Inledningsvis i uppsatsens bakgrund redogörs för Sveriges fastighetsbestånd. En majoritet av fastigheterna är äldre och förbrukar en större mängd energi än nybyggda fastigheter vars konstruktion och tekniska installationer motsvarar energikrav på marknaden. Äldre byggnader har på grund av materialval, konstruktion och underhållsbehov en mer betydande energiförbrukning. En flerbostadsfastighet uppförd under Miljonprogrammet, 1965-1975, har en genomsnittlig energiförbrukning på 170 till 200 kWh/m²/år jämfört med en nybyggd flerbostadsfastighet där kravet är en energiförbrukning motsvarande 75 kWh/m²/år. Fastigheter med en hög energiförbrukning utgör kostsamma objekt för fastighetsbolagen, än mer till följd av historiskt höga elpriser. Fastighetsbolag kan effektivt reducera de äldre fastigheternas totala energianvändning och bidra positivt till att minska sektorns miljöpåverkan och företagens egna driftkostnader genom att investera i energieffektiva åtgärder. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur fastighetsbolag arbetar med dessa åtgärder, vad som driver dem i arbetet samt vilken effekt de energieffektiva åtgärderna har ur ett lönsamhetsperspektiv. För att besvara syftet tillämpas en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sju fastighetsbolag som även kompletterades med en dataanalys av bolagens årsredovisningar. I empirin har det framkommit att samtliga fastighetsbolag arbetar effektivt med hållbarhet och energieffektiviseringar. Resultatet anger även att dessa investeringar har en positiv effekt på marknadsvärdet. De slutsatser som genererats från studien är att fastighetsbolagen har olika drivkrafter till att investera i energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Det varierar även mellan bolagen vilka investeringar de genomför, hur de prioriterar och hur de förhåller sig till osäkra parametrar. En gemensam slutsats är att energieffektiva åtgärder är lönsamma. Marknadsvärdet och energieffektiviserande åtgärder har en positiv korrelation. Installation av energieffektiviserande åtgärder sänker driftkostnaderna, ökar driftnettot och bidrar därmed till ett högre marknadsvärde. / Initially, the background to the thesis describes Sweden's property stock. A majority of the properties are older and consume a larger amount of energy than newly built properties whose construction and technical installations correspond to energy requirements on the market. Older buildings have a more significant energy consumption due to the choice of materials, construction and maintenance needs. An apartment building constructed during the Swedish Million Homes Program, 1965-1975, has an average energy consumption of 170 to 200 kWh/m²/year compared to a newly built apartment building where the requirement is an energy consumption corresponding to 75 kWh/m²/year. Properties with a high energy consumption constitutes a higher cost for real estate companies, especially as a result of historically high electricity prices. Real estate companies can effectively reduce the total energy consumption of older buildings and contribute positively to reducing the environmental impact of the sector by investing in energy efficient measures. The purpose of the study is to describe how real estate companies work with these measures, what motivates them and what effect the measures have from a profitability perspective. To answer the purpose, a qualitative research method was applied, and semistructured interviews were conducted with seven real estate companies. The semistructured interviews were also supplemented with a data analysis of the companies' annual reports. The empirical data revealed that all real estate companies work effectively with sustainability and energy efficiency improvements. The results also indicate that these investments have a positive effect on the market value. The conclusions generated from the study are that real estate companies have different incentives to invest in energy efficiency measures. It also varies between the companies which investments they make, how they prioritize and how they relate to uncertain parameters. A common conclusion is that investments in energy efficiency measures are profitable. Market value and energy efficiency measures have a positive correlation. The installation of energy efficiency measures reduces operating costs, increases net operating income and thus contributes to a higher market value.

