To provide quality assurance to various stakeholders, current foreign language program evaluation practices often incorporate learners' satisfaction of their language program experiences. Surprisingly, there is a lack of research investigating the multiple learner variables that potentially influence their satisfaction of the program, including foreign language proficiency, foreign language learning goals, and foreign language program grades. In order to address this issue, a study investigating the influences of various learner factors on program satisfaction was conducted with 440 learners enrolled in a two-year English as a foreign language program at a university in Japan. The results of a recursive path analysis indicated that program satisfaction, a construct comprised of questionnaire items related to the content and learners expectations as well as various aspects of the instructors, was influenced by their level of academic-vocational English language learning goals, grades in the English program courses, and gains in English language proficiency. While initial English proficiency did not have a direct effect on program satisfaction as hypothesized, it did have considerable indirect effects through its influence on other learner variables in the model, particularly the learners' grades. Importantly, further analyses also found significant differences between gender groups regarding the interrelationships of the learner factors to satisfaction, with proficiency gains having considerable effects for the male participants but almost no effect among the female participants. Furthermore, a comparison of the path models for each gender group showed that while the learner variables accounted for 17% of the variance in program satisfaction for the male learners, the same learner variables only accounted for 5% of satisfaction in the model for the female learners. Another important finding was an increase of 30% of variance accounting for program satisfaction between a path analysis that incorporated the learners' gains in English language proficiency based on pre- and post-program TOEFL scores and another path analysis that used the learners' self-perceived improvement in English language skills. Finally, a cross-validation of the path models revealed statistically significant differences on two variables, proficiency gain and English learning goals, between the two cohorts in the study, indicating a limitation in the longitudinal format utilized. / CITE/Language Arts

yes / Associations between socio-demographic and psychological factors and food choice patterns were explored in unemployed young people who constitute a vulnerable group at risk of poor dietary health. Volunteers (N = 168), male (n = 97) and female (n = 71), aged 15–25 years were recruited through United Kingdom (UK) community-based organisations serving young people not in education training or employment (NEET). Survey questionnaire enquired on food poverty, physical activity and measured responses to the Food Involvement Scale (FIS), Food Self-Efficacy Scale (FSS) and a 19-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). A path analysis was undertaken to explore associations between age, gender, food poverty, age at leaving school, food self-efficacy (FS-E), food involvement (FI) (kitchen; uninvolved; enjoyment), physical activity and the four food choice patterns (junk food; healthy; fast food; high fat). FS-E was strong in the model and increased with age. FS-E was positively associated with more frequent choice of healthy food and less frequent junk or high fat food (having controlled for age, gender and age at leaving school). FI (kitchen and enjoyment) increased with age. Higher FI (kitchen) was associated with less frequent junk food and fast food choice. Being uninvolved with food was associated with more frequent fast food choice. Those who left school after the age of 16 years reported more frequent physical activity. Of the indirect effects, younger individuals had lower FI (kitchen) which led to frequent junk and fast food choice. Females who were older had higher FI (enjoyment) which led to less frequent fast food choice. Those who had left school before the age of 16 had low food involvement (uninvolved) which led to frequent junk food choice. Multiple indices implied that data were a good fit to the model which indicated a need to enhance food self-efficacy and encourage food involvement in order to improve dietary health among these disadvantaged young people.

The Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS) program at Temple University (TU) seeks to guide first-generation, low-income high school students from Philadelphia in their quest to obtain postsecondary STEM degrees that lead to related careers. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the program by analyzing its students’ performance in light of its own goals and also in view of those of its sister program, The Upward Bound (UB) program. Primarily, this study uses Confirmatory Program Evaluation to ascertain which programmatic elements predict outcomes associated with indicators of STEM interest. Program leaders in TU’s College of Education and Human Development provided data for the study. Data came from 2015–2021 annual performance reports, containing information on 374 former UBMS student participants as well as 483 former UB students. Findings indicate that UBMS students pursued postsecondary enrollment at a significantly higher rate than UB students. Results also suggest that UBMS students’ grade level upon program entry was a significant direct negative predictor for how long they were affiliated with the program. In addition, students’ grade level upon program entry was a direct positive predictor for whether they obtained a rigorous course of study. Community service involvement was a significant negative predictor for whether students completed advanced math courses. None of the predictors yielded a significant effect in either of the two outcomes by way of a third, mediating variable. Implications of the study suggest that alliances between principal investigators, program administrators, and statisticians—ultimately through mixed-methods approaches—may offer valuable insight regarding the evaluation of UBMS and programs like it. / Educational Leadership

