Syftet var att ge en bild av vad som framkommer i tidigare forskning om vuxna individer med funktionsvariation och deras utsatthet för sexualbrott. Studien omfattar två frågeställningar: (1) Hur beskrivs funktionsvariation påverka utsattheten för sexualbrott enligt artiklarna? (2) Hur konstrueras sexualbrott i artiklarna? För att besvara syftet gjordes en översiktsstudie med totalt nio kvantitativa och kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar och en tematisk analys genomfördes. Resultatet analyserades utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visade att en individ med en synlig funktionsvariation beskrevs som en symbol för svaghet. Resultatet visade också att artiklarna konstruerade sexualbrott som ett individualistiskt problem. Resultatet visade även att en individ med funktionsvariation ”samtycker” till sexuellt umgänge på grund av låg självkänsla. Slutsatsen är att mer forskning behövs för att kunna utveckla åtgärder för att förebygga sexualbrott mot individer med funktionsvariation så att de kan känna sig trygga i samhället. / The aim was to present a general view of what is found in earlier research on adults with disabilities and their vulnerability to sexual crimes. The study covers two issues: (1) How do the disability affect vulnerability to sexual crimes according to the articles? (2) How do the articles construct sexual crimes? To answer the aim a scoping review with a total of nine quantitative and qualitative scientific articles were used and a thematic analysis was conducted. The results were analyzed from a social constructionist perspective. The results showed that an individual with a visible disability was described as a symbol of weakness. The results also showed that the articles chose to construct sexual crimes as an individualistic problem. Moreover the results showed that an individual with a disability "consents" to sexual intercourse because of low self-esteem. The conclusion is that more research is needed in order to develop measures to prevent sexual crimes against individuals with disabilities to improve their feeling of security in society.

Sutarčiai sudaryti paprastai reikia, kad viena šalis pasiūlytų sudaryti sutartį (oferta), o kita šalis sutiktų su pasiūlymu (akceptas). Sutarčių įvairovėje išskiriamos vartojimo sutartys, kurios dėl silpnesnės šalies apsaugos principo įgyvendinimo pasižymi tam tikrais ypatumais. Vartojimo sutarčių sudarymas pateikiant ofertą ir akceptą yra šio magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje analizuojama vartojimo sutarties sąvoka ir specifika, nagrinėjamos vartotojo ir verslininko sąvokos tiek nacionaliniu, tiek tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Antroje darbo dalyje tiriamos ofertos ir akcepto sąvokos, išskiriami jų požymiai ir ypatumai vartojimo sutartyse. Atskirai analizuojama viešosios ofertos problematika, išskiriami ofertos ir kvietimo pareikšti ofertą skirtumai. Trečioje dalyje analizuojami ofertos ir akcepto ypatumai elektroninėse sutartyse (click-wrap sutartyse, browse-wrap sutartyse). Siekiant visapusiškos nagrinėjamų klausimų analizės, darbe nagrinėjami tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio teisės aktai, teisės mokslininkų darbai bei teismų praktika. Šio darbo pradžioje kelta hipotezė, kad oferta ir akceptas vartojimo sutartyse turi ypatumų, lyginant su kitomis sutartimis, darbo eigoje pasitvirtina. Magistro baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Darbo apimtis- 57 lapai. / For a contract to exist, usually one party must have made an offer, and the other party must have accepted it. Object of this master’s work is an offer and acceptance in the consumer contracts. Consumer contract means an agreement for goods or services concluded by a natural person with the seller not affiliated with the consumer‘s business. This master‘s work consists of 3 chapters. In the first chapter author analyses a concept of consumer contract and a concept of consumer and businessman (seller, supplier) in the national and in the international law. In the second chapter author reviews a concept of an offer and acceptance, their features and specificity in the consumer contracts. Author also examines the difference between an offer and invitation to treat (an invitation to negotiate). In the third chapter author research an offer and acceptance in the e-contracts (click-wrap contracts, browse-wrap contracts). For the best research, there was analyzed literature in Lithuanian and English, also, rules formulated by the courts and law scholars. In the end of this master’s work author draws the conclusions. This master’s work contents 57 pages.