Companies spend trillions of dollars on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) every year, and tens of thousands of new M&A deals are announced every year. However, despite the huge costs, only 10% to 30% of the M&As announced, get finalized (Christensen et al., 2011).There is extensive research conducted on why M&As fail, and their implications for the companies involved in the transaction. However, these large deals do not only impact the firms directly involved in the deal.  Microsoft, one of the world’s most influential companies, made on the 18th of January 2022 an acquisition announcement regarding its intent to acquire Activation Blizzard, one of the world’s largest game studios. The announcement made headlines all over the world and resulted in protests from competitors of the two companies. One of these competitors, Sony, experienced a 13% drop in stock price due to the acquisition announcement.  This thesis investigates the effect of acquisition announcements on the stock return of competitors to the target company. The study is examining the competitors stock return during the month leading up to the announcement, as well as the stock return during the month following the announcement. The authors have taken inspiration from a previous study “Acquisitions: A curse or blessing for direct competitors? The impact of target ownership structure” conducted by Mataigne et al. (2021).  By reviewing over 700 market reactions to acquisition announcements over a 10-year period, the authors were able to statistically test the differences in mean stock return. The authors were able to conclude that acquisition announcements have a negative impact on the stock return of competitors, and thereby answer the proposed research question: “What is the effect of acquisitions announcements on the stock returns of target company’s competitors in Sweden?”. Competitors to the target firm of an acquisition will experience the most significant change in their stock returns in the time period close to the announcement, after which the reaction will stabilize. The empirical findings of the study contribute to the field of knowledge using Behavioral Finance, the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Stakeholder Theory, the Mitchell Model, and various market valuation methods.  Evidently, theories as part of the Behavioral Finance scope, such as the Efficient Market Hypothesis, provide support to the findings following the acquisition announcement. Theories such as the Stakeholder Theory and the Mitchell Model have helped identify competitors' stakeholder role to show how various events and organizations affect them as stakeholders in the market.  This study, which utilizes over 60.000 datapoints from daily price data for its analysis, takes a deductive approach within the positivist paradigm framework. The data is statistically tested using paired t-tests.

The construction industry's two main certifications are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Energy Star. To achieve the triple bottom line of sustainability for these certifications, both certifications should make a positive impact individually as well as mutually, with their impact extending to the surrounding neighborhood. This research examined the spillover effect of LEED and/or Energy Star certified office buildings on the property values of other buildings in their neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City from an economic standpoint. The spatial analysis approach using the Geographic Information System and the statistical analysis approach based on the Hedonic Price Model and the Linear Mixed Effect Model were applied to identify the geographical distribution of LEED and/or Energy Star certified office buildings and their other buildings in their neighborhoods and analyze the impact of the former on the latter. The results were as follows: 1) There was a significant correlation between a LEED and/or Energy Star certified office building and the unit market values of its adjoining buildings through the unit market values of the certified office building, the LEED and/or Energy Star certification achievement, and the major features of LEED certification; 2) There was a varying spillover effect of the certified office building on the median unit market value of buildings depending on their proximities to a LEED and/or Energy Star certified office building. This research provides a firm foundation for further efforts to quantify the spillover effect of LEED and/or Energy Star certification on a neighborhood from an economic standpoint, thus supporting and encouraging growth in the local real estate market and benefitting not only the owners, developers, and investors of the certified office building but also the owners of neighboring buildings. / Ph. D.

Using three different models, we examine the determinants of average stock returns on the Stockholm Stock Exchange during 2012-2016. By using time-series data, we find that a Fama-French three-factor model (directed at capturing size and book-to-market ratio) functions quite well in the Swedish stock market and is able to explain the variation in returns better than the traditional CAPM. Additionally, we investigated if the addition of a Price/Earning variable to the Fama-French model would increase the explanatory power of the expected returns of the different dependent variables portfolios. We conclude that the P/E ratio does not influence the expected returns in the sample we used.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English / Until recently damages were only awarded in South African law for the loss of an object which was utilised for the generation of income. In Kellerman v South African Transport Services' damages were awarded for the first time for the loss of use of an object, which was used for non-business purposes. In this dissertation the writer aims to indicate that the personal loss that a plaintiff suffers by the loss of the object is so closely related to the physical possession through which it is served, that the Jaw should protect such personal interest. In such circumstances damages should be awarded in principle, irrespective of whether the plaintiff used the object for business purposes or whether he indeed hired a substitute or not. There is room in the South African law for development in the area of delictual damages for the Joss of the possibility to use a material object. / Private Law / LL.M.

