Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Entwicklungsmodelle des Menschen vorgestellt und in ihrem Gebrauch in und für die Pädagogik kritisch reflektiert. Zunächst werden Vorüberlegungen zur Etymologie und Systematik der Begriffe Entwicklung (zwischen Natur und Kultur) und Modell (gegenüber Theorie, Simulation und Schema) angestellt. Anhand des Gangs von Beispiel zu Beispiel (Günther Buck) werden jeweils die Entwicklungsmodelle des Menschen von Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erikson und Werner Loch kritisch dargestellt und problematisiert. Es schließen sich bildungs- und erziehungstheoretische Überlegungen an, wie das Phänomen der Entwicklung heute in angemessener Weise behandelt werden kann. Anhand der dargestellten Modelle zeigt sich, dass nur ein von absoluter Teleologie und Linearität befreiter Entwicklungsbegriff mit modernen Vorstellungen pädagogischer Anthropologie und Ethik kompatibel sein kann. Deswegen können Entwicklungsmodelle lediglich eine veranschaulichende oder regulierende Funktion ausüben. Sie stehen jedoch so zumeist im Widerspruch zu den grundlegenden Momenten der freien Bildsamkeit und Mitbestimmung des Einzelnen im Erziehungsprozess. Eine Rehabilitation des Entwicklungsdenkens erweist sich dennoch als sinnvoll, da dieser in der Lage ist, auf die komplexe Genealogie menschlichen Lebens und die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen pädagogischer Einsätze zu verweisen. / The issue of developmental models of human beings and their implementation in both pedagogical practice and theory are critically reflected within this thesis. In the beginning, preliminary considerations of the etymology and systematization of development (between nature and nurture) and model (as opposed to theory, simulation, scheme) are framed. Based on Günther Bucks''s approach (from „Beispiel“ to „Beispiel“) several developmental models by Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erikson and Werner Loch are critically examined. Subsequently, considerations on addressing the phenomenon of development from the perspective of education theory and „Bildung“ in an appropriate contemporary way are given expression. On the basis of the outlined models it is depicted that only a concept of development that is exempt from absolute teleology and linearity can be compatible with modern ideas of educational anthropology and ethics. Hence, developmental models may only serve visualizing and regulating purposes. They often contradict fundamental principles such as „Bildsamkeit“ (the ability and necessity of self-forming) and participation within the process of education. Nevertheless, the rehabilitation of development thinking proves beneficial due to its ability to indicate the complex genealogy of human life and the opportunities as well as limitations of pedagogical actions.

This thesis deals with teaching English at Secondary school level considering the educational theory of Maria Montessori. The aim of the thesis is to find out specifics of teaching English. The theoretical part presents Maria Montessori, who is considered to be a founder of Montessori pedagogy, her methods, principles and specifics. In the next part the thesis is focused on the role of the teacher and the pupil in this educational system. Next part is focused on the language teaching and on the acquisition of mother tongue and foreign language. In the conclusion of the theoretical part there is an introduction of General Educational Program of English language. The practical part describes teaching English at the Secondary school level considering the General Educational Program and thus by observing the classes and thanks to conversations with the teacher of English and pupils.

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

The thesis deals with using of an effective approach embedded in a school education program of montessori kindergarten and church kindergarten. The theoretical part describes the effective communication, basic effective communication skills and ineffective communication skills, needs and emotion. Further thesis deals with a general educational program for preschool education, a school educational program and the scope of effective communication in a general educational program for preschool education. Last but not least it deals with an alternative education and the scope of an effective communication in a montessori pedagogy and a church education. The practical part includes a research focused mainly on what type of pedagogy approach and how often are the effective communication skills used in these kindergartens (Viva Bambini and church kindergarten Lipenská). Effective communication is embedded in the school educational program of both of these kindergartens. Both kindergartens have a different pedagogical approach. The kindergarten Viva Bambini puts emphasis on a development of sensory perception and an isolation of particular property. The church kindergarten Lipenská focuses an attention on a spiritual development of child and a limitation of religious content on a particular topic. The greatest principle is love and an establishing of the relationship with God.