近年來觀光產業的快速發展，使相關業者面臨激烈的競爭，旅遊目的地行銷的概念應運而生。隨著產業結構的轉型，地方都市無不透過觀光行銷來吸引投資者或遊客之進入，以增加自身競爭力，因應全球化下的競爭。 　　觀光意象是遊客對於一旅遊目的地所持的知覺、看法與印象的重組，其傳達遊客腦海中對旅遊目的地遊憩屬性的偏好，具有宣傳與行銷的功能。一般而言，觀光意象在遊客對目的地之選擇行為過程中扮演了重要的角色，具有良好觀光意象的旅遊目的地通常具有較高的吸引力，且正向的觀光意象對都市透過觀光收益來促進都市發展及經濟成長亦有顯著效果。觀光意象包含了遊客的認知與情感面，遊客將據其偏好選擇喜歡的目的地作為旅遊地點。然而，過去研究較少探討遊客主觀感受與其對地方之情感連結等心理層面對選擇行為之影響，據此，本研究以台北市貓空地區為例，以觀光意象作為前因變數，探討其對遊客之地方依附、旅遊品質、滿意度、選擇行為之影響路徑及各變數間之交互影響效果。 　　本研究以遊客問卷之設計，對非當地居民之遊客作為抽樣調查之對象，並以因素分析與結構方程模式作為資料分析方法，所得主要結果為：觀光意象對地方依附、旅遊品質與選擇行為有直接正向影響，而影響遊客對旅遊目的地選擇行為最重要的因素為地方依附。 / With the change of industry structure, tourism industry has become one of important industries in a city. Facing the competition under the global age, the concept of destination marketing has widely aroused attention because of fast development of tourism industry and keen competition among relative industry proprietors. Destination image is sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of a destination. Destination image has been shown to be vital influence on travelers' travel behavior, that is, the urban with a positive and good image perceived by tourists can bring out the urban a significant effect on urban development and economic growth. A tourist's intent to visit a destination is determined by a combination of cognitive and affective image. Tourists usually develop emotional associations with destination where they're lovely to visit. However, very limited research has been conducted personal emotional or meanings tourists attach to the places they visited and experienced. Thus, the study takes Maokong Area of Taipei city for example, and the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship among destination image, place attachment, trip quality, satisfaction, and traveling behavior. In research method, the survey was quantitative research oriented in order to understand visitors' ideas toward the destination images of Maokong area. Both factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze for the study. The major results of this research were found that destination image directly has positive influence on place attachment, trip quality, and traveling behavior, and place attachment is the most important cause to influence tourists' behavior.

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

本研究旨在瞭解青少年的金錢觀、需求滿足與慾望，並以 Alderfer的ＥＲＧ理論探討需求滿足及慾望對青少年金錢觀的影響。 研究樣本係依校級抽樣臺灣地區八百七十四位十三至十八歲的青少年。以自編之自陳式慾望、需求滿足和金錢觀問卷為研就工具。所得資料以次數分配、變異數分析、徑路分析等統計方法處理。 研究結果發現，在青少年的金錢觀方面，整體而言，大部分青少年均有正確的金錢觀，特別是對金錢在人際互動中的效用以及金錢的獲取方式有正確的看法。此外，不同的樣本指出，女生、國中生、居住在鄉村者以及有儲蓄習慣者對金錢有較正確的看法，反之，零用錢愈多對金錢的看法也較偏差。 其次，以徑路分析解釋需求滿足度和慾望對金錢觀之影響的研究結果指出，慾望是需求滿足影響金錢觀的中介變項。此外，影響青少年金錢觀的主要因素是關係需求和關係慾望，亦即，能夠與重要他人有良好的互動關係以及想要與重要他人建立良好關係的青少年對金錢的看法也較正向。而這二個變項在國中生和高中生樣本中有些許的差異：就國中生而言，關係需求滿足度對金錢觀的影響較關係慾望來得大，在高中生樣本中則恰好相反。 針對以上結果，提出研究討論及後續研究在方法以及變項上的建議，並對青少年之金錢教育提出鼓勵儲蓄、建立支持系統的建議。

