Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att utveckla kunskap och få en ökad förståelse av musikskolan El Sistemas verksamhet i Sverige med utgångspunkt i en av El Sistemaskolorna i Göteborg. Det har varit av vikt att utforska huruvida El Sistemas arbetssätt och metoder är någonting utöver vad som kan sägas vara ”vanlig” musikundervisning i musik- och kulturskola. Därför har det även varit väsentligt att sätta sig in i skolans bakomliggande idéer och förutsättningar.  Studiens teoretiska ram är inspirerad av sociokulturell teori och genomförandet av etnografisk metod. Resultaten har dock främst framkommit genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra pedagoger och sex elever. Tid, kontinuitet och kontakt är tre nyckelfaktorer som pedagogerna framhåller som centrala för verksamhetens framgång. Även samspel, musikundervisning i grupp samt föräldrakontakt anses, enligt pedagogerna, vara av stor betydelse för musikalisk och social utveckling samt i ett integrationssyfte. Utifrån elevernas perspektiv är El Sistema någonting som är väldigt roligt, i enstaka fall visar dock resultatet motsatsen. Vidare visar studiens resultat att El Sistema i flera aspekter är lik den traditionella musik- och kulturskolan men samtidigt i andra avseenden en verksamhet som skiljer sig från den traditionella musikundervisningen. En slutsats är att El Sistema når fler barn som vanligtvis inte brukar delta i frivillig musikundervisning och fyller en betydelsefull funktion för barns fritidssysselsättning samt musikaliska och sociala utveckling, vilket också verksamheten uttrycker sig att göra. / The overall aim of the study is to develop knowledge of and bring an understanding of music education in the music school of El Sistema in Sweden based on an El Sistema school in Gothenburg. One aspect is to study the methods of El Sistema and determine if these are out of the ”ordinary”, in relation to what usually is seen as ordinary music education in Swedish music and culture schools. In this case, the backgrounds of ideas and specific conditions of the schools have been a major focus.   The theoretical frame is inspired by the sociocultural perspective, and the implementation is based on the ethnographic method. The result is first of all based on qualitative interviews with four pedagogues and six students. Time, continuity and contact are three key properties that the pedagogues emphasize as fundamental in bringing success to the work of El Sistema. Music education in groups and parental contact, according to the pedagogues, are also seen as important facets in the work of musical and social development and in the aim of integration. From the perspective of the students, El Sistema brings joy to the students yet at the same time, on occasion, the result indicates the opposite.   In addition, the result of the study illustrates in many aspects that El Sistema and the traditional music education has much in common, yet at the same time, El Sistema is an operation that differs from the traditional music education. One of the conclusions for this studie is that El Sistema reaches children that usually do not attend optional music education and the work of El Sistema has an important role of youth recreational activity and musical and social development, which the school aims to do.

This work deals with the life and work of French Impressionist composer called Claude Achille Debussy and its utility in primary and secondary levels of art education. The first part focusses on the life and work of the composer and gives more details about his piano work. The second part, using the surveys and interviews of the teachers of elementary music schools, examines the use of Claude Debussy's work and Impressionism in teaching at elementary music schools and Conservatories. We can also find there the section with fully cited interviews with an elementary music school teacher who uses Claude Debussy and Impressionism works in her lessons and with a pupil who, under her direction, interpretes a compositon of Claude Debussy. There are eighty examples of the musical compositions by Claude Debussy attached and as well as the recording of an elementary music school pupil interpreting Debussy's Arabesque. KEY WORDS Claude Debussy, piano, piano composition, interpretation, utility in teaching, elementary music school, the Conservatory.