Hot och våld på arbetsplatsen är ett fenomen som under de senaste årtiondena lyfts fram av forskning som ett återkommande och påtagligt problem inom den sociala sektorn. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka i vilka situationer anställda inom tvångsvården upplever sig utsatta av sina klienter. Vidare undersöks även vilka konsekvenser denna utsatthet kan medföra för den anställde. För att finna svar på syftet valdes en kvalitativ metod med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Det är den mest passande metoden för att söka svar på syftet utifrån respondenternas perspektiv. Innan intervjuerna skapades en intervjuguide med olika teman och frågor, och sedan valdes totalt sex anställda från två olika institutioner ut för att bli intervjuade om sina upplevelser av utsatthet på arbetsplatsen. För att kunna analysera och försöka förstå vårt resultat användes tidigare forskning och flera olika teorier och begrepp. De teorier och begrepp som valdes var krav- och kontrollmodellen, emotionsbaserad coping samt det idealiska offret. Vidare definierades maktbegreppet då det ansågs relevant i studien på grund av den ojämna maktfördelning som finns mellan hjälpare och klient. Resultatet visade bland annat att en stor riskfaktor var det ojämna maktförhållandet mellan personal och klient. Det visade även att riskfaktorer var oregelbundna arbetstider och att inte ha tid att skapa en relation med klienten. Vidare visade resultatet att många i personalen såg utsatthet som en del av sitt jobb och att det var något som hörde till i jobbet som socialarbetare. Med hjälp av teorier förstod vi att det kunde vara ett sätt att hantera höga krav på arbetet. Slutligen visade resultatet på att brist på stöd från omgivningen efter utsatta situationer kunde generera negativa följder för den anställde. Andra negativa konsekvenser som upplevts på grund av utsattheten var sömnlöshet, ångest, migrän och magont.

La préservation de la santé de la population constitue un des principes fondamentaux de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Ainsi, les atteintes aux objectifs de santé deviennent la préoccupation fondamentale de l'époque moderne. Cependant, dans des pays en développement comme le Sénégal, se pose l'épineux problème de l'offre et de l'accessibilité aux soins notamment pour les populations les plus démunies et celles habitant en milieu rural. Hélas, la plupart des structures de soins sont incapables d'assurer une offre de soins de qualité et de quantité suffisante aux usagers. En effet, beaucoup d'efforts ont été fournis et sont entrain d'être poursuivis en matière d'offre de soins. Malheureusement, le constat général reste toujours le même : la population souffre toujours du déficit d'accès aux soins. Il faudrait alors réfléchir sur des systèmes de santé qui prennent en charge toute la population en lui accordant l'accès aux soins de qualité et qui soient abordables. Pour ce faire, les autorités doivent résoudre d'abord les problèmes qui sont à l'origine de la dégradation de la santé de la population : la pauvreté, des difficultés d'accès à l'eau potable et aux logements propres et décents, l'analphabétisme etc. Également, parmi toutes les solutions préconisées, l'une des plus pertinentes est d'intégrer la médecine traditionnelle dans les systèmes de santé de tous les pays en développement. / The protection of people health is one of the World Health Organization basic principles. Then, reaching health objectives has become the main concern of our time. However, in developing countries such as Senegal, it faces the tricky question of offer and access to treatment chiefly for the most destitute populations and for those living in rural area. Sadly, most of the health facilities cannot provide an effective and efficient care to their patients. Indeed, a lot of effort has been doing in the matter of care offer for years. Unfortunately, the general report is that: populations are still suffering from lack of care access. Authorities should think about health systems which take into account the whole population by granting them access to affordable care quality. To do so, they should solve the problems which are the causes of the degradation of people health among which poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to drinking water and to adequate and clean accommodations. Among the recommended solutions, one of the most relevant is the integration of herbal remedy into all developing countries health system.

Syftet med studien är att analysera talet om mobbning som en diskurs i media. Detta genom att göra en jämförelse mellan hur tidningsartiklar ifrån 1970 respektive 2013 framställde mobbning, mobbaren, offret samt de ansvariga för mobbning. Detta för att senare kunna uttyda eventuella diskursförändringar i framställningen, vilken sålunda är den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien. Vidare har undersökningen genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod då en förenklad diskursanalys har använts för att närmare studera språket i artiklarna. Totalt har ett urval av 26 artiklar analyserats. Detta genom att identifiera framställningen om mobbning, mobbaren, offret och de ansvariga, för att vidare kunna urskilja de större mönstren i artiklarnas framställning. Studiens resultat visar att det har skett en diskursförändring i framställningen av fenomenet mobbning, mobbaren, offret och de ansvariga. Det framgår i resultatet att artiklarna ifrån 1970 – talet framställer mobbning som ett våldsamt beteende med olika förklaringar till varför mobbning sker medan artiklarna ifrån 2013 framställer mobbning som kränkningar som kan anmälas. Resultatet visar också på en del likheter, exempelvis när det gäller vilka handlingar mobbarna utför, där artiklarna ifrån respektive år pekar på att mobbarna slår och misshandlar offret.