早期有許多實證研究均發現，個人在團體中的表現，反而不若只有個人獨自一人時的的表現，除了可能有因在團體中彼此協調不足所造成的損失外， Latan'e 等學者 (1979) 更進一步指出，這還有可能是因為當處在團體中時，由於責任分散了而形成混水摸魚的現象，並稱之為「社會閒散」 (social loafing) ，這是一種動機性的損失。 不過，在某些情況下，我們也可能在團體中的表現反而比個人自己一人時更好， Williams 與Karau (1991) 稱此相對於社會閒散的現象為「社會補償」 (social compensation) ，例如，當團體的工作對我們而言是有意義的或重要的，又知覺到團體其他成員的能力較弱時，我們便可能會付出較多的努力工作，以補償同伴能力之不足。本研究之主要目的，即在探討最可能產生社會補償現象的情況。 然而，由於人類行為的複雜性，影響個人是否表現社會補償的因素或許甚多，但本研究者假設，最主要的因素還是在於強化個人主觀覺知的「輸入與輸出的連結強度」以及「不可或缺性」。所以在本研究中，研究者將工作類型限定在不連續性工作上，而操弄工作情境、個人能力高低以及獎懲制度等三個獨變項，而在控制其他變項的情況下，探討獨變項對於引發社會補償現象的影響。因此，本研究實際上為一2×2×2 的三因子受試者間設計。 本研究採實驗室實驗法操弄獨變項，實驗中所要進行的工作為綁提圈作業，研究者藉由指導語的說明及假回饋來操弄175 位大學生對於「輸入與輸出連結強度」及「不可或缺性」的知覺。研究結果顯示，工作情境與個人能力高低在工作表現、知覺到的不可或缺性強度、知覺到的輸入與輸出連結強度、以及個人與他人努力程度差異之預期等方面有交互作用存在，顯示當個人能力高時，團體組受試者比個人組受試者知覺到較高的不可或缺性，而輸入與輸出之連結強度亦變得較緊密；而當個人能力低時，團體組受試者則反而比個人組受試者知覺到較低的不可或缺性，及較弱的輸入與輸出連結強度。 此外，知覺到的不可或缺性程度與工作表現有正相關存在，不可或缺性愈高，工作表現也有愈佳的趨勢，而由工作情境與能力高低在工作表現上的交互作用看來，團體╱高能力組受試者的工作表現高於個人╱高能力組，而團體╱低能力組則低於個人╱低能力組，表示在不可或缺性高的情況下，受試者最有可能產生社會補償行為。而在本研究中也發現，能力高低的操弄亦會造成個人工作表現、知覺到的不可或缺性與負向情緒反應的不同，低能力者的工作表現反而優於高能力者，且在工作過程中會產生較強烈的負向情緒。而接受懲罰操弄的組別，受試者也有較強的控制感及負向情緒。研究者最後並以徑路分析整合前述各項證據，大致支持原先的理論建構。

Most children exposed to interpersonal violence experience multiple forms of victimizations that are more predictive of trauma symptomatology than single traumatic incidents. This exploratory study seeks to extend research that suggests a child’s intrinsic strengths may help mitigate the development of serious psychiatric symptoms for children experiencing multiple interfamilial victimizations. Utilizing a diverse clinical sample (N= 106) of children 7 to 18 years of age who were exposed to multiple family traumas or to non-interpersonal traumas, path analysis models (moderation, mediational, and moderated mediational) were employed across potential explanatory or attenuating demographic factors (age, ethnicity, and gender) to ascertain the associations between multiple interpersonal maltreatment types experienced, childs’ behavioral and emotional strengths, and their posttraumatic stress symptomatology and/or behavioral and emotional difficulty symptoms. / text

No description available.

