The purpose of this work was to find what User Interface adjustments are most suitable for elderly users from the age of 60. The adjustments looked upon in this research were regarding three areas: navigation, progress bar and element design. Each area consisted of two characteristics that were compared against each other. Navigation had a slide-out sidebar and top navigation bar as characteristics. While the progress bar and element design had the characteristics of with and without a progress bar as well as icons and detailed images respectively. The research method was to put these characteristics in two prototypes. Then five elderly tested these prototypes as if they were two different prototypes of an application rather than a test of a specific User Interface design. The data were analysed through three aspects for each of the areas: effectiveness (number of errors), efficiency (time efficient) and user satisfaction. The conclusion of the analysis was that the top navigation bar and progress bar were the better User Interface adoptions. While regarding the element design there was not an as clear answer. What was significant was what the image or icon represents is clear, though the elderly user seems to prefer images / Syftet med detta arbete var att hitta de användargränssnittsjusteringar som är lämpligast för äldre användare från 60 års ålder. De inkluderade justeringarna i denna forskning var dessa tre områden: navigering, förloppsindikator och elementdesign. Varje område bestod av två egenskaper som jämfördes jämt emot varandra. Navigation hade ett utdragbar sidofält och övre navigeringsfält som egenskaper. Medan förloppsindikatorn och elementdesignen hade egenskaperna med och utan förloppsindikator respektive ikoner och detaljerade bilder. Forskningsmetoden var att sätta dessa egenskaper i två olika prototyper. Dessa testades sedan av fem äldre som att de vore applikationsprototyper snarare än ett test av ett specifik användargränssnitt. Data analyserades utifrån tre aspekter för var och ett av områdena: effektivitet (antal användningsfel) och verkan (tids effektivitet) och tillfredsställelse. Analysen kom fram till att det översta navigeringsfältet och förloppsfältet var de bättre anpassningarna. Gällande elementdesignen var svaret inte lika klart. Det betydelsefulla där var att det bilden eller ikonen representerar är tydligt för användaren, däremot verkar de äldre användarna föredra bilder över ikoner.

Диссертация посвящена теоретическому анализу комиксов и их экранизаций, ориентированных на подростковую аудиторию, в современной российской экранной культуре. В работе анализируется состояние проблемы в зарубежных и отечественных социально-культурологических исследованиях; кинокомикс рассматривается как феномен экранной культуры; выявляются основные проблемы функционирования кинокомиксов в современных условиях российского кинорынка; анализируются перспективы развития кинокомикса как направления отечественного кинематографа. В проектной части диссертации представлены концептуальные и содержательные составляющие проекта фестиваля кинокомиксов для подростков «Российский кинокомикс: вымысел или реальность?». / The dissertation is devoted to the theoretical analysis of comics and their adaptations focused on teenage audience in modern Russian screen culture. The paper analyzes the state of the problem in foreign and domestic socio-cultural studies; film comics is considered as a phenomenon of screen culture; identifies the main problems of the functioning of film comics in the modern conditions of the Russian film market; analyzes the prospects for the development of film as a direction of domestic cinema. The project part of the thesis presents the conceptual and substantive components of the project of the festival of film comics for teenagers «Russian film comics: fiction or reality?».

