Im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation „Politik der kleinen Form“ steht die Frage nach der Politizität ‚kleiner‘ Formen in augusteischer Zeit: also der sogenannten Liebeselegie des Properz, Tibull und Ovid sowie der erotischen Dichtung des Horaz. Auf der Grundlage einer Analyse der Gattungs- und Formpolitik ihrer Paraklausithyra und Recusationes wird eine neue Interpretation aufgezeigt. Jenseits von inhaltszentrierten Lesarten, die immer nur den Subversions- oder Affirmationscharakter von Literatur herausarbeiten, schlägt diese Dissertation einen dritten Weg vor: den der Ambivalenz und des Paradoxons. / At the centre of the dissertation „The Politics of Small Forms“ is the question of the politicity of ‘small forms’ in Augustan times: of the so-called love elegy of Propertius, Tibullus and Ovid as well as of the erotic poetry of Horace. On the basis of an analysis of the genre and form politics of their paraclausithyra and recusationes a new interpretation is pointed out. Beyond content-centered readings, which work out either the subversive or the affirmative character of literature, this dissertation suggests a third way: that of ambivalence and paradox.

Die Assemblierung von Influenzaviren erfolgt an Rafts der apikalen Wirtszellplasmamembran mit denen das Hämagglutinin (HA) über Acylierungen im C-Terminus und hydrophobe Aminosäuren seiner Transmembrandomäne (TMD) interagiert. M2 besitzt eine cytoplasmatische amphiphile Helix (AH), die ebenso potenzielle Raft-Motive aufweist: Eine Acylierung und Cholesterol-Bindemotive. In dieser Arbeit wurde per Konfokalmikroskopie an polarisierten Zellen, die fluoreszenzmarkierte M2-Varianten exprimierten, gezeigt, dass diese M2-Motive nicht für den apikalen Transport, der vermutlich durch Raft-ähnliche Vesikel erfolgt, benötigt werden. Messungen des Förster-Resonanzenergietransfers über Fluoreszenz-Lebenszeit-Mikroskopie (FLIM-FRET) in der Plasmamembran lebender Zellen, die fluoreszenzmarkiertes HA und M2 koexprimierten, ergaben, dass diese Motive auch nicht für die Interaktion mit den durch HA, in Abhängigkeit von dessen Raft-Motiven, stabilisierten Raft-Domänen notwendig sind. Mittels reverser Genetik konnten infektiöse WSN-Viren mit fehlender Acylierung am Ende der HA-TMD, nicht jedoch Viren ohne die zwei cytoplasmatischen Acylierungen hergestellt werden. Weiterhin ergaben Wachstumsanalysen, dass die Acylierung von HA und M2 für den gleichen Schritt des viralen Replikationszyklus von Bedeutung sind. Für die M2-AH wurde postuliert, dass sie die Membrankrümmung detektiert und durch Insertion in die Wirtszellmembran die Virusabschnürung bewirkt. Infektiöse Viren ohne M2 oder ohne die AH konnten ebenso wie Viren mit M2 mit einer Helix mit reduzierter Amphiphilität in dieser Arbeit nicht hergestellt werden. Allerdings führte die Substitution der AH durch typische krümmungsdetektierende oder modulierende Helices zu Viren, deren Wachstum um zwei bis vier Titerstufen im Vergleich zum Wildtyp reduziert war. Die Helix-Amphiphilität scheint wichtig zu sein, aber auch die Sequenz oder bestimmte Aminosäuren sind offenbar für eine effiziente Virusreplikation notwendig. / The assembly of influenza virus particles occurs at the apical plasma membrane of the host cell at membrane rafts which the hemagglutinin (HA) interacts with via acylations in its C-terminal region and via hydrophobic amino acids in the transmembrane domain (TMD). M2 possesses a cytoplasmic amphiphilic helix (AH) that also contains potential raft motifs: an acylation and cholesterol-binding motifs. In this work, confocal microscopy of polarised cells, which were expressing fluorescently labelled M2-variants, demonstrated that these motifs of M2 are not required for apical transport, which is assumed to be mediated by raft-like vesicles. Furthermore, FLIM-FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer measured via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) analyses, performed in the plasma membrane of living cells coexpressing fluorescently labelled HA and M2, revealed that these M2-motifs are not required for association with the large coalesced raft phase organised by HA. In contrast, deleting HA’s raft-targeting features clearly reduced clustering with M2. While the removal of the two cytoplasmic acylations prevented the rescue of infectious virus by reverse genetics, a mutant virus without acylation in the HA-TMD could be rescued. Moreover, growth analyses revealed that the acylations of HA and M2 are important for the same step in the viral replication cycle. It has been postulated that the M2-AH detects membrane curvature and accomplishes membrane scission by inserting into the host cell membrane. Viruses without M2, without the M2-AH or with M2 containing a helix with reduced amphiphilicity could not be produced in this work. However, substituting the AH by typical curvature-sensing or -generating helices led to viruses with two to four orders of magnitude reduced growth as compared to wildtype virus. The amphiphilicity of the helix seems to be important, but also the sequence or specific amino acids appear to be necessary for an efficient virus replication.