In the years around 1950 the first Music Schools – organized by the municipalities – started in Sweden. They were a result of local initiatives. They were not a part of the national school system. Instead their focus was on creating opportunities for children to learn to play an instrument in their spare time. They became so common that in 1970 they could be found in almost every municipality in Sweden. Even so, they were never authorised or controlled by the state. In this thesis I try to describe the ideology of the first local music schools around the year 1950. I try to find out what kind of traditions, ideas and other influences that shaped this ideology. I do that by comparing the ideology of the music schools to the characteristics of the popular education (in German: Bildung). Thereafter I try to do the same with the development of Schools of Arts around the year 1990. I do that in a hermeneutic tradition by using an idea- and ideology analysis from social sciences. My research questions are: Could the ideologi of the first music schools be described by comparing it with the characteristics of ”bildung”. Could the ideologi of the first schools of Arts be described by comparing it with the characteristics of ”bildung”. The ideology of the music schools was strongly influenced by the voluntary music education in grammar schools. That meant that the education was organized in semesters, one lesson per week and one child at a time. More focus was on the development of every childs´ability to play an instrument, less on the possibility to play together with other children or to sing. The ideology of the music schools was also influenced by popular education (Bildung). The schools aimed to give equal opportunities to all children to learn to play an instrument and learn about the ”good culture”. With that expression was meant classical music. The answer to my first question is that the ideologi of the music shools were influenced both from grammar schools and the ”bildung”- movement. In the years around 1990 many Music Schools had developed into Schools of Arts. They included education in dance, drama/theatre, visual art and film/movie. In the same way as the first music schools were born, the first Schools of Art developed in a local context. Some of them found a closer cooperation with the obligatory school but all continued to be independent. The structure of Schools of Arts were in many ways a continuation of the music schools. They were also organized in semesters, one lesson a week etc. In the same time they were a part of the a new trend which meant they were more interested in the creative possibilities for the children, cooperation and the opportunities to be on stage. They also had a broader wiew on what ”good culture” was. The answer on my second question is that the ideologi of the Schools of Arts in some extent are a part of the ”Bildung”-movement but at the same time they are more focused in collaborating with the obligatory school system and are more influenced by instrumental goals like being part of devolopment of new industries in the society. To some extent they are less influenced by ”Bildung” than the first music Schools. There are even today more than 200 000 children taking part in the Schools of Arts. (Including those who are still named Music Schools) In such a big professsionel organisation in most of the Swedish communities it is very surprising that they have developed without a national agenda. / I slutet av 1940-talet bildades de första kommunala musikskolorna med det namnet. Deras bakgrund var dels den frivilliga instrumentalundervisning som erbjöds på läroverken, privat undervisning – inte minst på piano – samt undervisning inom militärmusiken och orkesterföreningar. Allt detta smälte samman till musikcirklar – ofta drivna av studieförbund – som sedan nästan undantagslöst drevs vidare i form av kommunala musikskolor. De lokala variationerna var många. På 1970-talet hade i stort sett alla kommuner en kommunal musikskola. I denna uppsats försöker jag beskriva de första kommunala musikskolornas ideologi runt år 1950, och sedan även beskriva de första kommunala kulturskolornas[1] ideologi runt år 1990. Detta gör jag genom att tolka de idéer, traditioner och ambitioner som kan ses i offentliga dokument, vetenskapliga texter och andra dokument som beskriver pedagogiska idéer som fanns och påverkade beslutsfattandet. Jag gör detta i en hermeneutisk tradition genom en idé- och ideologianalys hämtad från samhällsvetenskapen. Metodiskt arbetar jag med begreppet dimensioner. Dessa utgår från de begrepp som karakteriserar bildning. På så sätt använder jag bildningen som ett raster för att tydligare se musikskolornas och kulturskolornas respektive ideologi. Mina forskningsfrågor är: Kan de första kommunala musikskolornas ideologi beskrivas i relation till bildningsbegreppet? Kan de första kommunala kulturskolornas ideologi beskrivas i relation till bildningsbegreppet? Bildningsbegreppet jag använder är hämtat från Gustavssons och Varkøys beskrivningar av vad som kännetecknar bildning:   Lärandet är en fri process  Lärandet skapar sammanhang  Lärandet skapar jämlikhet eller ojämlikhet  Lärandet är icke-instrumentellt Organisationen av undervisningen på musikskolorna var starkt präglad av läroverken. Den innebar att musikskolorna var organiserade i terminer, en lektion i veckan och med starkt fokus på individen. Den enskilde elevens kunskaper i hanterandet av sitt instrument kom i första rummet, före samspel, eget skapande och även sång/körsång. Den ideologi som präglade musikskolorna hade samtidigt ett starkt folkbildande inslag. Alla barn skulle i demokratisk anda få möjlighet att både lära sig spela ett instrument och ta del av den goda kulturen. Med det senare avsågs främst den klassiska musiken. Svaret på min första forskningsfråga är att de första musikskolornas ideologi i hög grad var påverkad av bildningsbegreppet men att den samtidigt var starkt påverkad av traditionen från läroverk och folkskola. De kommunala kulturskolorna övertog senare mycket av musikskolornas ideologi. Samtidigt var ideologin i den tidens anda präglat av ett större intresse för elevernas eget skapande, för samverkan och att alla elever också skulle framträda. Flera kulturskolor sökte också få en ökad betydelse genom ett närmande till den obligatoriska skolan. Deras ideologi präglades också i hög grad av instrumentella mål som transfereffekter vid inlärning av andra skolämnen, lokaliseringsfaktorer m.fl. Svaret på min andra forskningsfråga är att de första kommunala kulturskolorna ideologiskt i viss mån var en del av bildningsrörelsen. Samtidigt önskade de bli en del av det obligatoriska skolväsendet och motiverade sin existens med instrumentella mål, varför de kan sägas alltmer ta avstånd från att bygga på en ideologi präglad av bildning. Med tanke på musik- och kulturskolorna storlek, över 200 000 deltagare, är det förvånande att all utveckling av dem skett genom lokala initiativ och att samordning och utveckling på nationell nivå i stort sett varit helt frånvarande under de epoker jag berör i denna uppsats. De kommunala musikskolorna, senare kulturskolorna, dominerades av ett görande, av enskilda lärares egna modeller för undervisning, i högre grad än formulerande av en genomtänkt ideologi eller för den delen metodik. [1] De kommunala kulturskolorna benämns oftast som ”kulturskolor”. I den statliga politik som beslutats under uppsatsens tillkomst benämns de som ”kommunala kulturskolor”. Jag använder därför det begreppet men för att göra texten lättare att läsa använder jag ibland de enklare formerna ”musikskola” och ”kulturskola”.  De står för samma sak.