In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, um selektive Kinaseinhibitoren für verschiedene Ziele zu entwickeln. Ein chemisch-genetisches Verfahren, das als "analog-sensitiv" bezeichnet wird, wurde eingesetzt, um isozymselektive Inhibitoren zu erzeugen, die auf die Gatekeeper-Mutante der IP6Ks abzielen. Diese Kinasen sind für die Synthese von PP-InsPs verantwortlich, dicht geladenen und allgegenwärtigen sekundären Botenstoffen mit einer Vielzahl von Funktionen. Ein Hochdurchsatz-Screening lieferte die vielversprechende Leitverbindung FMP-201300, die wünschenswerte Eigenschaften und ein günstiges Inhibitionsprofil aufwies. Interessanterweise ergaben kinetische Messungen einen allosterischen Wirkmechanismus, während HDX-MS-Analysen auf eine Bindung von FMP-201300 in der Nähe der ATP-Stelle hindeuteten, was möglicherweise die durch die Gatekeeper-Mutation bewirkte Steigerung der Wirksamkeit erklärt. Parallel dazu wurde Photopharmakologie eingesetzt, um die Aktivität von TgCDPK1 mit hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Präzision reversibel zu steuern. Bekannte Inhibitoren wurden in Arylazopyrazole mit guten photochemischen und photophysikalischen Eigenschaften umgewandelt. Während die Optimierung der photostationären Verteilungen eine Herausforderung blieb, ermöglichten die ausgezeichneten bioaktiven Unterschiede zwischen den beiden isomeren Formen die reversible Kontrolle der Kinaseaktivität in situ durch abwechselnde Bestrahlung mit Licht verschiedener Wellenlängen. Obwohl diese photoschaltbaren Inhibitoren auch auf CDPK1-Orthologe anderer Parasiten abzielten, führte eine sequentielle Erhöhung der Gatekeeper-Größe zu einem deutlichen Rückgang der Wirksamkeit. Wichtig ist, dass das Wachstum von T. gondii in vivo gehemmt werden konnte, mit reduzierter Wirksamkeit nach UV-Bestrahlung. / The development of potent and highly selective kinase inhibitors is a long-standing pursuit in pharmacological research. These efforts continue to provide invaluable tools to decipher the intricate cellular functions of these ubiquitous enzymes. Kinases are involved in a cornucopia of signaling events, many of which are related to widespread diseases such as diabetes and cancer. In this work, different approaches were taken to obtain selective kinase inhibitors for diverse targets. A chemical genetics method termed ‘analog-sensitive’ was employed to generate isozyme-selective inhibitors targeting the gatekeeper mutant of mammalian IP6Ks. These kinases are responsible for the synthesis of PP-InsPs, densely-charged and highly pervasive second messengers with a multitude of functions. High-throughput screening yielded the promising lead compound FMP-201300, which exhibited desirable properties and a favorable inhibitory profile. Intriguingly, kinetic measurements revealed an allosteric mode of action, while HDX-MS analysis suggested a binding of FMP-201300 adjacent to the ATP-site, potentially explaining its increase in potency conferred by the gatekeeper mutation. In a parallel effort, photopharmacology was used to reversibly control the activity of TgCDPK1 with high temporal and spatial precision. Known inhibitors were converted into arylazopyrazoles with good photochemical and photophysical properties. While the optimization of the photostationary distributions remained a challenge, excellent bioactive discrepancies between the two isomeric forms enabled the reversible control over kinase activity in situ by alternating irradiation with light of different wavelengths. Although these photoswitchable inhibitors also targeted CDPK1 orthologs from other parasites, sequential increase of the gatekeeper size led to a significant decline in potency. Importantly, the growth of T. gondii could be inhibited in vivo with reduced potency after UV irradiation.

There is an increased use of block-based programming environments in K-12 education and computing outreach activities to introduce novices to programming and computational thinking skills. However, despite their appealing design that allows students to focus on concepts rather than syntax, block-based programming by design is inaccessible to people with visual impairments and people who cannot use the mouse. In addition to this inaccessibility, little is known about the instructional experiences of students with visual impairments on current block-based programming environments. This dissertation addresses this gap by (1) investigating the challenges that students with visual impairments face on current block-based programming environments and (2) exploring ways in which we can use the keyboard and the screen reader to create block-based code. Through formal survey and interview studies with teachers of students with visual impairments and students with visual impairments, we identify several challenges faced by students with visual impairments on block-based programming environments. Using the knowledge of these challenges and building on prior work, we explore how to leverage the keyboard and the screen reader to improve the accessibility of block-based programming environments through a prototype of an accessible block-based programming library. In this dissertation, our empirical evaluations demonstrate that people with visual impairments can effectively and efficiently create, edit, and navigate block-based code using the keyboard and screen reader alone. Addressing the inaccessibility of block-based programming environments would allow students with visual impairments to participate in programming and computing activities where these systems are used, thus fostering inclusion and promoting diversity.