Denna studies syfte är att undersöka om, och i så fall vilka, stöttande strategier som framträder i den planerade matematikundervisningen i förskolan. Det är en jämförande studie mellan det pedagogiska arbetssättet learning study och de pedagogiska arbetssätt som används enligt Maria Montessoris idéer, samt i förskolorna i Reggio Emilia i Italien. Genom platsbaserade observationer på tre olika förskolor, belägna i norra Stockholmsområdet, har material samlats in med hjälp av anteckningar och ljudinspelningar. Det insamlade materialet ligger till grund för en analys ur teorin om relationella utvecklingssystem, med fokus på stöttande strategier inom ramen för denna teori. Studiens resultat indikerar att alla stöttande strategier framträder inom alla tre arbetssätt, fast i varierande mängd. Social stöttning framträder mest inom learning study, ekologisk stöttning är mer framträdande inom montessoriverksamheten och självstöttning är mest framträdande för arbetssättet enligt Reggio Emilia-pedagogiken. Slutsatser av denna studie är att stöttande strategier inom ramen för teorin om relationella utvecklingssystem, ger en mer helhetlig bild av de stöttande strategier som framträder under den planerade matematikundervisningen i förskolan, jämfört med vad den mer traditionella uppfattningen om stöttat lärande kan erbjuda. Därför bör dessa stöttande strategier läras ut till förskollärare och verksamma inom förskolan så att barn inom förskolans verksamhet kan få den bästa möjliga undervisningen.