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The purpose of this research is to determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs, namely managerial motivation and sense of coherence and to determine whether any variance exists between two groups of people in terms of the mentioned constructs. The study was conducted on a total sample of 124 employees of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) which was divided into two groups, namely managers and supervisors in view of the position they held at the Agricultural Research Council. The results of the study indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between the dimensions of managerial motivation and the dimensions of sense of coherence of the total sample. There is also a significant variance in terms of two dimensions between the two groups, namely power motive as dimension of managerial motivation and meaningfulness as dimension of sense of coherence. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The problem that the researcher encountered was that forensic investigators were found not to be formally using offender profiling as an investigative technique during investigations into fraud. This research was conducted to ascertain how offender profiling may be useful in expediting the forensic investigation process. The purpose of this research was to establish what offender profiling is, and what aspects or ingredients constitute such an offender profile. As offender profiles will serve as an aid in future forensic investigations into fraud, this study attempted to create an understanding and awareness of the value of offender profiling. In order for forensic investigators to use offender profiling during routine fraud investigations, it is extremely important that they understand the concept and its practical implementation. The overall purpose of this study is to provide practical recommendations for the implementation and use of offender profiling to forensic investigators both in the public and private sectors. / Criminal and Procedural Law / (M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation))

The problem that the researcher encountered was that forensic investigators were found not to be formally using offender profiling as an investigative technique during investigations into fraud. This research was conducted to ascertain how offender profiling may be useful in expediting the forensic investigation process. The purpose of this research was to establish what offender profiling is, and what aspects or ingredients constitute such an offender profile. As offender profiles will serve as an aid in future forensic investigations into fraud, this study attempted to create an understanding and awareness of the value of offender profiling. In order for forensic investigators to use offender profiling during routine fraud investigations, it is extremely important that they understand the concept and its practical implementation. The overall purpose of this study is to provide practical recommendations for the implementation and use of offender profiling to forensic investigators both in the public and private sectors. / Criminal and Procedural Law / (M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation))

Les bactériocines de classe IIa présentent une activité antimicrobienne résultant d'un mécanisme d'action ciblant les membranes des bactéries à Gram positif. Cette activité est modulée par différentes caractéristiques des surfaces bactériennes. Les propriétés physico-chimiques de surface de dix-huit souches bactériennes ont été déterminées afin d'étudier le lien entre ces propriétés et les phénotypes de résistance/sensibilité à Cbn BM1. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une grande diversité des propriétés physico-chimiques des surfaces analysées, sans cependant permettre d’établir un lien entre celles-ci et le phénotype de sensibilité/résistance à CbnBM1. Les mécanismes d'action de Cbn BM1 ont ensuite été étudiés sur Carnobacterium maltaromaticum DSM20730 et Listeria monocytogenes EGDe. L'atteinte de l'intégrité physique des membranes plasmiques par l'action de Cbn BM1 montre une hétérogénéité de réponse des populations bactériennes. Ce résultat a été confirmé par microscopie de force atomique in vivo à haute résolution. L'interaction de Cbn BM1 avec les membranes a été mise en évidence par mesure de l'anisotropie de fluorescence. Cette approche a révélé que Cbn BM1 présente des degrés de pénétration différents dans la membrane de C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 par rapport à L. monocytogenes EGDe. L'action de Cbn BM1 conduit cependant, pour les deux souches, à la modification de la force protomotrice membranaire. Ces différentes approches retenues pour l'étude des