Vis labiau akcentuojamas tikro ir teisingo vaizdo atspindėjimas finansinėse ataskaitose įpareigoja įmones kuo tiksliau pateikti finansinių ataskaitų elementus. Kiek įmanoma realesnės turto vertės reikalauja ir pagrindiniai apskaitos principai – finansinė informacija vartotojams turi būti pateikta kiek įmanoma realesnė. Netiksliai įvertinus turtą, pasekmės gali būti jaučiamos kelis laikotarpius. Todėl svarbu įmonei pasirinkti tokį įvertinimo būdą, kad apskaitoje būtų atspindimas tikras turto vaizdas ir tas vertinimo būdas būtų įmonei tinkamiausias. Tyrimo objektas – turto įvertinimo būdai apskaitoje. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizavus turto įvertinimo būdus apskaitoje, nustatyti, kuris turto vertinimo būdas yra populiariausias ir tinkamiausias konkrečiai turto grupei smulkioje įmonėje, bei pateikti pasiūlymus, kurie patobulintų dabartinę įmonės turto įvertinimo apskaitoje tvarką. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie svarbiausi uždaviniai:  išnagrinėti vertinimo sampratą, svarbiausius turto vertinimo tikslus ir problemas;  palyginti turto įvertinimo būdus apskaitoje pagal VAS ir TFAS;  ištirti VAS pateikiamų turto verčių nuoseklumą, kas padės sudaryti anketą;  palyginti VAS siūlomus ir praktiškai naudojamus turto įvertinimo būdus Lietuvos smulkiose įmonėse bei nustatyti buhalterių požiūrį apie įvertinimą šiose įmonėse. Šį darbą sudaro trys dalys. Teorinėje dalyje aptariamas turto vertinimas, tikslai, kurių siekia turto vertinimas, ir problemos, su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Reflection of true and real picture in financial statements, that is more and more emphasised, commits companies to present elements of financial statements as exactly as possible. As real as possible value of assets is required by the main principles of accounting – financial information for the users has to be presented as real as possible. If assets are evaluated not exactly the consequences can be felt for several periods. Therefore for a company it is important to choose such way of valuation that the real picture of assets is reflected and this way of valuation is the most suitable for the company. The object of Work - ways of valuation of assets in accounting. The goal of Work - the analysis of the records of valuation methods, identify which valuation method is the most popular and best individual small group of property plant and submit proposals to upgrade the current enterprise valuation procedure accounted for. For this purpose the following main tasks are raised:  consider the evaluation of the concept, the main objectives of the valuation of assets and problems;  compare valuation methods of accounting under IFRS and the CPS;  CPS to investigate the consistency of reported asset values, which will help to profile;  compare CPS and suggested practical methods used in the valuation Lithuanian small businesses and the accountants' views on the evaluation of these plants. This work consists of three parts. The theoretical section... [to full text]

The thesis aims to find the market value of Alfa Ltd. on the date 1st January 2011. The company specializes in Internet sales of underwear and nightwear. The thesis is divided into several integrated parts. The first part presents the development of Internet and online stores. Another part is divided into the successive steps leading to the valuation of the company: financial analysis, strategic analysis, the values of the generators, financial plan and the final valuation. You can see the interval valuation in the thesis. For the interval final valuation is used the method DCF Equity (method of free cash flow for the owners discounted by cost of equity).

The diploma thesis deals mostly with interest rate risk issue. It describes the basic methods of interest rate risk measurement with use of analyses executing by Asset Liability Management department in banks. Such analyses as repricing GAP, net interest income analysis, market value of equity and sensitivity analyses to interest rate movements. There is an analysis of Czech crown yield curve as well, in order to deeper insight of its probability behaviour. Results of this analysis are used for advanced techniques in ALM. Especially knowledge of volatilities of particular yield points and theirs relations is used in these methods. There was also a multi equation model for predictions of yield curve development created. One of the variables in the model there is the 2-week repo rate of Czech National Bank included.