Background: Loneliness, a feeling of distress, has aggravated due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and reduced social interactions. The objective of this study was to explore whether increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with various eating and activity behaviours in adolescence, a critical period for the development of lasting lifestyle habits. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used self-reported data from 43,588 and 40,521 Canadian adolescents aged 12-19 years (collected between November 2020 and June 2021) for eating habits and the 24-hour movement behaviours, respectively. Binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to predict the odds of various lifestyle behaviours among adolescents with increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: We found higher odds of skipping breakfast [boys: OR 1.41 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.50), girls: OR 1.64 (95% CI: 1.56, 1.74)], fast food consumption [1-2 days in the past week: girls - OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.21); ≥3 days in the past week: boys - 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.24), girls - OR: 1.42 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.57)], not meeting screen time [boys: OR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.66), girls: OR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.54, 1.92)], and sleep duration guidelines [boys: OR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.48), girls: OR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.45)] among adolescents that reported increased loneliness due to the pandemic (versus those in the decreased/stayed the same loneliness group). Conclusion: Future longitudinal studies in adolescents are needed to confirm the directionality of these associations. It is important to raise awareness of these findings among public health practitioners, policymakers, physicians, schools and parents to promote healthier eating habits and increase adherence to the 24-hour movement behaviours. Recovery efforts post-pandemic are needed to reduce loneliness levels to support adolescent social health and establish healthy behavioural habits across the lifespan.

No description available.

In the last few years, and especially since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare services have been moving online. Today, patients can book appointments with doctors and read their medical records in apps and web services. It is important that these services are equally accessible to all patients, regardless of for example disability. This study aims to identify opportunities and challenges in adapting these digital healthcare services towards increasing accessibility for screen reader users with visual impairments. Eight people with visual impairments participated in the study, whereof five had complete vision loss and three had low vision. First, the participants were interviewed about their experiences of using screen readers as well as their views on digital healthcare. Secondly, a usability test was conducted on an existing system at the online health service provider Kry. The interviews indicated that screen reader users face a lot of accessibility barriers online, and therefore might be hesitant towards using digital healthcare. Yet, accessible digital healthcare can bring positive consequences such as making people with visual impairments more independent in handling medical documents and communication with clinicians. Many of the common barriers mentioned, such as unlabelled buttons and missing alternative text for images were found in the usability test of the Kry app. Some barriers even caused dead ends, resulting in that only three out or eight tasks in the usability test were completed by all the participants. From the results of the interviews and usability test, this study proposes a set of recommendations for achieving screen reader friendly online services. The recommendations include for example prioritising simple navigation, always providing alternative text and to test with assistive technology. The recommendations are applicable to other types of services as well, although they might be extra important in the digital healthcare sector where accessibility is of extra high importance. / De senaste åren och speciellt sedan COVID-19 tog fart har delar av sjukvården börjat flytta ut på internet. Idag finns det en rad olika appar som patienter kan använda för att träffa läkare och för att läsa sina journaler. Det är väldigt viktigt att dessa tjänster är tillgängliga för alla patienter, oavsett om man till exempel har en funktionsnedsättning. Denna studie undersöker vilka möjligheter och utmaningar den digitala sjukvården står inför vad gäller tillgänglighetsanpassning för personer med synnedsättningar som använder skärmläsare. Åtta personer deltog i studien varav tre hade nedsatt syn och fem helt saknade synperception. Deltagarna blev först intervjuade om sina erfarenheter av att använda skärmläsare samt sin syn på digital vård. Efter det fick de göra ett användbarhetstest av den digitala vårdappen Kry. Intervjuerna visade att personer med synnedsättningar stöter på många olika typer av tillgänglighetsproblem på internet. Därför är vissa personer tveksamma till att använda digitala vårdtjänster. Om digitala vårdtjänster var väl anpassade för skärmläsare skulle de däremot kunna hjälpa personer med synnedsättningar att bli mer självständiga vad gäller till exempel hantering av medicinska dokument och kommunikation med läkare. Många av de vanligaste tillgänglighetsproblemen på internet, så som omärkta knappar och utebliven alternativ text, påträffades under användbarhetstestet av Kry-appen. Vissa av problemen var så pass allvarliga att de ledde till att deltagarna fastnade i appen. Detta gjorde i sin tur att endast tre av de åtta uppgifterna som var del av testet löstes av samtliga deltagare. Baserat på resultaten från intervjuerna och användbarhetstestet föreslår denna studie en rad rekommendationer för att göra digitala tjänster bättre anpassade för skärmläsare. Rekommendationerna innebär bland annat att prioritera enkel navigation, att alltid ha alternativ text till bilder samt att aktivt testa digitala tjänster med skärmläsare. Rekommendationerna är applicerbara på de flesta typer av digitala tjänster, men är extra viktiga att använda inom digital vård eftersom det måste vara tillgängligt för alla.