mécanismes d'action ont révélé que C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 et L. monocytogenes EGDe présentent une sensibilité à Cbn BM1 uniquement lorsque les cellules sont en phase exponentielle de croissance. / The antimicrobial activity of class IIa bacteriocins toward Gram positive bacteria relies on their membrane targeting mechanisms of action. These mechanisms are modulated by the bacterial surface properties. The physico-chemical surface properties of eighteen bacterial strains were determined to link these properties to the resistance/sensitivity to Cbn BM1 of the bacterial strains. In this way, two approaches were undertaken : the microbial adhesion to solvents and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The results show a large diversity of the determined properties among the strains but without establishing a direct link between the surface properties and the resistance/sensitivity phenotypes. Mechanisms of action of the bacteriocin Cbn BM1 on Carnobacterium maltaromaticum DSM20730 and Listeria monocytogenes EGDe were determined. Syto9® and propidium iodide allowed to show the heterogeneity of the bacterial populations toward the alteration of the membrane integrity. The interaction of Cbn BM1 with the bacterial membrane was studied by monitoring the fluorescence anisotropy of DPH and TMA-DPH. The results highlight a difference between the mechanism of action of Cbn BM1 on C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 and on L. monocytogenes EGDe. However, a treatment by Cbn BM1 leads to a perturbation of the component of the proton-motive force of the membrane for both strains. These approaches revealed that these bacterial strains exhibit a sensitivity to Cbn BM1 only when treated in log growth phase. Modification of nano-mechanical properties of C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 after a treatment by Cbn BM1 were assessed by an atomic force microscopy approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Barros.pdf: 1366975 bytes, checksum: 5533c88aac0fad49e4df9c1a94615179 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-09 / The purpose of this thesis is to encourage a reading of the Brazilian tax system from the Federal Constitution of 1988 and Brazil s condition as a true social and democratic legal state, the objectives and bases of which should have effects on all fiscal activity (in the broad sense), from the establishment and exercise of tax authority to the proper use of the funds collected. The methodological basis is Friedrich Müller s structuring theory of law, in which aspects of reality (the normative framework) are compositional factors of legal rules, together with the textual data or normative program. There must therefore be a dialogue between law and reality, breaking with the is and should be dichotomy that is typical of formalism. This thesis will systematically analyze the constitutional tax system (broadly speaking), in comparison with the other terms of the Brazilian Constitution, seeking to promote the conformation of legal tax rules to the condition of a social and democratic legal state and to the economic intervention of the Brazilian Constitution, electing the tax constitutional motive as the given that goes beyond the limiting concept of tax authority and takes in the purpose and cause of taxation, as a point of support for the exercise of the tax power. That position carries certain consequences with it, such as the (re)configuration of the constitutional suppositions for the institution of taxes, their adaptation to the constitutional finalities and social needs, the legal treatment to be given to the misuse of the product of taxation, the need for motivation and the importance of the effectiveness of the taxation rules, in accordance with the purposes stated in the Brazilian Constitution. This thesis will also propose a new classification of tax authority, focused on the specific purpose of each type of tax and on the constitutional motive for its institution/change, and that the paradigm of the optional exercise of tax authority be broken with and the requirement (mandatory) of taxes according to (a) the specific purpose of each type of tax, (b) its conformation with reality and (c) the proper use of the product of the collection for the constitutionally determine finalities / O objetivo da presente dissertação é promover uma leitura do sistema tributário nacional a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da condição da República Federativa do Brasil como um verdadeiro Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, cujos objetivos e fundamentos deverão irradiar efeitos sobre toda a atividade fiscal (lato sensu), desde a conformação e exercício das competências tributárias até o devido emprego dos