow and the development of an attention network to serve women in violence situations.

I denna studie har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med yrkesverksamma dagbarnvårdare som arbetar i en kommun i Sverige. Syftet med studien är att utforska dagbarnvårdares förhållningssätt och inställning till sin anmälningsskyldighet och om det finns faktorer som påverkar deras beslut att göra en orosanmälan. Med hjälp av en tematisk analys på intervjumaterialet framkom fyra huvudteman: Var går gränsen, Organisationens stöd, Privat och professionell och Svart på vitt. Var går gränsen handlar om att det finns en svårighet i att veta när det är dags att göra en orosanmälan till socialtjänsten och hur man upptäcker att ett barn far illa. Organisationens stöd innefattas av chefens och kollegornas stöd i anmälningsprocessen. Privat och professionell handlar om det upplevda dilemmat av att vara privat och professionell på samma gång. Svart på vitt belyser behovet av att mer kunskap och utbildning kring anmälningsplikt såväl som kring tecken på att barn bar illa. Resultatet kopplas till tidigare forskning samt handlingsteori och handlingsutrymme. / In this study ten qualitative interviews were conducted with professional home daycare providers in a Swedish municipality. The aim of the study is to explore home daycare providers approach and attitudes towards their mandatory reporting and to find out if there are any factors that affects their decision of reporting to the child protective service. With a thematic analysis four main themes were found; Where is the limit, The support from the organization, Private and professional and Black on white. Where is the limit implies that there is a difficulty of making a decision when to report child maltreatment to the child protective service and how to discover child maltreatment. The support of the organization includes support from the manager and colleagues in the process of reporting. Privat and professional includes the experienced dilemma of being private and professional at the same time. Black on white intend to discuss the need of getting more knowledge and education regarding mandatory reporting as well as signs of maltreatment. The result has been analyzed with previous research and the theory of action and discretion.

On April 4, 2011, the U.S. Department of Education issued a Dear Colleague Letter on campus sexual assault reaffirming the intent of Title IX, the 1972 law that prohibits discrimination sex-based under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. In response to growing concern over due process rights for defendants, in September 2017 the guidance was rescinded. Public policy continues to evolve, leading to potentially lasting institutional changes on many college campuses. These developments include the formalization of campus investigations and adjudications, the development of campus coordinating committees and expanded support mechanisms for victims. In Virginia, laws passed in 2015 require transcript notations and notification to law enforcement prosecutors’ offices of certain sexual assault offenses reported to colleges and universities. To date, no research exists on how prosecutors, as the presumed gateway to justice, make sense of and navigate these emerging developments when making decisions about cases. The present study helps to fill that void by using inductive qualitative methods through a symbolic interactionism theoretical framework. The findings are based on in-depth interviews with prosecutors across Virginia to examine how they create meaning based on case elements in campus sexual assault cases including legal considerations and victim and offender characteristics, as well as their perceptions of the influence of internal and external relationships on their decision-making. A modified grounded theory approach informed data coding and analysis, which yielded the development of a theory that explains the ways various factors and interactions with campus officials, and survivors that influence prosecutors’ action including decisions to charge, to take a case to trial and to collaborate. Results of the study inform the development of public policy to ultimately improve practice, collaboration and information sharing processes in both campus and criminal justice-prosecution systems.

Educators play a crucial role in the detection of child abuse, but there is limited research understanding the role of teachers in responding to maltreatment concerns. The purpose of this dissertation was to utilise three sequential studies, with multiple methodologies, to understand how Canadian educators are situated to detect, respond, and report suspected child abuse. In the first study, a national Canadian database was utilised to compare educator reported cases of child maltreatment to reports from all other professionals. In study two, 245 teachers completed a questionnaire examining their experiences of reporting child abuse, attitudes and beliefs, and perceived barriers and supports in reporting. Lastly, in the third study, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with seven teachers who had recently reported child abuse. In integrating the results from these studies, three conclusions were drawn regarding the role of educators within the child welfare system. These included; 1) Teachers are well-positioned to detect and advocate for the needs of maltreated children; 2) Teachers have a need for greater confidence, and an increased ability to cope with uncertainty, when responding to child abuse; and 3) There is often a mismatch between the goals of teachers in the education system and the perceived response of the child welfare system. Three recommendations were then presented; 1) Educators are a key resource in supporting early detection and intervention initiatives to address child abuse and their role in these initiatives should be further explored; 2) Teachers should be provided with additional strategies to address perceived barriers in reporting child abuse; and 3) Initiatives to promote increased communication between the education and child welfare systems are required. Overall, results supported the unique child-centred perspective of educators in reporting child maltreatment. Study limitations and areas for future research were then discussed.

Educators play a crucial role in the detection of child abuse, but there is limited research understanding the role of teachers in responding to maltreatment concerns. The purpose of this dissertation was to utilise three sequential studies, with multiple methodologies, to understand how Canadian educators are situated to detect, respond, and report suspected child abuse. In the first study, a national Canadian database was utilised to compare educator reported cases of child maltreatment to reports from all other professionals. In study two, 245 teachers completed a questionnaire examining their experiences of reporting child abuse, attitudes and beliefs, and perceived barriers and supports in reporting. Lastly, in the third study, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with seven teachers who had recently reported child abuse. In integrating the results from these studies, three conclusions were drawn regarding the role of educators within the child welfare system. These included; 1) Teachers are well-positioned to detect and advocate for the needs of maltreated children; 2) Teachers have a need for greater confidence, and an increased ability to cope with uncertainty, when responding to child abuse; and 3) There is often a mismatch between the goals of teachers in the education system and the perceived response of the child welfare system. Three recommendations were then presented; 1) Educators are a key resource in supporting early detection and intervention initiatives to address child abuse and their role in these initiatives should be further explored; 2) Teachers should be provided with additional strategies to address perceived barriers in reporting child abuse; and 3) Initiatives to promote increased communication between the education and child welfare systems are required. Overall, results supported the unique child-centred perspective of educators in reporting child maltreatment. Study limitations and areas for future research were then discussed.