The purpose of this paper was to examine if UN (United Nations) peacekeeping operations an be used as a tool to promote great powers own interests and enable power maximization for states in the international system. In other words, if great powers really cooperate with each other to promote peace or if they only seek to maximize their own power position. Based on the assumption that the state’s own interests benefit from its commitment to the UN and that it ultimately can increase the state’spower position, it becomes thus important to identify a state’sown interests to contribute to an explanation of how states act within international institutions. The case of China and its actions in African countries through the UN peacekeeping operations MONUSCO and UNMIS are evaluated, to verify if China applies to 4 of the 5 assumptions raised in John Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism. This, to illustrate how states attempt to use economic, military and multilateral means to increase their power position in the international system. The conclusion of the analysis is that 3 (possibly 4) of Mearsheimer’s assumptions are encountered by China’s actions. After demonstrating that China applies to some of theas sumptions of offensive realism, this study suggests further research concerning the connection between great powers pursuit of power and its commitment to UN peacekeeping operations.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Há um crescente interesse da comunidade epistêmica de internacionalistas sobre a posição da política externa brasileira em diversos temas, particularmente sobre o modo pelo qual o Brasil atua nas operações de paz promovidas pelas Nações Unidas. Desse modo, este trabalho pretende refletir criticamente sobre a existência de um modelo histórico e legítimo que orienta a participação brasileira nessas operações de paz e avaliar de que forma esse modelo brasileiro foi ou poderia ser instrumentalizado pelos formuladores de política externa, para construir um discurso de legitimidade a fim de conquistar seus pleitos diplomáticos.O objeto de pesquisa analisado nesta dissertação é, portanto, o modelo brasileiro de participação em operações de paz nas quais o Brasil efetivamente enviou tropas: Suez (1957-1967), Angola (1989-1999), Moçambique (1993-1994), Timor Leste (1999-2002) e Haiti (2004-2012). Esse modelo formulado está apoiado em seis características principais, os 6 Ps do modelo brasileiro de participação em operações de paz: pioneiro, principista, pessoal, político, polêmico e pragmático. / There is a risingawareness of the epistemic community of internationalists on the Brazilian foreign policy position on several issues, particularly on the way in which Brazil runs peacekeeping operations promoted by the United Nations. Thus, this work aims toreflect critically on the existence of an historical and legitimate model that guides the Brazilian participation in these peacekeeping operations and to assess how this Brazilian model was or could be used by foreign policymakers to build a discourse of legitimacy in order to obtain their diplomatic interests. The object of research studied in this dissertation is, therefore, the Brazilian model of participation in peacekeeping operations in which Brazil effectively sent troops: Suez (1957-1967), Angola (1989-1999), Mozambique (1993-1994), East Timor (1999-2002) and Haiti (2004-2012).This model is formulated based on six main characteristics, the 6 "Ps" of the Brazilian model of participation in peacekeeping operations: pioneer, principist, personal, politician, controversial and pragmatic.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-15T19:29:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jessica Espíndola de Sá.pdf: 1153119 bytes, checksum: dc597206d9eceda1404095910c8456f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T19:29:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jessica Espíndola de Sá.pdf: 1153119 bytes, checksum: dc597206d9eceda1404095910c8456f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-19 / CAPES / This dissertation aims to describe and to analyze the Brazilian decision to participate of MINUSTAH and the factors that have influenced it. It is the UN peacekeeping operation that most projects Brazil’s image in the International scenario due to the leading role assumed by the country, and also for being the main contributor of troops. The political decision of a state, concerning a foreign policy, is a complex process that involves several stakeholders and important factors to be evaluated and pondered in order to reach a final decision. Brazil’s participation in Haiti is assumed to be motivated by various factors, ranging from solidarity to a “brother country” and humanitarian assistance to pragmatic interests, such as the power projection. To define this process of decision-making, it will be analyzed some important factors, such as internal and external conjuncture, the domestic and international stakeholders involved, national and collective interests and the values and beliefs defended by decision makers. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central descrever e analisar a decisão brasileira de participar da MINUSTAH e os fatores que a influenciaram. Trata-se da operação de paz da ONU que mais projeta a imagem do Brasil no cenário internacional devido ao papel de liderança assumido pelo país, como também por ser o principal contribuinte de tropas. A decisão política de um Estado, no âmbito da política externa, se constitui em um processo complexo e que envolve uma série de atores essenciais e fatores relevantes a serem avaliados e ponderados para que se chegue a uma decisão final. Acredita-se que a participação do Brasil no Haiti foi motivada por diversos fatores, que abrangem desde a solidariedade a um país irmão e a prestação de assistência humanitária, até interesses pragmáticos, como a projeção de poder. Para delinear o processo de tomada desta decisão pretende-se abordar em sua construção fatores imprescindíveis à análise, como a conjuntura interna e externa do momento; os atores envolvidos, tanto domésticos quanto internacionais; os interesses nacionais e coletivos e os valores e crenças defendidos pelos atores.