recursos arrecadados. O pressuposto metodológico é a Teoria Estruturante do Direito de FRIEDRICH MÜLLER, em que aspectos da realidade (o âmbito da norma) são fatores de composição da norma jurídica, juntamente com os dados textuais ou programa da norma . Assim, deve haver um diálogo entre direito e realidade, rompendo-se com a dicotomia ser e dever ser típica do formalismo. O trabalho fará uma análise sistemática do sistema constitucional tributário (lato sensu) em cotejo com os demais enunciados da CF/88, buscando promover uma conformação das normas jurídicas tributárias à condição de Estado Social e Democrático de Direito e ao dirigismo constitucional da CF/88, elegendo o motivo constitucional tributário como dado que supera o conceito limitador de competência tributária e engloba a finalidade da tributação, como ponto de apoio para o exercício do poder tributário. Tal postura trará algumas conseqüências, como a (re)configuração dos pressupostos constitucionais para a instituição de tributos, sua adequação às finalidades constitucionais e necessidades sociais, o tratamento jurídico a ser atribuído ao desvio do produto da arrecadação, a necessidade de motivação e a importância da efetividade das normas tributárias, de acordo com as finalidades consignadas na Carta. O trabalho ainda proporá uma nova classificação das competências tributárias, focada na finalidade específica de cada espécie tributária e no motivo constitucional para a sua instituição/alteração, o rompimento com o paradigma da facultatividade do exercício da competência tributária e na exigência (obrigatória) de tributos de acordo com (a) a finalidade específica de cada espécie tributária, (b) sua conformação com a realidade e (c) o devido emprego do produto da arrecadação com as finalidades constitucionalmente determinadas

本研究之主要目的在於瞭解癌症病患社會比較行為之現況與相關因素之探討，包括社會比較動機、不同之比較面向與比較模式之對象、社會比較效果，進而探索新癌症病患與舊癌症病患在社會比較行為上的差異性；其次，探討自尊、身心健康情形與社會比較之關係。本研究以問卷調查的方式，訪談全國癌症病友中心的癌症病患，共計134位，包括各50位新、舊乳癌病患與21位新腸癌病患、13位舊腸癌病患。本研究使用社會比較動機量表中文版、自尊量表中文版、一般健康量表中文版以及研究者自編的社會比較問卷，進行相關統計分析與假設考驗。研究結果發現，癌症病患主要社會比較動機是同盟、自我增進、自我彰顯等動機；新、舊癌症病患在社會比較行為上皆有顯著性的差異，包括社會比較動機、社會比較的對象與方式、以及社會比較的負向效果。另一方面，自尊越低與一般健康情形越差的癌症病患，其社會比較的負向效果也越大。最後，根據研究結果與討論，提出對未來相關研究、癌症病患的心理社會介入與臨床應用的建議。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the social comparison process and its correlates among cancer patients. The first purpose of this study was to understand the differences of social comparison process between new cancer patients and old cancer patients, not only including the source of social comparative information, but the motives, the models, the dimensions, the targets and preferences of social comparison. The second purpose was to understand the influence of self-esteem on social comparison. The third purpose was to asses the relationship between social comparison and individual’s physical and mental health. The Chinese versions of the Social Comparison Motive Scale (Helgeson & Mickelson, 1995), the Chinese versions of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Chinese versions of General Health Questionnaire (Goldberger, 1978), and two self-constructed scales to measure the informative source, the models, the dimensions, the targets and preferences of social comparison were administered to 100 breast cancer patients and 34 colorectal cancer patients from Changhua Christian Hospital. Finally, the findings of this research were expected to apply to clinical psychooncology so as to help cancer patients have better psychological reaction and to improve their adaptation to illness.

This thesis considers Kant's departure from moral naturalism. In doing so, it explores the relationship between ethics, naturalism, normativity and freedom. Throughout this exploration, I build the case that Kant's ethics of autonomy allows us to make better sense of ethics than Hume's moral naturalism. Hume believes that morality is ultimately grounded in human nature. Kant finds this understanding of ethics limiting. He insists that we are free - we can critically reflect upon our nature and (to an extent) alter it accordingly. This freedom, I contend, renders the moral naturalist's appeal to nature lacking. Of course, a Kantian conception of freedom - some form of independence from the causal order - is fairly unpopular in contemporary circles. In particular, a commitment to naturalism casts doubt on such a notion of freedom. I argue with Kant that such a conception of freedom is essential to the conception of ourselves as rational agents. The critical turn, unlike naturalism, warrants this conception of freedom, accommodating the point of view of our rational agency. It thus allows Kant's ethics of autonomy to better grasp certain key elements of morality - normativity and our agency - than Hume's moral naturalism.