Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2019-01-23T16:37:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Gonçalez.pdf: 1703059 bytes, checksum: a04fbb3e23e280d09e42e7b689c1218f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-23T16:37:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Gonçalez.pdf: 1703059 bytes, checksum: a04fbb3e23e280d09e42e7b689c1218f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-09 / A obesidade na criança e adolescente é uma doença crônica, epidêmica, de alta prevalência, multicausal e de complexa abordagem a qual envolve vários profissionais de saúde. Muitas pesquisas apontam para as dificuldades no enfrentamento da doença, no entanto, raros discorrem sobre as experiências dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no serviço público prestando cuidados a essas crianças e adolescentes, sobretudo a respeito das práticas e desafios enfrentados por eles durante o manejo desta doença nos diversos componentes de saúde. Este estudo buscou compreender, na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde, como estes percebem suas práticas e respectivos desafios na assistência a esse público no serviço e entre os componentes de saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, mediante entrevista semiestruturada com profissionais de saúde que atuam no SUS na assistência com obesidade na criança e no adolescente de duas regiões da cidade de São Paulo. A captação da população foi por intermédio de indicação em bola de neve, de forma que contemplasse diversidades entre às formações profissionais, bem como à atuação nos diferentes componentes de atenção. Para a composição final da população deste estudo foi usado o critério de saturação teórica e o percurso analítico foi norteado pela análise de conteúdo temático. A captação encerrou-se com 16 profissionais, sendo 5 da atenção primária, 4 da secundária, 6 da terciária e um gestor da rede. Eles revelaram que as relações de trabalho com a equipe multiprofissional do respectivo serviço são positivas; o manejo da obesidade em crianças e adolescentes é complexo e desafiador pois o sistema de saúde apresenta problemas e não funciona na sua plenitude; quanto ao conhecimento sobre diretrizes que contemple a obesidade neste público, a maioria disse desconhecer e despontaram que suas atividades são baseadas em normas da instituição onde atuam assim como em suas práticas; a maioria não se articulava adequadamente entre os diferentes componentes de saúde; revelaram falhas no fluxo de referência e contra referência; disseram haver lacunas nos registros pois, as informações referentes a saúde do paciente não são integradas entre os diversos componentes de saúde; os profissionais não perceberam diferenças nas atribuições e competências por nível de atenção. Concluiu-se, a partir da prática e percepção desses profissionais de saúde, que eles enfrentam muitas adversidades os quais, por vezes, interferem em suas práticas gerando serviços nem sempre com a qualidade e articulação desejadas. Há diversidade de materiais e instrumentos norteadores para o manejo da obesidade, mas, poucos deixam claro condutas e fluxos que deverão ser seguidos, pois, são genéricas e não consideram as singularidades da criança e do adolescente. / Child and teenage obesity is a chronic, epidemic, high prevalence, multicausal and hard to approach disease, which involves multiple health professionals. Many researches show difficulties in facing the disease, but very few discourse on the experiences of the health professionals that work on the public service taking care of these youngsters, especially about the practices and challenges faced by them during the management of this disease in the different components of healthcare. This study aims to comprehend, through the perspective of the health professionals, how they perceive their practices and the respective challenges in the assistance to this public in the health system and in it¿s components of care. This is a qualitative research, conceived through semi structured interview with health professionals that act in SUS in the assistance of obese children and teenagers in two regions of São Paulo. The captation of the population was fulfilled by means of snowball indication, in such a way that it included diversity of professional formation and fields of actuation. To the final composition of the population, it was used the theoretical saturation criteria and the analytical path was guided by means of thematic content. The captation finished with 16 professionals, being 5 from the primary care, 4 from the secondary, 6 from the tertiary and one network manager. They revealed positive work relationships with the multiprofessional team of their respective level of care; the management of obesity in children and teenagers is complex and challenging because the health system presents problems and doesn¿t work in it¿s plenitude; regarding the awareness of the guidelines that cover obesity in this public, most of them declared not to have knowledge and pointed that their activities and practices are based on the norms of the institutions they work at; most didn¿t articulate well between the different components of healthcare, revealing reference/counter reference flow failures and gaps in the records due to the non integration of the patient's information about their health among the different levels of healthcare; the professionals didn¿t point differences between the attributions and competences of different levels of care. It was then concluded, from the practices and perceptions of these health professionals that act on the public network in the treatment of obese children and teenagers, that they face many adversities that, sometimes, interfere with their practices, resulting in services that may not reach the desired quality and articulation. There is a wide range of materials and instruments that guide the handling of obesity, but few are clear on the conducts and flows to be taken with obese children and teenagers as they are generic and don¿t consider the particularities of this public.