Title: You wash it off and then you go and do your job” - A qualitative analysis about trauma nurses victimization of workplace violence   The aim of this study was to examine how trauma nurses relates to violence at work. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews and a hermeneutic-sentence construction analysis has been used. The theoretical frameworks that was used in the study are social construction theory and the ideal victim. The result of the study showed that workplace violence frequently occurs and it also showed that psychological violence was the most common form. The trauma nurses usually don’t report this type of violence because of complicated reporting tools and a workplace culture that normalize violence from patients and relatives. The trauma nurses experience an implicit fear of being exposed of crime which limits them at their workplace. Suggested measures against workplace violence were education, simplified tools for report crime and increased endorsement from leadership. The conclusion of the study showed that the nurses need help to institute a zero-tolerance policy against violence to challenge their definition of violence. Keywords: workplace violence, nurse, victim, perpetrator

Thesis title:Special modes of contracting by entrepreneurs This paper deals with the specific ways of closing a contract regulated by the Civil Code, such as auction, public tender and public offer. However, before proceeding to the very subject of this work, it is necessary, at least in the essential features to say, what is a contract and what is the typical way of closing a contract, when it is afterwards discussed what is the special ways of closing a contract. The first chapter deals with the concept of a contract and a typical way of closing it. The second chapter summarizes how to deviate from a typical way of concluding contracts and what arrangements are then used for this procedure. Since this work is aimed at entrepreneurs, so it deals with the specific ways of closing a contract particularly from their point of view. Therefore the paper firstly defines who is an entrepreneur according to the Civil Code and how the rules for contracting are different in regard to entrepreneurs. Although it is not a way of concluding a contract, at the end of the second chapter, a brief description of the public promise is provided, so that it can be judged which legal action results in the conclusion of a contract and which is a public promise and creates an obligation to provide performance without...

Background: Historically, the focus of the UK and international research exploring planned home birth decision making has been largely focused on understanding the experiences of women who decide to birth at home. As a result of high-profile research that suggests that non-OU birth locations are safe for low risk women, there has been a recent shift in focus resulting in research studies that aim to increase the rates of planned home birth, or more often the rates of all non-obstetric unit birth within the UK. However, despite this increased level of attention, the rate of home birth remains stubbornly low. Whilst there is some research to indicate why this might be the case, research that sheds a new light on the issue, and that develops an evidence base for new interventions is required. This thesis illuminates the factors that need to be considered in order to increase women’s abilities to make an informed decision about planned birth. Methodology: A pragmatic approach, using mixed methods, was used to explore the current way that we offer planned home birth to maternity service users, and to ultimately make suggestions about how this could be improved. The following studies have been undertaken: Study 1: Initial exploratory study: The case notes of one hundred and sixty nine women, from one health board and who had planned to birth at home, were audited. Non-participant observation of birth planning meetings at thirty-six weeks gestation were undertaken with seven community midwife and low-risk women dyads. These were followed by individual semi-structured interviews with the participants. Study 2: Scoping review: Qualitative and quantitative research, and non-research based literature, were analysed to produce a qualitative review of planned home birth decision making. Study 3: Active offer of planned home birth concept analysis The findings of the initial exploratory study and the scoping review, in addition to active offer literature that is predominantly applied to support the provision of services within minority official languages, were used to create an active offer of planned home birth. Study 4: Workshop study testing the findings of the concept analysis Narrative based exercises were used to explore the concept analysis findings with twenty previous service users who had birthed at home, nine previous service users who had chosen an institutional birth, and fourteen community midwives. Findings: Women will either take a ‘passive’ or ‘active’ approach to the offer of planned home birth, with a passive approach likely where no motivation for an active approach has been provided. Where a woman takes a passive approach, her ability to make an informed decision about planned home birth will depend on an active offer being made by her midwife. This will be most effective when it is supported by a midwife’s employing organisation. The findings of this thesis suggest that a two stage active offer of planned home birth (AOPHB) process, consisting of ‘Creating the conditions’ and ‘Positive reinforcement’ stages, can be used to underpin the offer of planned home birth. Discussion: There has previously been minimal understanding of how to facilitate the home birth decision making process, and a passive offer is routinely provided to women in the UK. The proposed two-stage AOPHB process provides a structured way for midwives to underpin their offer to women, in order that an increased percentage of women are able to make an informed decision about home birth and/or decide to birth at home. Where midwives apply the AOPHB, women who may take a passive approach could be ‘activated’ to engage in home birth decision making. A pilot intervention has been drafted to implement the AOPHB within clinical practice. The intervention provides support for the implementation of the two-stage AOPHB process through the use of individual components focused on midwives and their employing organisation; student midwives; and women, and their significant others. Implications: This thesis has contributed to the developing knowledge base about planned home birth decision making. The application of active offer theory to the offer of planned home birth has been undertaken for the first time, and this has generated a new and useful perspective on this area of midwifery practice. The resultant two-stage AOPHB process has the potential for developing midwifery practice in terms of supporting midwives to understand and facilitate women’s decision making around home birth, providing a flexible tool that can be used in clinical practice. This is the first approach that has been developed with the aim of increasing the ability of women to make an informed decision about whether they wish to birth at home. Additionally, the pilot AOPHB intervention has implications around the understanding of how employing organisations can best support midwives in this aspect of their role, and developing how student midwives are educated about offering home birth to women.