O objetivo deste estudo exploratório descritivo é analisar a atuação das tropas brasileiras em operações de manutenção da paz empreendidas pela ONU sob a ótica dos parâmetros de excelência identificados nos relatórios oficiais emitidos pela Organização e na literatura existente sobre o tema. O estudo inclui uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que culminou na seleção de parâmetros de excelência os quais serviram de base para realizar a análise. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e de entrevistas estruturadas e analisados segundo técnicas de análise de conteúdo (categorização e validação). Os resultados mostram que as tropas brasileiras atuam em consonância com os parâmetros de excelência estabelecidos pela ONU e encontrados na literatura, ainda que tenham sido identificados alguns pontos passíveis de melhoria, o que demonstra o bom desempenho da atuação dos militares brasileiros em operações de manutenção da paz. / The target of this descriptive exploratory study is to analyze the performance of the Brazilian troops in United Nations\' Peacekeeping Operations according to the performance standards identified in the Organizations\' official reports and in the existing literature about the subject. This study includes a wide bibliographical and documental research that allowed to select performance standards that were used as reference to conduct the analysis. The data were collected through bibliographical and documental research and also through structured interviews and were analyzed according to content analysis techniques (categorization and validation). The results show that the Brazilian troops perform according to the performance standards established by the UN and found in the literature, although there have been identified a few points that could be improved, which demonstrates the good performance of the Brazilian troops in Peacekeeping Operations.

Šiame magistriniame darbe autorė analizuoja Jungtinių Tautų taikos misijų teisinį reglamentavimą. Autorės iškeltas darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti taikos misijų rūšių teisinius pagrindus, pamatinius taikos principus ir atskleisti praktikai būdingas problemas. Darbą sudaro dvi dalys. Pirmosios dalies pirmame poskyryje pateikiamas Jungtinių Tautų taikos misijų istorinis vystymasis nuo Šaltojo karo iki šių dienų, išskiriamos skirtingos taikos misijų rūšys. Antrame poskyryje analizuojamas Jungtinių Tautų taikos misijų rūšių teisinis pagrindas, trečiajame ‒ atribojama pagrindinių Jungtinių Tautų organų kompetencija, vykdant saugumo politiką. Analizei naudojama Jungtinių Tautų Chartija, Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktika. Ketvirtajame poskyryje autorė pateikia trijų pamatinių taikos principų turinio analizę. Antroji dalis skirta praktinėms taikos misijų problemoms. Analizuojant Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos oficialius dokumentus, pateikiamos tradicinių taikos misijų Konge, platesnio masto taikos misijų Bosnijoje ir Afganistane esminės teisinio pagrindo ir pamatinių taikos misijų principų taikymo problemos. Paskutiniame poskyryje analizuojamas Lietuvos valstybės dalyvavimas taikos misijose: a) pateikiama nacionalinių teisės aktų, susijusių su Lietuvos dalyvavimu taikos operacijose teisinė analizė; b) Lietuvos vadovavimas Afganistano Goro provincijos atkūrimui. Darbo pabaigoje autorė pateikia teisinio reglamentavimo ir praktinių problemų išvadas. Pagrindinės praktikoje sutinkamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author’s goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania’s leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author... [to full text]

[pt] O presente trabalho se propõe a aferir a mudança institucional que teve lugar nas atividades da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) relacionadas com as Operações de Manutenção da Paz, no período 1992- 2000. A abordagem levada a cabo se localiza no encontro da disciplina das Relações Internacionais com outras Ciências Sociais, através dos autores Ernst Haas e Anthony Giddens. Na Modernidade, organizações sociais, como a ONU, levam a cabo contínuo monitoramento, reflexivo, de suas próprias ações, na busca por solucionar problemas de cuja solução são incumbidos. Nessa dinâmica de monitoramento reflexivo, as organizações sociais podem - ou não - aprender com suas experiências pregressas. / [en] The present research intends to evaluate institutional change that had taken place within United Nations (UN) activities related to Peacekeeping operations, from 1992 to 2000. The following approach is located on the interface between International Relations and other Social Sciences, through the theoretical contributions of Ernst Haas and Anthony Giddens. In Modernity, social organizations (such as UN) continuously monitor its own behavior - reflexively - seeking for solutions for problems to be solved. Amidst this dynamics of reflexive monitoring, social organizations may - or may not - learn from its previous experiences.