I denna studien har 97 företag på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap undersökts för de finansiella åren 2016 och 2017. Syftet med studien har varit att förklara sambandet mellan nedskrivning av goodwill och börsvärde för företag på den svenska aktiemarknaden samt att analysera och jämföra studiens resultat med tidigare forskning som utförts på utländska marknader. Det innebär att goodwillnedskrivningens värderelevans har undersökts för att se om företagens börsvärde påverkas när nedskrivning av goodwill görs samt om informationen påverkar investerarens beslut. För att undersöka det har vi utgått från en modell som har tillämpats av andra forskare. Modellen innefattar variablerna börsvärde, eget kapital, resultat före skatt, redovisad goodwill och nedskrivning av goodwill; och information om dessa har inhämtats från företagens årsredovisningar. Undersökningen gjordes med hjälp av en multipel regressionsanalys. Det positiva sambandet mellan börsvärde och eget kapital och resultat före skatt som resultatet påvisade innebar att vi kunde anta att aktiemarknaden i stort är värderelevant. För att undersöka goodwillnedskrivningarnas värderelevans krävdes det att redovisad goodwill var en värderelevant variabel vilket resultatet visade. Ett positivt samband kunde påvisas mellan nedskrivning av goodwill och börsvärde, vilket indikerar att det inte är värderelevant. Detta tyder på att dessa nedskrivningar inte ger investerare någon tillförlitlig information i investeringsbeslut. / In this study 97 companies from Nasdaq Stockholm´s Large Cap has been examined for the financial years 2016 and 2017. The purpose of the study has been to explain the correlation between goodwill impairment loss and market value for companies on the Swedish market and to analyze and compare the study´s results with previous research that has been found on foreign markets. This means that the value relevance of goodwill impairments has been examined to see if the companies´ market value is affected when goodwill impairment loss is made and if the information affects the investors decision. A model previously used by other researchers has been applied to examine this. The model includes the variables market value, book value, pre-tax profit, carrying value of goodwill and goodwill impairment loss; and information about these has been collected from the companies’ annual reports. The study was done using a multiple regression analysis. The positive correlation between market value and the variables of book value and pre-tax profit means that we could assume that the stock market is value relevant. In order to investigate the value relevance of goodwill impairment loss it was required that reported goodwill was a value relevant variable, which the result showed. A positive correlation could be demonstrated between impairment of goodwill and market capitalization, which indicates that it is not value relevant. This indicates that these impairment losses do not give investors any reliable information in investment decisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADM - Liliam R Ferreira.pdf: 642937 bytes, checksum: bfdeee1dcf21f47f5384fa0c6e3ca81c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-05 / Inventories are an important component of companies assets in agriculture, mining, manufacturing and commerce sectors where they have a representative weight in the company valuation. The last decade was marked by important advances in inventories management, especially with Information Technology evolution. The oil industry has very peculiar challenges in inventories management due to a extensive global supply chain, with uncertainties about supply, pressures from ecologists, strong political issues and with great commodity prices variation verified during the last years. The subject has an increasing importance particularly regarding the market oil situation and with the general business environment that registers merger and acquisitions movements between companies which demands a necessary evaluation of the involved companies´ value. This work investigates the relationship between inventories´ value and companies´ value in order to identify whether or not a proper inventory management is related to company valuation by market value and also by Deducted Cash Flow (DCF). To develop this work, we carried and evaluated a quantitative research regarding performance data from 35 oil companies.. These companies are from different sizes and regions of the planet. The finding results indicate that the market does not penalize the oil companies inefficient inventories management., but the market gives a small award for the efficient companies. This award is larger than the one verified in previous studies with a wider range of activity sectors. For DCF valuation there is a small penalty for inefficient companies, however there is an excellent award for efficient companies. Considering other performance factors regarded in this study as control variables, efficient companies showed better general financial performance than the inefficient ones / Os estoques correspondem a uma parcela importante dos ativos de empresas dos setores de agricultura, mineração, indústria e comércio tendo assim peso representativo na avaliação da empresa. A última década foi marcada por avanços importantes na gestão dos estoques, especialmente com a evolução da Tecnologia da Informação. O setor do petróleo tem desafios muito peculiares na gestão dos estoques devido à extensão global da cadeia produtiva, às incertezas quanto ao fornecimento, às pressões de ecologistas, às fortes questões políticas associadas e à grande variação de preços da commodity verificada nos últimos anos. O tema possui importância crescente diante da situação do mercado de petróleo em particular e do ambiente empresarial como um topo, com movimentações de fusões e aquisições entre empresas que demandam uma avaliação precisa do valor das empresas envolvidas. Esta dissertação investiga as relações entre valor de estoque e valor da empresa identificando se uma boa gestão de estoques está relacionada com uma valorização da empresa do ponto de vista do valor de mercado e também da análise por Fluxo de Caixa Descontado (FCD). Para está avaliação é feito uma pesquisa quantitativa com dados do setor de petróleo e dados de desempenho de 35 empresas do setor, de diferentes portes e de diversas regiões do planeta. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o mercado não penaliza as empresas do setor petrolífero com gestão ineficiente de estoques, mas concede um pequeno prêmio para as empresas com gestão eficiente, maior que o prêmio verificado em estudos anteriores para uma gama maior de setores de atividade. Para avaliação com a metodologia FCD, existe uma pequena penalização para as empresas ineficientes, mas existe uma forte e relevante premiação para as empresas eficientes. Na dependência também com outros fatores tratados como variável de controle, as empresas eficientes mostraram melhor desempenho geral nos índices contábeis analisados