Le sommeil, de par ses fonctions récupératrices, est essentiel à la vie. Pour autant, la modification du mode de vie et des comportements, tant sédentaires que nutritionnels, sont à l’origine d’une altération du sommeil, conduisant ensemble à des situations d’obésité. Cet excès pondéral s’accompagne fréquemment d’un syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS). Lorsque ces deux pathologies sont présentes, les troubles métaboliques s’aggravent et sont à l’origine d’une inflammation de bas grade. A notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s’est intéressée aux bénéfices d’un reconditionnement à l’exercice physique combiné à une modification des habitudes alimentaires, en dehors de ceux induits par la perte de poids, sur ces différents paramètres. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a donc été, à partir d’une étude ancillaire, d’évaluer le sommeil d’adolescents obèses par polysomnographie (PSG) par comparaison à celui de sujets normo-pondérés. Dans l’étude principale, les effets d’un programme de 9 mois (reconditionnement à l’exercice, activités physiques adaptées, rééquilibre alimentaire) ont été évalués sur l’architecture et la durée du sommeil, le SAOS, les différents facteurs biologiques (inflammatoires, hormonaux, profils glucidique et lipidique) et sur les adaptations physiologiques à l’exercice musculaire, afin de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’endurance aérobie et des troubles du sommeil sur la santé cardio-métabolique. Trente-deux adolescents obèses (âge : 14,6 ans, z-score d’IMC= 4 ,7) ont été recrutés. Toutes les variables ont été analysées en pré et post-intervention. Les résultats montrent une durée de sommeil réduite chez les jeunes obèses avec un SAOS, diagnostiqué chez 58% d’entre eux, malgré une architecture du sommeil satisfaisante. En post-intervention, une perte de poids de 11 kg et une amélioration des paramètres d’adaptation à l’exercice maximal (PMA, VE, VO2pic…) ont été rapportées chez tous les sujets, que le SAOS soit encore, ou non, présent. En effet, ce syndrome s’est normalisé chez 46% d’entre eux. Par ailleurs, grâce à l’intervention, le sommeil s’est amélioré (qualité et quantité). Enfin, la protéine C-réactive basale du groupe SAOS, dont les valeurs atteignaient 11mg/l à l’admission, a considérablement diminué, accompagnée d’une baisse de la leptinémie et d’une hausse de l’adiponectinémie, pouvant expliquer le moindre risque cardio-métabolique. Nos résultats démontrent qu’à l’admission, l’inflammation est liée à l’obésité, alors qu’en post-intervention, sa baisse s’explique par l’augmentation de l’endurance aérobie, et ceci indépendamment du sexe, du poids, de la durée de sommeil et du SAOS. Bien que ce dernier n’ait pas été normalisé chez tous les sujets, sa prévention par l’exercice physique ainsi que celle des troubles métaboliques observés dans ces deux pathologies devrait faire partie intégrante de la prise en charge des jeunes obèses en vue d’atténuer le risque de morbi-mortalité cardiovasculaire à l’âge adulte / Sleep, through its restorative functions, is essential for life. However, lifestyle modifications, sedentary and unhealthy feeding behaviors trigger sleep curtailment and sleep disruption, leading together to weight gain. Obesity is usually associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and these two diseases both induce metabolic dysfunctions and low-grade systemic inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, no study has assessed the effects of exercise reconditioning and modified food habits on these parameters. The purpose of this work was to assess and compare, from an ancillary study, polysomnographic variables between obese adolescents and normal-weight (NW) controls. In the main study, the effects of a 9-month program (exercise reconditioning, adapted physical activities and modified food habits) on sleep architecture, sleep duration, OSA, biological factors (inflammatory, hormonal, carbohydrates and lipid profiles) and physiological adaptations at exercise were assessed, in order to a better understanding of the roles of cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep disorders on cardio-metabolic health. Thirty-two obese adolescents (age: 14.6 years, BMI z-score: 4.7) were recruited. Every parameters were assessed at admission and post-intervention. Short sleep duration and a high prevalence of OSA (58%) were observed at admission in obese adolescents despite a satisfying sleep architecture, compared with NW controls. Post-intervention, weight loss (11kg) and improved parameters of physiological adaptations at exercise (MAP, VE, VO2peak) were found in every subject and OSA was normalized in 46% of them. Sleep