As operações de manutenção da paz da Organização das Nações Unidas vêm sendo empregadas há mais de 60 anos com o objetivo de assegurar a paz e a segurança internacionais. A partir dos conflitos da Somália, Bósnia e Ruanda ocorridos na década de 1990, caracterizados pelas massivas violações de direitos humanos e pela incapacidade da Organização de impedi-las, esta deu início a uma série de debates acerca de como melhor operacionalizar suas peacekeeping operations, a fim de que violações como aquelas não mais voltassem a ocorrer. Ademais, o entendimento, por parte do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, de que violações de direitos humanos e estabilidade internacional guardam estreita relação, colaborou para que esses debates se desenvolvessem. O presente trabalho tem como obejtivo analisar as propostas sugeridas com vistas ao aperfeiçoamento do modus operandi das peacekeeping operations em virtude das citadas violações de direitos humanos e a verificar se tais propostas estão sendo aplicadas nas operações de manutenção da paz atuais / The peacekeeping operations of the United Nations have been used for over 60 years with the goal of ensuring international peace and security. From the conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda occurred in the 1990s, characterized by massive human rights violations and the inability of the Organization of preventing them, United Nations have initiated a series of debates about how to best operationalize its peacekeeping operations, in manner that those violations no longer occur. Moreover, the understanding by the United Nations Security Council that human rights violations and international stability are closely related, contributed to the development of these discussions. The present work aims, therefore, to assess the proposals suggested for the improvement of the modus operandi of peacekeeping operations in view of the aforementioned human rights violations and to verify whether they are being applied in todays peacekeeping operations.

<p>Kvinnor har sedan 1980 fått tjänstgöra som officer i Sveriges försvarsmakt. Trots detta är fortfarande de kvinnliga officerarna och soldaterna i klar minoritet i organisationen. FN:s säkerhetsråd har arbetat fram två resolutioner som båda strävar efter att involvera kvinnor i större omfattning när det gäller arbeten vid kris, krig och konflikter. Inte enbart att öka andelen kvinnor i hjälpande trupper, utan även involvera lokalbefolkningen. Hur ser då verkligheten ut vid de internationella insatserna? I detta arbete presenteras en fallstudie om MOT Juliette, ett kvinnligt observationsteam som under sju månader tjänstgjorde i Afghanistan. Målet med detta team var att effektivisera underrättelseinhämtningen i insatsområdet.</p><p>Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vilka för- respektive nackdelar kvinnor kan föra med sig vid internationella insatser. Resultatet visar att kvinnor har flera möjliga fördelar att tillföra till insatserna, bland annat att underlätta underrättelsearbetet samt att verka som förebilder för de lokala kvinnorna. Även att förbandet uppnår jämställdhet kan vara en fördel.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to find out if deployment of women improves an operation’s chances of success. Since 1980 traditionally male roles within the Swedish Armed Forces have been avalible for women. In spite of this fact, deployment of women in international military operations are not very common.</p><p>The method used in this essay is a case study. The author has studied a Swedish operation in Afghanistan in 2006, where the commander decided to form a MOT (military observation team) only with women. The main purpose with this team was to gather intelligence from the local population. Earlier operations in the country clearly showed that male soldiers were experiencing difficulties in interacting with local women. During seven months the team, MOT Juliette, worked in the area and found out that the presence of women considerably contributed to the success of the operation.</p><p>To acknowledge the need to increase the proportion of women in the work of war and conflict, the UN Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions where the two most important are 1325 and 1820.</p><p>The results of the study show that women have an important role in international operations. Not just to gather intelligence, but also to act as role models for the women in the country.</p>