本研究區分中介之精熟經驗與感知之精熟經驗。前者為玩家在角色扮演遊戲中所獲得之成功經驗，後者指玩家對此中介經驗之整體評估感受，且包含過去經驗。玩家在遊戲中不斷接受挑戰並破關的過程，即包含了成功的中介精熟經驗，此經驗與感知之精熟經驗應為正向相關，且為遊戲中必要之一環。角色依附是探討玩家與其角色關係之重要變項，當玩家越依附於其角色時，越能將此中介精熟經驗轉換成其感知之精熟經驗，越能對其效能感產生正面影響。本研究因此嘗試探討嚴肅遊戲中提供的中介精熟經驗是否會影響內部政治效能感，並探討在這影響機制中，感知精熟經驗，角色依附與內在政治效能感之路徑關係。 本研究採對照組前後測實驗設計。參與者為131位大學生，在本研究發展之政策嚴肅遊戲中，參與者被隨機分派到實驗組與控制組。兩組皆接受遊戲之中介精熟經驗處理，但為了檢驗遊戲中介之精熟經驗與玩家感知之精熟經驗之關係，實驗組提供不同場景以演練技巧之遊戲，控制組則未提供不同場景以演練技巧之遊戲。此實驗過程費時大約60分鐘。玩家在實驗前後於線上填寫問卷。本研究首先使用重複量數單因子變異數分析以檢驗不同性別與組別之實驗結果，接著，再以結構方程模型探討感知精熟經驗，角色依附與內在政治效能感之路徑關係。 研究結果發現：(一) 實驗組與控制組之內在政治效能感皆明顯提升，然而，實驗組之提升幅度並未顯著高於控制組。(二) 在路徑模式中，角色依附會透過感知之精熟經驗間接影響內在政治效能，而前測內在政治效能會透過感知精熟經驗間接影響後測內在政治效能，亦會對後測內在政治效能造成直接影響。 本研究有助於了解嚴肅遊戲之心理機制，其結果對於應用嚴肅遊戲設計與公民教育有重要啟示。 / This study distinguished “mediated enactive experience” and “perceived mastery experience”. The former referred to the experience when a player plays an avatar in a game and the latter referred to a player’s psychological evaluations of the experience including past experience. Mediated enactive experiences is positively related to perceived mastery experiences when players play and make progresses in a game. The experiences are an essential part of a game. Yet character attachment may influence the relationship between players and avatars. If a player attaches to his or her own avatar more, he or she may perceive the mediated enactive experiences more his or her mastery experience, therefore, character attachment should positively contribute to internal political efficacy through perceived mastery experience. A control group pretest-posttest experimental design was conducted in this study. Both groups received policy-related mediated enactive experiences from the serious game. In order to test if players who received more policy-related mediated enactive experiences will upgrade their internal political efficacy to a higher level, 113 college students were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: In the experimental group, players played an avatar with chances for practicing learned skills in three different settings; In the control group, players played an avatar without chances for practicing learned skills. Two repeated-Measure ANOVAs were conducted to analyze if there were gender and group differences on manipulation effects. Moreover, structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to analyze the proposed path model of character attachment, perceived mastery experiences, prior and posttest internal political efficacy. The results showed that the internal political efficacy of both groups was significantly enhanced. However, the experimental group did not upgrade to a higher level than the control group. Furthermore, in the path model, character attachment influenced posttest internal political efficacy indirectly through perceived mastery experiences; moreover, prior internal political efficacy influenced posttest internal political efficacy through perceived mastery experiences indirectly and also influenced posttest internal political efficacy directly. To conclude, the findings of this study can help understand psychological mechanisms related to gaming as well as can be applied to civic education and serious game design in the future.