quantity and sleep quality were improved. Decreased C-reactive protein (6.78 vs 10.98 mg/l) and leptin concentrations, and increased adiponectin levels were found, and cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) was decreased. At admission, obesity explains by itself the systemic inflammation whereas the decrease in inflammation, post-intervention, is explained by enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness related to fat-free mass, after controlling for sex, weight loss, change in sleep duration and OSA. Prevention of OSA and metabolic dysfunctions by chronic exercise should be an integral part of the obesity management in youths in order to decrease the risk of cardiovascular morbi-mortality in adulthood

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade na infância e adolescência representa uma epidemia global e figura como um problema de saúde pública proeminente de prevalência crescente. A obesidade frequentemente está associada à compulsão alimentar periódica (CAP) e componentes genéticos participam de sua etiologia multifatorial. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) no gene da leptina (LEP) e do receptor da leptina (LEPR) podem modificar a expressão da leptina e de suas vias de sinalização e, consequentemente, alterar a regulação do apetite e da saciedade, contribuindo assim para a etiopatogenia e manutenção da CAP. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência dos polimorfismos rs7799039 (G > A) no gene LEP e rs1137100 (A > G), rs1137101 (A > G) e rs8179183 (G > C) no gene LEPR sobre a CAP em crianças e adolescentes obesos, além de caracterizar a população quanto à CAP e verificar a associação dos SNPs com o risco cardiometabólico (RCM) e a obesidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que incluiu 465 crianças e adolescentes obesos com idade entre 7 e 19 anos avaliados quanto a variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas. Os fatores de RCM consistiram de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, glicemia de jejum alterada, HDL-colesterol baixo e hipertrigliceridemia. A CAP foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP). Para investigar o efeito dos SNPs no risco para a obesidade foi incluído um grupo controle composto por 135 crianças e adolescentes eutróficos. A genotipagem foi realizada por PCR em tempo real e para análise dos SNPs, adotou-se o modelo dominante. Foi calculado o desequilíbrio de ligação entre os SNPs e estimada as frequências dos haplótipos. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas estratificadamente por gênero e estádio puberal. Para avaliar a magnitude do risco dos SNPs sobre a CAP e a obesidade foi realizada regressão logística ajustada para variáveis de confusão (idade, Z-IMC e estádio puberal). RESULTADOS: As crianças e adolescentes obesos (12,5 ± 2,9 anos; 52,7% meninas) classificados com CAP apresentaram maior adiposidade e a frequência da CAP foi mais elevada no gênero feminino (OR= 2,146; IC 95% 1,461-3,152; p < 0,001). A frequência do alelo A do rs7799039 foi mais elevada no grupo de obesos (OR= 1,530; IC 95% 1,022-2,292; p= 0,039) e o alelo associou-se ao maior nível de leptina e colesterol total em meninas e à maior glicemia em meninos (p < 0,05). No rs1137100 e o rs1137101, a presença do alelo G em meninas conferiu risco para a hipertrigliceridemia (OR= 1,926; IC 95% 1,010-3,673; p= 0,047 e OR= 2,039; IC 95% 1,057-3,931; p= 0,033, respectivamente). O alelo C do rs8179183 relacionou-se, em meninas, à relação cintura-estatura e glicemia mais elevadas e, em meninos, ao maior percentil de pressão arterial diastólica, glicemia, colesterol total e LDL-colesterol (p <0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os polimorfismos não foram associados à compulsão alimentar periódica. A CAP foi relacionada ao pior grau de adiposidade e o maior risco foi observado no gênero feminino. O SNP rs7799039 no gene LEP conferiu risco para obesidade, enquanto o rs1137100, rs1137101 e rs8179183 no gene LEPR relacionaram-se ao pior perfil cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes obesos / INTRODUCTION: Obesity during childhood and adolescence represents a global epidemic and consists in a prominent public health issue of increasing prevalence. Obesity is frequently associated with binge eating (BE) and genetic factors participate of its multifactorial etiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) genes may modify the leptin expression and its signaling pathways and, consequently, alter appetite and satiety regulation, thus contributing to the etiopathogeny and maintenance of BE. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms rs7799039 (G > A) in the LEP gene and rs1137100 (A > G), rs1137101 (A > G) and rs8179183 (G > C) in the LEPR gene on BE in obese children and adolescents, besides characterize the population regarding to BE and examine the association of SNPs with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which 465 obese children and adolescents aged from 7 to 19 years were enrolled and had anthropometric and metabolic variables assessed. The CMR factors consisted of systemic hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, low HDL-cholesterol levels and hypertriglyceridemia. The BE was evaluated through the Binge Eating Scale (BES). To investigate the effect of SNPs on obesity risk, a control group of 135 eutrophic children and adolescents was enrolled. Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR and for the SNPs analysis, the dominant model was adopted. The linkage disequilibrium between SNPs was calculated and the haplotype frequencies were estimated. Comparisons between groups were performed stratified by gender and pubertal stage. To assess the risk magnitude for the SNPs on BE and obesity, logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables (age, Z-BMI and pubertal stage) was performed. RESULTS: Obese children and adolescents (12.5 ± 2.9 years, 52.7% girls) classified with BE showed greater adiposity and BE frequency was higher among females (OR= 2.146; 95% CI 1.461-3.152; p < 0.001). The observed frequency of A allele of rs7799039 was a higher in the obese group (OR= 1.530; 95% CI 1.022-2.292; p= 0.039) and the allele was associated with higher leptin and total cholesterol levels in girls and higher glucose levels in boys (p < 0.05). For the rs1137100 and rs1137101, the presence of the G allele among girls, conferred risk for hypertriglyceridemia (OR= 1.926; 95% CI 1.010-3.673; p= 0.047 and OR= 2.039; 95% CI 1.057-3.931; p= 0.033, respectively). The C allele of rs8179183 was associated, among girls, with a higher waist-to-height ratio and glucose levels and, among boys, with greater diastolic blood pressure percentile, glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms were not associated with binge eating. BE was related with a more severe adiposity and an increased risk was observed among females. The SNP rs7799039 in the LEP gene contributed to the risk of obesity, whereas the rs1137100, rs1137101 and rs8179183 in LEPR gene were related to a worse cardiometabolic profile in obese children and adolescents

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento mundial da prevalência de obesidade atribui-se principalmente a mudanças nos hábitos alimentares e na prática de atividade física, que afetam indivíduos predispostos geneticamente. Alterações genéticas podem provocar desequilíbrio na regulação homeostática afetando sinalizadores periféricos e centrais. Um componente do controle central fica no núcleo arqueado hipotalâmico, sendo o receptor tipo 4 de melanocortina (MC4R) de suma importância. Mutações no MC4R têm sido relatadas como causa mais frequente de obesidade monogênica. Há evidência de que polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) localizados próximos ao MC4R possam estar relacionados ao aumento do risco para obesidade, porém estudos de variantes nesse gene avaliando o consumo alimentar são escassos e controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de variantes alélicas no MC4R sobre consumo alimentar, presença de compulsão alimentar periódica (CAP), composição corporal e perfil clínico e metabólico em crianças e adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com crianças e adolescentes obesos. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos, metabólicos e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos, incluindo hipertensão arterial sistêmica, glicemia de jejum alterada, hipertrigliceridemia e HDL-colesterol baixo. A CAP foi avaliada utilizando a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica e o consumo alimentar por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas, analisando consumo calórico total, percentual de macronutrientes e fibras, além da frequência na omissão do café da manhã, adequação de macronutrientes, frações lipídicas e colesterol. Para verificar o efeito dos SNPs no risco para a obesidade foi incluído um grupo controle composto por 137 crianças e adolescentes eutróficos. Foi realizado o sequenciamento do gene MC4R e a genotipagem por PCR em tempo real das variantes rs17782313 e rs12970134, adotando-se o modelo recessivo para a análise. A análise estatística para comparação dos grupos foi conduzida por meio dos Testes T de Student ou Mann-Whitney U. Para avaliar a magnitude do risco, foi realizada regressão logística ajustada para Z-IMC, idade e gênero, com o nível de significância