L’engouement contemporain pour l’approche éducative instaurée par Maria Montessori est indéniable, tant dans les réseaux professionnels qu’au sein de la communauté scientifique, et ce, à travers le monde. La longévité de cette approche, sa large diffusion internationale et le fait qu’elle concerne désormais tant les soins aux bambin·es que le maintien de l’autonomie des personnes âgées en font un phénomène digne d’intérêt, comme en témoignent les nombreux ouvrages et articles scientifiques qui lui ont été dédiés au cours des dernières décennies. Une revue systématique du corpus scientifique relatif aux effets de l’approche Montessori sur les apprenant·es de différents ordres d’enseignement démontre que les études menées à ce jour obtiennent presque exclusivement des résultats favorables au groupe expérimental montessorien ou équivalents entre les groupes comparés, et ce, pour de nombreuses compétences. Cela dit, dans ce corpus prometteur, mais encore exploratoire, des limites méthodologiques importantes minent la validité et la fiabilité des résultats des études, comme le manque d’évaluation de la fidélité de l’implantation de l’approche Montessori dans les milieux scolaires desquels sont tirés les échantillons. En effet, le nom « Montessori » n’étant pas légalement protégé, toute école peut l’adopter, peu importe ses pratiques pédagogiques. La présente étude vise à dépasser ce problème de recherche. Ses objectifs sont les suivants : 1) déterminer les composantes essentielles du volet primaire (6 à 12 ans) du curriculum Montessori (VPCM), en portant une attention particulière à la façon dont les thèmes de l’éducation pour la paix et de la justice sociale y sont intégrés; 2) déterminer les facteurs contextuels influant sur la mise en œuvre du VPCM en milieu scolaire; 3) élaborer un modèle logique détaillé exposant les composantes essentielles du VPCM ainsi que les facteurs contextuels influant sur sa mise en œuvre. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une étude de cas descriptive qui s’inscrit dans le courant de l’évaluation basée sur la théorie, associé à l’épistémologie du réalisme critique, a été réalisée. La collecte de données a consisté, d’une part, en l’observation participante d’une formation initiale des enseignant·es au VPCM accréditée par l’Association Montessori Internationale. D’autre part, des entretiens semi-dirigés portant sur les thèmes de l’éducation pour la paix et de la justice sociale ont été menés auprès de neuf formateur·rices et enseignant·es montessorien·nes. Enfin, un questionnaire en ligne relatif aux facteurs contextuels influant sur la mise en œuvre du VPCM a été rempli par 74 formateur·rices et enseignant·es certifié·es par l’AMI. Les résultats de recherche prennent la forme d’un texte descriptif exposant les composantes essentielles du VPCM en détail, suivi d’une synthèse des résultats relatifs aux composantes essentielles et aux facteurs contextuels influents, ainsi que d’une proposition de modèle logique du VPCM, qui constitue la représentation schématique et l’opérationnalisation des résultats de cette étude. Le tout pourra constituer les fondements de l’élaboration d’instruments pour l’évaluation de la fidélité de l’implantation du VPCM en milieu scolaire. Ainsi, cette étude contribue à dépasser la limite méthodologique majeure du corpus d’études menées sur les effets du curriculum Montessori que représente le manque d’évaluation de la fidélité de son implantation. / The contemporary enthusiasm for the educational approach introduced by Maria Montessori is undeniable, both in professional networks and within the scientific community, throughout the world. The longevity of this approach, its wide international diffusion, and the fact that it now concerns the care of toddlers as much as the maintenance of the autonomy of the elderly make it a phenomenon worthy of interest, as evidenced by the numerous scientific books and articles which have been dedicated to it over the past few decades. A systematic review of the scientific corpus relating to the effects of the Montessori approach on learners at different levels of education shows that the studies carried out to date almost exclusively obtain favourable results for the Montessori experimental group or equivalent results between the groups compared, and this, for many skills. That being said, in this promising but still exploratory corpus, significant methodological limitations undermine the validity and reliability of the results of the studies, such as the lack of evaluation of the fidelity of implementation of the Montessori approach in the schools where samples are drawn. Indeed, the name “Montessori” not being legally protected, any school can adopt it, regardless of its pedagogical practices. This study aims to overcome this research problem. Its objectives are as follows: 1) to determine the essential components of the elementary section (6 to 12 years) of the Montessori curriculum (ESMC), paying particular attention to the way the themes of education for peace and social justice are integrated into it; 2) to determine the contextual factors influencing the implementation of ESMC in schools; 3) to develop a detailed logic model outlining the essential components of the ESMC as well as the contextual factors influencing its implementation. To meet these objectives, a descriptive case study in line with the current of theory-based evaluation, associated with the epistemology of critical realism, was conducted. The data collection consisted, on the one hand, of participant observation of an initial teacher training in the ESMC accredited by the Association Montessori Internationale. On the other hand, semi-directed interviews related to education for peace and social justice were conducted with nine Montessori trainers and teachers. Finally, an online questionnaire on contextual factors influencing the implementation of ESMC was completed by 74 AMI-certified trainers and teachers. The results take the form of a descriptive text exposing the essential components of the ESMC in detail, followed by a summary of the results relating to the essential components and the influential contextual factors, and a proposition of a logic model of the ESMC, which constitutes the schematic representation and the operationalization of the results of this study. All of this could constitute the foundations for the development of evaluation instruments of the ESMC’s fidelity of implementation in schools. This study thus contributes to overcoming the major methodological limit of the corpus of studies carried out on the effects of the Montessori curriculum, which is the lack of evaluation of its fidelity of implementation.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-04-10T17:35:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GISELLE_FRUFREK_COMPLETO.pdf: 3184044 bytes, checksum: 78afbbfa74c554c3a1398df922bc3bcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T17:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GISELLE_FRUFREK_COMPLETO.pdf: 3184044 bytes, checksum: 78afbbfa74c554c3a1398df922bc3bcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / This research aims to understand and identify the contributions of a toy library considering the montessorian approach to the training of teachers of Kindergarten and Primary School. It is intended that the understanding derived from this study contributes of the re-signification of the teacher training, collaborating to the reflection on educational practices, through playful environments and the montessorian approach. To do so, the research aims, through the methodology of focus group, to analyze the contribution of this experience to the training of teachers who attend this toy library with their students, in ludo-pedagogic care. This is a qualitative research and the data collected through Focus Group were analyzed by Content Analysis (BARDIN, 2009). The data analysis emphasizes that the participants point out different perspectives regarding the formative aspects of the toy library, such as: the search for continuous knowledge, the construction of meaning and the exercise of autonomy; besides offering the construction of environments prepared to the child, the study of playfulness, of montessorian approach and the transformation of the educational process through a permanent dialogue, reaffirming the time-space of the child's work ? to play. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender e identificar as contribui??es de uma brinquedoteca com abordagem montessoriana para a forma??o de professores da Educa??o Infantil e Anos Iniciais. Pretende-se que a compreens?o advinda deste estudo contribua ? ressignifica??o da forma??o l?dica docente, colaborando na reflex?o sobre pr?ticas educativas, atrav?s de ambientes l?dicos com abordagem montessoriana. Para tanto, a pesquisa visa, atrav?s da metodologia de Grupo Focal, analisar a contribui??o desta experi?ncia para a forma??o de professores que frequentam esta brinquedoteca com seus alunos, em atendimento ludo-pedag?gico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e os dados coletados atrav?s de Grupo Focal foram analisados pela An?lise de Conte?do (BARDIN, 2009). A an?lise de dados ressalta que os participantes apontam diferentes perspectivas quanto aos aspectos formativos da brinquedoteca, tais como: a busca do conhecimento cont?nuo, constru??o de sentido, exerc?cio de autonomia, provocar a constru??o de ambientes preparados ? crian?a, suscitar o estudo da ludicidade, da abordagem montessoriana e a transforma??o do processo educativo, atrav?s de um di?logo permanente, reafirmando o tempo-espa?o do trabalho da crian?a ? o brincar.

<p>The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy.</p><p>I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties..</p><p>The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden.</p> / <p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik.</p><p>Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa.</p><p>Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.</p>

The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy. I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties.. The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik. Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa. Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.