<p>Tivenius, Olle (2008): Musiklärartyper: En typologisk studie av musiklärare vid kommunal musikskola. (Music Teacher Types: A Typological Study of Music Teachers at Municipal Music Schools.) Örebro Studies in Music Education, 230 pp.</p><p>The aim of this study is to establish a typology for instrumental music teachers at Swedish municipal music schools, and to describe different types, generated from questionnaire-answers, regarding how their attitudes and valuations in matters concerning democracy in broad sense are reflected in their pedagogical activity.</p><p>I address the following concrete questions.</p><p>• From where do music teachers at Swedish municipal music and culture schools get their attitudes and valuations, what circumstances lie behind, and are there specific circumstances that explain attitudes and valuations that are not embraced by most of them?</p><p>• How can different types of music teachers be described?</p><p>• How do the attitudes and valuations differ between different types?</p><p>• How are the attitudes and valuations of the different types reflected in their respective work?</p><p>In the first place I try to answer the questions by using questionnaires which I analyse with methods including factor and cluster techniques. In order to generate intelligible pictures of the types I also interpret, by mean value and correlation analyses, quantitatively dependent data with hermeneutical tools.</p><p>The population is about 5 000 individuals, represented by 834 informants.</p><p>The results show that each subject (singing, strings, brass, etc.) has its own inherited culture, with its own set of attitudes and valuations These attitudes and valuations are, in the first place, transmissioned within the subjects.</p><p>The questionnaire answers have generated eight different types: MISSIONARY, GATE KEEPER, MUSIC MAKER, MASTER TEACHER, MUSIC DIRECTOR, REFORMIST, ANTI-FORMALIST, and PEDAGOGUE. Each of them has their own set of attitudes and valuations, which are based on the four factors MISSION, FEELING, FOUNDATION, and STUDENT-FOCUS. The eight types and their significant qualities, can be described, in reasonable and recognized ways. Different discourses can also be discerned.</p><p>Most types seem to have a given position at music school. THE REFORMIST, however, appears to be dissatisfied. He or she is rooted in classical music, but wants to teach the children to play music of their own, although he or she is lacking the didactical tools for this kind of teaching. THE REFORMIST constitutes 19 % of the population and is thereby the largest group.</p><p>Among other things, one conclusion drawn from the discussion is that the conservatory discourse is a cement keeping together the whole field of music education, and without it the structure and organisation of music school as well as college of music would collapse into a messed-up activity beyond defini¬tion. Another conclusion is that education of music teachers must be reformed with the starting point in democracy and philosophy, if discoursive isolation of music school should not become total—with fatal consequences for music school. These two conclusions stand for opposite poles, which must be balanced to each other.</p>