fixado em 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 536 obesos (52,1% meninas; 12,7 ± 2,7 anos; Z-IMC 3,24 ± 0,57). A frequência dos SNPs foi semelhante entre os grupos de obesos e controle. Os portadores do polimorfismo rs17782313 apresentaram maior nível de triglicérides (108 ± 48 vs.119 ± 54, p=0,034)e maior risco para hipertrigliceridemia (OR=1,985; IC95% 1,288-3,057; p=0,002). Não houve associação do rs12970134 com os parâmetros clínicos, metabólicos ou alimentares. No gene MC4R foram identificados 10 polimorfismos já descritos e uma variante nova, Asn72Ser (A/G), sendo 8 mutações do tipo missense e 3 sinônimas. CONCLUSÕES: Os SNPs rs17782313 e rs12970134 não influenciam o consumo alimentar nem a presença da CAP. O SNP rs17782313 está associado a maior risco de hipertrigliceridemia e maior nível sérico de triglicérides em crianças e adolescentes obesos. A presença de mutações que resultem na perda de função no gene MC4R é rara nessa coorte / INTRODUCTION: The global increase in the prevalence of obesity is attributed mainly to changes in dietary habits and physical activity, which affects genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic alterations can cause imbalance in the homeostatic regulation affecting peripheral and central signals. One component of the central control is the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the melanocortin type 4 receptor (MC4R) is of outstanding importance. Mutations in MC4R have been reported as the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity. Studies indicate that polymorphisms located near the MC4R may be related to increased risk for obesity, but the studies of variations in this gene and its relation to food intake are scarce and controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of allelic variants of MC4R in food intake, binge eating behavior (BE), body composition, clinical and metabolic profile in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with obese children and adolescents. Anthropometric, metabolic parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors including hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol were evaluated. The BE was evaluated through the Binge Eating Scale, and to analyze the dietary intake 24 hour recall was used, evaluating total caloric intake, percentage of macronutrients, fiber, omission of breakfast, adequacy of macronutrients, lipid fractions and cholesterol. To investigate the effect of SNPs on obesity risk, a control group of 137 eutrophic children and adolescents was enrolled. The MC4R gene was sequenced and genotyping was performed by real-time PCR of the variants rs17782313 and rs12970134, adopting the recessive model for the analysis. Statistical analysis for group comparison was conducted using the Student T test or Mann-Whitney U test. To assess the magnitude of risk, logistic regression adjusted for Z-BMI, age and gender was performed, with the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The study included 536 subjects (52.1% girls, 12.7 ± 2.7 years-old, Z-BMI = 3.24± 0,57). The frequency of SNPs was similar between the obese and control groups. The C allele carriers for the rs17782313 polymorphism had increased triglyceride levels (108 ± 48 vs.119 ± 54, p = 0.034) and increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.985, 95% CI 1.288-3.057, p = 0.002). There was no association of the SNP rs12970134 with clinical, metabolic or nutritional parameters. Ten polymorphisms already described and a new variant, Arn72Ser (A/G), were identified in the MC4R gene, with 8 missense mutations and 3 synonymous. CONCLUSIONS: The SNPs rs17782313 and rs12970134 did not influence food intake or the presence of BE. The SNP rs17782313 is associated with increased risk of elevated triglycerides and higher serum triglyceride levels in obese children and adolescents. The presence of mutations resulting in loss of function in the MC4R gene is rare in this cohort

Introdução: O excesso de peso destaca-se como importante problema de saúde na atualidade e sua prevenção desde a primeira infância é essencial para a promoção da saúde da população. O uso de material didático e instrucional, como o álbum seriado, contribui para a prática do processo educativo em saúde na rotina dos serviços. Objetivo: Construir e validar um Álbum Seriado sobre prevenção do excesso de peso infantil na atenção básica. Método: Estudo descritivo que foca o desenvolvimento e a validação de um instrumento para intervenção educativa. Integra investigação mais ampla desenvolvida no município de Itupeva, Estado de São Paulo, aprovada por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e autorizada pela Diretoria de Saúde do município. Foi