No description available.

No description available.

Screen media activity such as watching TV and videos, playing video games, and using social media has become a popular leisure activity for children and adolescents. The effect of screen time has been a highly debated topic; however, there is still very little known about it. Using a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development longitudinal study 4 217 young adolescents, that met the requirements, could be retrieved for this thesis project after processing of the data. This thesis project investigated causal order between genetic effect (cognitive performance Polygenic scores (PGSs)), screen time activity, brain morphology (structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) for surface area and cortical thickness), lack of perseverance, and cognitive performance (crystallized IQ) with a machine learning algorithm DirectLiNGAM. A clear correlation between screen media activity and PGS was found for all types of screen time activities but only video games and social media correlated to the global surface area. Furthermore,  TV and video seem to affect lack of perseverance, and lack of perseverance, in turn, affects time spent on video games. These findings imply that different types of social media are not as alike as we thought and can affect adolescents differently. Taken together, these findings support previous research on screen media activity's effect on lack of perseverance, brain morphology, and cognitive performance, and propose new causal inference between genetics and screen time. Lastly, the algorithm used in this thesis project inferred reasonable causal orders and can be seen as a very good complement to today's causal modeling. / Skärmaktivitet som att titta på TV och video, spela videospel och använda sociala medier har blivit en populär fritidsaktivitet för barn och ungdomar. Effekten av skärmtid har varit ett mycket debatterat ämne; det finns dock fortfarande mycket lite kunskap om det. Med hjälp av datasetet från Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development långtidsstudien kunde 4 217 ungdomar, som uppfyllde specifika krav, väljas ut för detta avhandlingsprojekt efter bearbetning av datan. Detta avhandlingsprojekt undersökte kausal ordning mellan genetisk effekt (Polygenic scores (PGS) för kognitiv prestation), skärmtidsaktivitet, hjärnmorfologi (strukturell Magnet Resonans Imaging (sMRI) för hjärnans ytarea och hjärnbarks tjocklek), brist på ihärdighet och kognitiv förmåga (kristalliserad IQ) med en maskininlärningsalgoritm DirectLiNGAM. Tydlig korrelation mellan skärmaktivitet och PGS hittades för alla typer av skärmaktiviteter men endast videospel och sociala medier korrelerade till den globala ytarean. Dessutom verkar TV och video påverka brist på ihärdighet och brist på ihärdighet i sin tur påverkar hur mycket tid som spenderas på videospel. Dessa resultat antyder att olika typer av sociala medier inte är så lika som vi trodde och kan påverka ungdomar olika. Sammanlagt stöder dessa upptäckter tidigare forskning om skärmtidseffekt på brist på ihärdighet, hjärnmorfologi och kognitiv förmåga och föreslår en ny kausal inferens mellan genetik och skärmtid. Slutligen ledde algoritmen som användes i detta avhandlingsprojekt fram till rimliga kausala ordningar och kan ses som ett mycket bra komplement till dagens kausala modellering.