Ingeniero Civil Industrial / Seguros Falabella es una Corredora de Seguros Grandes Tiendas perteneciente al grupo Falabella. Tiene participación en algunos países de Latinoamérica, en particular en Chile, donde se realiza este trabajo de memoria. El objetivo general de esta memoria consiste en diseñar un modelo predictivo basado en las características individuales de los clientes, que entregue la propensión de compra para los seis productos principales de la compañía, con el fin de incrementar el stock de estas pólizas. Se realizan modelos de propensión para todos los ramos principales de seguros, correspondientes a automotrices, vida, vida con bonificación, salud, hogar y transaccionales. En particular se utilizan dos metodologías distintas de clasificación binaria: Árbol de Decisión y Logit Binario. Dada la naturaleza de los datos y la diferencia de información para los clientes con y sin la tarjeta de crédito del holding, es necesario calcular modelos independientes para ambos tipos de clientes. Así, se generan 12 modelos distintos tanto para Árbol de Decisión como también para Logit Binario. La empresa cuenta con un total de 3 millones de registros de clientes entre los periodos 2015 y 2016. Debido a la metodología elegida, sólo se utiliza un 40% de la base resultante para obtener resultados consistentes y en un tiempo de ejecución razonable. En base a los resultados, se elige el método Logit Binario puesto que tuvo un mejor desempeño en las métricas más significativas para el negocio. Éste, en promedio, logró recuperar un 60% de las ventas generadas con sólo un 20% de la base de datos, en comparación con el 53,3% del árbol de decisión. Para elegir el producto más adecuado para cada cliente, se propone un modelo de Next Best Offer . Se realiza una simulación de esta metodología versus la actual, obteniendo un beneficio estimado 11% mayor y un aumento de 22% en pólizas vendidas. Para validar este método, se plantean dos experimentos de igualdad de proporciones. El primero busca comprobar que la elección mayor decil de propensión genera más ventas cuando existe un único máximo decil. El segundo busca verificar que la ponderación por el beneficio de la compañía genera más ventas cuando existe más de un producto que compartan el máximo decil. Finalmente, para estudios futuros, se propone la realización de un modelo que determine, para cada cliente, el canal más propenso para la contratación de un producto. Además, se plantea una idea de mejora del método Next Best Offer mediante la optimización según una ponderación tanto del decil de propensión como también del beneficio esperado para la compañía. / 13/11/2022

I vår studie har vi undersökt hur journalister gestaltar tre amerikanska skolskjutningar i svensk och amerikansk press. Skolskjutningarna ägde rum på Columbine High School, Virginia Tech och Sandy Hook Elementary School. Vi har analyserat sammanlagt 91 texter publicerade i Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter och New York Times. Teorierna vi har valt till vår studie är gestaltningsteori, media events och moralpanik. Kvantitativt har vi undersökt hur journalisterna valt att gestalta gärningsmännen och vilka som fått komma till tals i artiklarna. Kvalitativt har vi närstuderat 12 texter med fokus på skillnaderna mellan de svenska och amerikanska journalisternas gestaltning. Slutsatserna vi kan dra från vår studie är att rapporteringen skiljer sig åt mellan svenska Dagens Nyheter och amerikanska New York Times. De amerikanska journalisterna har större benägenhet att gestalta överlevande i skolskjutningar som “hjältar” och gärningsmännen som “onda personer”. De svenska journalisterna dramatiserar händelserna med fokus på sorg och tragedi. Både de svenska och amerikanska journalisterna väljer att gestalta gärningsmännen som unika individer.