desenvolvida em três etapas: 1) Oficinas de escuta com mães e profissionais de saúde da atenção básica; 2) Construção do álbum seriado; 3) Validação do álbum seriado. Com base no referencial teórico da educação crítica, três oficinas com duração de 90 minutos cada, foram realizadas no período de abril a junho de 2015: duas com 10 mães e uma com 14 profissionais da atenção básica. As oficinas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Os temas extraídos das oficinas, documentos técnicos do Ministério da Saúde e figuras disponíveis no banco de imagens da web foram utilizados na construção do Álbum Seriado. O Álbum Seriado foi validado por oito juízes, profissionais vinculados à Diretoria de Saúde e Educação do município, que avaliaram conteúdo e aparência mediante preenchimento de uma ficha de validação, durante discussão em grupo. Analisou-se a porcentagem de concordância dos juízes. Resultados: A construção do Álbum Seriado teve como base os temas extraídos das oficinas realizadas com mães e profissionais de saúde, porém para uma sequência lógica de apresentação, o material foi organizado de acordo com os temas reconhecimento do excesso de peso/obesidade, consequências para a saúde da criança e estratégias para prevenção e promoção da saúde infantil. O Álbum Seriado foi constituído por 27 folhetos com frente (figura) e verso (ficha-roteiro). Houve 99% de concordância dos juízes quanto ao tema proposto, 96% com relação à clareza/compreensão dos folhetos, 94% quanto à importância de cada uma das figuras para o álbum seriado e 47% quanto à necessidade de ajustes ou exclusão de folhetos. Melhorias na resolução e substituição de algumas figuras foram as principais sugestões para o ajuste do material apresentado para validação. Conclusões: A construção e validação do álbum seriado, com base na educação crítica, envolve os participantes, facilita o uso dessa tecnologia pelos profissionais de saúde no processo educativo na atenção básica e favorece a compreensão e incorporação de passos importantes para a prevenção do excesso de peso infantil, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde da criança. / Introduction: Weight excess stands out as a major health problem today and its prevention since early childhood is essential for the population health. The use of instructional teaching materials such as flip chart in the educational process in health contributes to the effectiveness of this practice in the service routine. Objective: To develop and validate a flip chart on prevention of childhood weight excess in primary care. Methods: Descriptive study that focuses on the development and validation of an instrument for educational intervention. Honest and wide investigation was developed in the city of Itupeva, State of São Paulo, approved by the Research Ethics Committee and authorized by the city\'s Health Board. It was developed in three steps: 1) Listening workshops with mothers and health professionals in primary care; 2) Development of a flip chart; 3) Flip chart validation. Based on the theoretical framework of critical education, where three workshops which lasted 90 minutes each were held from April to June 2015: two with 10 mothers, and one with 14 primary care professionals. The workshops were recorded, transcribed and subjected to content analysis. To develop the flip chart, themes were drawn from workshops, technical documents were used from the Ministry of Health and pictures were taken from the internet. The flip chart was validated by eight judges, who were part of the city professional Board of Health and Education. They evaluated the flip charts content and appearance by filling out a form validation for group discussion. The percentage of the judges agreement was analyzed. Results: The analysis of the listening workshops gave origin to the topics, weight excess acknowledgement\", consequences for the childs health\" and \"strategies for prevention and childrens health promotion. The flip chart consists of 27 sheets: odds pages with figure and even pages with plug-Script. There was 99% of the judges agreement on the proposed theme, 96% regarding clarity and understanding, 94% regarding the importance of each picture, and 47% as for needs of adjustments or exclusion. Resolution improvements and picture replacements were the main suggestions for the material validation. Conclusions: The flip chart construction and validation based on critical education involves the participants, facilitates the use of this technology by health professionals in the educational process in primary care, and promotes understanding and incorporation of important steps to prevent child\'s weight overflow, contributing to the child\'s health promotion.