Kvinnor har sedan 1980 fått tjänstgöra som officer i Sveriges försvarsmakt. Trots detta är fortfarande de kvinnliga officerarna och soldaterna i klar minoritet i organisationen. FN:s säkerhetsråd har arbetat fram två resolutioner som båda strävar efter att involvera kvinnor i större omfattning när det gäller arbeten vid kris, krig och konflikter. Inte enbart att öka andelen kvinnor i hjälpande trupper, utan även involvera lokalbefolkningen. Hur ser då verkligheten ut vid de internationella insatserna? I detta arbete presenteras en fallstudie om MOT Juliette, ett kvinnligt observationsteam som under sju månader tjänstgjorde i Afghanistan. Målet med detta team var att effektivisera underrättelseinhämtningen i insatsområdet. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vilka för- respektive nackdelar kvinnor kan föra med sig vid internationella insatser. Resultatet visar att kvinnor har flera möjliga fördelar att tillföra till insatserna, bland annat att underlätta underrättelsearbetet samt att verka som förebilder för de lokala kvinnorna. Även att förbandet uppnår jämställdhet kan vara en fördel. / The purpose of this study is to find out if deployment of women improves an operation’s chances of success. Since 1980 traditionally male roles within the Swedish Armed Forces have been avalible for women. In spite of this fact, deployment of women in international military operations are not very common. The method used in this essay is a case study. The author has studied a Swedish operation in Afghanistan in 2006, where the commander decided to form a MOT (military observation team) only with women. The main purpose with this team was to gather intelligence from the local population. Earlier operations in the country clearly showed that male soldiers were experiencing difficulties in interacting with local women. During seven months the team, MOT Juliette, worked in the area and found out that the presence of women considerably contributed to the success of the operation. To acknowledge the need to increase the proportion of women in the work of war and conflict, the UN Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions where the two most important are 1325 and 1820. The results of the study show that women have an important role in international operations. Not just to gather intelligence, but also to act as role models for the women in the country. / <p>Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 Hylla: Upps. YOP 06-09 // Avdelning:  Karlberg-filial - Karlberg Öppen hylla Hylla: K Upps. YOP REF</p>

國家利益是國家追求長久生存發展的各種需求，這些需求表現於各種層面之中，其中主要表現在促進國家強盛和經濟的發展，謀求綜合國力及國際地位的提高，維護主權與領土完整和傳統文化價值等，是一種安全、經濟、政治、文化等因素的綜合，當國家利益獲得滿足與維護時，國家安全才能獲得保障。 冷戰結束後，國際局勢雖然趨於和緩但卻不太平，由於武裝衝突和局部戰爭不斷且難以平息，因此對國家安全和地區穩定形成威脅，使得聯合國遂行國際維和任務也越來越多。 聯合國「維和行動」是根據安理會決議，派遣至爭端國或衝突地區的軍事觀察員及維和部隊，通過監督落實停火協議和斡旋、勸說衝突各方進行談判等方式，消弭衝突和戰亂，最終循政治途徑謀求爭端或衝突的解決。維和行動也是國際事務一種另類的爭端處理機制，它既不是裁判爭端的公平解決，也不是強制處理國家間的戰爭或衝突。 中共身為聯合國安理會的常任理事國之一，負有協助安理會採取維護國際秩序與和平行動的責任與義務。隨著其國力提升，亦須在國際事務中承擔更多的責任，避免形成國際間的流言蜚語，因此以參與國際維和行動為名義，表面上為世界和平與地區穩定貢獻國家力量，實際上為爭取國際間發展條件、維護海外利益，改變國際社會對其的負面觀感，藉以塑造負責任大國形象，提升國家地位及國際影響力。 / National interests is a variety of requirements for a nation’s to pursuit a long-terns survival and development which mainly manifested in promoting national prosperity and economic, seeking comprehensive national strength and international status, also to maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity, and safeguarding traditional culture value, etc. National interests for China is a safe, economic, political, cultural and other elements combination when it’s been satisfied and maintenance that national security can be protected. After the Cold War, although the international situation tends to moderate but not peaceful, because of armed conflicts and local conflicts hard to calm down and threat to the national security and regional stability that also caused United Nations have to performed more and more international peacekeeping missions in the global world. UN "peacekeeping" operation is based on Security Council resolutions, dispatched arm forces or military observers to the dispute nation or conflict area by monitoring the implementation of the ceasefire agreement and through persuade the parties of conflict to negotiate and to eliminate conflicts and wars, and ultimately through political means seeking to resolve disputes or conflicts. Peacekeeping operations are an alternative dispute settlement mechanism, it is neither fair referee disputes resolved, nor is it mandatory handling inter-state wars or conflicts. China as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, certainly have a responsibilities and obligations for assisting the Council to take action to maintain international order and peace. With its strength increase, also in international affairs assume more responsibility, to avoid the formation of international gossip, Therefore, In order to participate in international peacekeeping operations in the name of the surface to contribute to world peace and regional stability, national strength, actually strive for international development conditions, maintain overseas interests, change the negative perception of the international community for its view to shaping a responsible image, enhance national status and international influence.