<p>The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how teachers in the municipal Music schools Schools of arts (kulturskolor) estimate the quality of their teaching rooms, which factors that are significant for their opinion, and if they have experienced any tendencies of improvement in the quality of their teaching rooms. The examination is built on a questionnaire, which was sent to a number of music- and “culture schools” in Sweden. From the answers you can read that the majority (66%) of the teachers are satisfied with their teaching rooms, even if a relatively large part (33%) seems to be unsatisfied. The single factor that are of most importance for their opinion are how much of their teaching they spend in rooms that doesn’t belong to the music- or “culture school” and also are used for other kinds of education. You can also see that the teachers have experienced a slight improvement in the quality of the education room’s throughout the years. A large majority consider that the rooms are of great significance for their teaching and the student’s experience of the education, which also is confirmed by other research.</p>

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how teachers in the municipal Music schools Schools of arts (kulturskolor) estimate the quality of their teaching rooms, which factors that are significant for their opinion, and if they have experienced any tendencies of improvement in the quality of their teaching rooms. The examination is built on a questionnaire, which was sent to a number of music- and “culture schools” in Sweden. From the answers you can read that the majority (66%) of the teachers are satisfied with their teaching rooms, even if a relatively large part (33%) seems to be unsatisfied. The single factor that are of most importance for their opinion are how much of their teaching they spend in rooms that doesn’t belong to the music- or “culture school” and also are used for other kinds of education. You can also see that the teachers have experienced a slight improvement in the quality of the education room’s throughout the years. A large majority consider that the rooms are of great significance for their teaching and the student’s experience of the education, which also is confirmed by other research.

The aim of this study is to establish a typology for instrumental music teachers at Swedish municipal music schools, and to describe different types, generated from questionnaire-answers, regarding how their attitudes and valuations in matters concerning democracy in broad sense are reflected in their pedagogical activity. I address the following concrete questions. • From where do music teachers at Swedish municipal music and culture schools get their attitudes and valuations, what circumstances lie behind, and are there specific circumstances that explain attitudes and valuations that are not embraced by most of them? • How can different types of music teachers be described? • How do the attitudes and valuations differ between different types? • How are the attitudes and valuations of the different types reflected in their respective work? In the first place I try to answer the questions by using questionnaires which I analyse with methods including factor and cluster techniques. In order to generate intelligible pictures of the types I also interpret, by mean value and correlation analyses, quantitatively dependent data with hermeneutical tools. The population is about 5 000 individuals, represented by 834 informants. The results show that each subject (singing, strings, brass, etc.) has its own inherited culture, with its own set of attitudes and valuations These attitudes and valuations are, in the first place, transmissioned within the subjects. The questionnaire answers have generated eight different types: MISSIONARY, GATE KEEPER, MUSIC MAKER, MASTER TEACHER, MUSIC DIRECTOR, REFORMIST, ANTI-FORMALIST, and PEDAGOGUE. Each of them has their own set of attitudes and valuations, which are based on the four factors MISSION, FEELING, FOUNDATION, and STUDENT-FOCUS. The eight types and their significant qualities, can be described, in reasonable and recognized ways. Different discourses can also be discerned. Most types seem to have a given position at music school. THE REFORMIST, however, appears to be dissatisfied. He or she is rooted in classical music, but wants to teach the children to play music of their own, although he or she is lacking the didactical tools for this kind of teaching. THE REFORMIST constitutes 19 % of the population and is thereby the largest group. Among other things, one conclusion drawn from the discussion is that the conservatory discourse is a cement keeping together the whole field of music education, and without it the structure and organisation of music school as well as college of music would collapse into a messed-up activity beyond defini¬tion. Another conclusion is that education of music teachers must be reformed with the starting point in democracy and philosophy, if discoursive isolation of music school should not become total—with fatal consequences for music school. These two conclusions stand for opposite poles, which must be balanced to each other.

The diploma thesis explores activating methods in music education at elementary music schools. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the description and the issue of activating methods and also focuses on methods suitable for teaching music subjects at elementary music school in the classes of collective and individual lessons. The practical part deals with the purposefulness of the use of activating methods with emphasis to the support of creativity and coordination in lessons of music education. The diploma thesis uses the questionnaire method in various modifications and the method of observation. The aim of the presented diploma work is to describe the activating teaching methods and to focus on these suitable for teaching music subjects at elementary music schools in the classes of collective and individual lessons. The aim of the practical part of the diploma thesis is to find out whether the activating teaching methods are used in education at elementary music schools and how they are evaluated and accepted by teachers and pupils.

Studiens syfte är att synliggöra hur föräldrar upplever sin delaktighet i sitt barns musicerande på tvärflöjt. Studien är främst kvalitativ med pragmatismen som teoretisk utgångspunkt. I studien genomfördes och användes fyra halvstrukturerade intervjuer med föräldrar vars barn spelar tvärflöjt som underlag för analys. Studien använde sig också av en kvantitativ metod då en enkät användes för en närmare undersökning av fältet och som inspiration till intervjufrågorna. Enkäten vände sig till vårdnadshavare vars barn spelar tvärflöjt och besvarades av 64 personer. Resultatet visar att föräldrar upplever sin delaktighet i sitt barns musicerande genom att på olika sätt vara delaktig i barnets musicerande bland annat genom att visa intresse och lösa barnets problem som uppkommer i samband med musicerandet på tvärflöjt. Resultatet visar också att föräldrarna upplever utmaningar i att vara delaktig i sitt barns musicerande på tvärflöjt främst på grund av föräldrarnas musikaliska kunskaper men också tid och ork. Slutsatsen är att föräldrar upplever sin delaktighet som varierande i sitt barns musicerande men att deras attityd och uppfattning kring musik och barnets musicerande är genomgående positiv. / The aim of this study is to make visible how parents experience their involvement in their kid’s flute playing. The study is a qualitative study with pragmatism as its theoretical framework. In this study four half structured interviews with parents whose kids play the flute was used as basis for the analysis. This study also used a quantitative method in the form of a survey that was used to examine the field and for inspiration for the interview questions. The survey was directed to parents whose kids play the flute and was answered by 64 parents. The result of this study shows that parents experience their involvement in their kid’s flute playing by being involved in different ways for example by showing interest and to solve their kid’s problems that arise when the kid is playing the flute. The result also shows that parents experience challenges in their involvement with their kids playing the flute mostly because of their limited musical knowledge but also because of lack of time and energy. The conclusion of this study is that parents experience their involvement in their kid’s flute playing as variated but that the parent’s attitude and perception of music and the fact that their kids are playing the flute is throughout positive.

El proyecto propuesto es una Escuela Superior de Música en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. La escuela se encuentra ubicada en el Centro de Lima, en el barrio de Monserrate, en la ladera del Río Rímac. Propone generar una conexión entre ciudad y río, y de esa manera revitalizar la ladera “olvidada” del río Rímac. Su ubicación es importante ya que el proyecto se encuentra conectado, mediante un malecón peatonal, al proyecto de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima llamado “Río Verde”, el cual propone elementos de carácter cultural a lo largo de la ladera del río. Es por esto que el proyecto no sólo cumple con dar solución a una necesidad encontrada, en este caso la falta de infraestructura para una educación de carácter superior musical en la ciudad, sino también como elemento complementario a un gran proyecto urbanístico. Está compuesto por dos áreas principales: el área académica, de carácter privado, y el área cultural, de carácter público. El área académica contiene todos los ambientes de la escuela: aulas, salones de música, salas de ensayo, biblioteca, entre otros; el área cultural está conformada por un área de tiendas con sala de exposición, un área de comidas anexada a un malecón peatonal, y el elemento principal es el gran auditorio, con un área de bar y un gran foyer de ingreso, al cual se accede a través de una gran plaza pública. / The proposed Project is a School of Music in the city of Lima, Peru. The school is located in Lima’s City Center, in the Monserrate neighborhood, on the side of Rimac River. It proposes to create a connection between the city and the river, and thus revitalize the “forgotten” riverside of Rimac river. Its location is important since the project is connected, through a pedestrian boardwalk, to the project of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima called “Rio Verde”, which proposes elements of a cultural nature along the riverside. That is why the project not only meets a solution for an identified need, in this case the lack of infrastructure for a musical higher education in the city, but also as a complimentary element to a large urbanistic project. It is made up of two main areas: the academic area, which is private, and the cultural area, which is public. The academic area contains all the rooms dedicated to the school: classrooms, music rooms, rehearsal rooms, library, etc.; the cultural area is made up of music shops, and exhibition hall, food court next to the pedestrian boardwalk, and the main element is the big auditorium, with a bar area and a large entrance foyer, which is accessed through a large public square. / Tesis