La santé maternelle et la santé pédiatrique font partie des priorités de santé publique mondiale. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’élargir les connaissances portant sur l’influence de la santé maternelle durant la grossesse sur la santé pondérale et cardiométabolique de la population pédiatrique. Une première étude a montré qu’une exposition intra-utérine à une ou plusieurs conditions gestationnelles sous-optimales (diabète gestationnel, désordres hypertensifs de la grossesse, tabagisme maternel durant la grossesse) avait un effet délétère sur la santé pondérale et cardiométabolique de la population pédiatrique et que cet effet était spécifique au sexe. Une seconde étude a montré que l’efficacité mécanique et l’oxydation des substrats énergétiques (lipides et glucides) au repos et durant l’exercice ne sont pas altérées dans cette population en comparaison avec les enfants non exposés. Ainsi, ce résultat suggère que d’autres mécanismes seraient à l’origine des effets délétères des conditions gestationnelles sous-optimales sur la santé pondérale et cardiométabolique de cette population. Enfin, la troisième étude a montré que seule l’activité physique d’intensité légère réduisait l’effet délétère d’une exposition intra-utérine à plus d’une condition gestationnelle sous-optimale sur le taux de cholestérol à lipoprotéine de haute densité chez les garçons. De plus, une durée de sommeil correspondant aux recommandations canadiennes actuelles n’avait pas d’effet protecteur vis-à-vis du risque d’obésité abdominale (enfants) et d’obésité (filles) dans le contexte d’une exposition au tabagisme maternel durant la grossesse. Par ailleurs, les autres saines habitudes de vie telles que l’activité physique d’intensité moyenne à élevée et une alimentation riche en fruits et légumes, en produits laitiers et en produits céréaliers n’ont pas contrecarré les effets délétères d’une exposition intra-utérine à une ou plusieurs conditions gestationnelles sous-optimales sur la santé pondérale et cardiométabolique des enfants. L’ensemble de ces résultats souligne l’importance de la santé maternelle durant la grossesse pour la santé pondérale et cardiométabolique de la population pédiatrique. Par ailleurs, étant donné que ces effets délétères ne sont que peu contrecarrés par les habitudes de vie durant l’enfance, il reste important de continuer les efforts de prévention et de prise en charge des conditions gestationnelles sous-optimales auprès des femmes enceintes qui les présentent. En terminant, il est important de continuer à explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces effets délétères et à déterminer si des interventions en habitudes de vie peuvent prévenir l’obésité et les facteurs de risque cardiométaboliques dans cette population. / Maternal and children’s health are major worldwide public health concerns. The current thesis aimed to explore the impact of maternal health during pregnancy on children’s and adolescents’ health and included three original research projects. The first study found that a prenatal exposure to independent or combined suboptimal gestational factors (SGF : gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy) was positively associated with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children around puberty, and these associations were sex-dependent. The second study found that children exposed to one SGF display a similar physiological response in terms of mechanical efficiency and substrate oxidation at rest and during exercise (submaximal and maximal) in comparison with non-exposed children. The third study of the thesis found that light-intensity physical activity reduced the adverse impact of prenatal exposure to combined SGF on high density lipoprotein-cholestrol levels in boys. A sleep duration within the range of the current Canadian recommendations for sleep did not mitigate the risk of high waist circumference (children) and obesity (girls) in a context of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Furthermore, other lifestyle factors such as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and a healthy diet (intakes of: fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products), did not mitigate the adverse impact of a prenatal exposure to independent or combined SGF on children’s risk of obesity and cardiomeatbolic outcomes. Taken together, these results suggest that it is important to continue maternal SGF prevention and management programs to provide optimal health for children. Moreover, future studies should also develop and evaluate the impact of lifestyle habits interventions to design future prevention strategies during childhood and adolescence to reduce obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.

BACKGROUND: China has seen rapid increase in obesity and hypertension prevalence and fast food consumption over the past decade. We examined status and risk factors for Western- and Chinese fast food consumption and their associations with health outcomes in Chinese children, and examined how maternal factors were associated with child health outcomes. METHODS: Data of 1626 students aged 7-16 (11.6 ± 2.0) years and their parents in four mega-cities across China (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Xi'an) were collected in the 2015 baseline survey of the Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-cities. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Food intake was assessed using questionnaire. Mixed models were used to examine the associations. RESULTS: Among the children, 11.1% were obese, 19.7% were centrally obese, and 9.0% had hypertension. Obesity prevalence was much higher in boys than in girls (15.2% vs. 6.9% and 27.4% vs. 11.7%, respectively, both P < 0.001). About half (51.9% and 43.6%) of children consumed Western and Chinese fast food, respectively, over the past 3 months. Compared to those with college or above maternal education level, those with elementary school or below maternal education level were 49% more likely to consume Western fast food (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49 [1.10-2.03]). Chinese fast food consumption rate increased by 12% with each year of increase in child's age (OR and 95% CI: 1.12 [1.02-1.23]). No significant associations between fast food consumption and health outcomes were detected. Adjusting for Western fast food consumption, children with lower maternal education were 71% and 43% more likely to have obesity and central obesity (ORs and 95% CIs: 1.71 [1.12-2.61] and 1.43 [1.00-2.03], respectively), and maternal body mass index was positively associated with child obesity, central obesity, and hypertension (ORs and 95% CIs: 1.11 [1.06-1.17], 1.12 [1.07-1.17], and 1.09 [1.03-1.15], respectively). Results were similar when Chinese fast food consumption was adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of fast food consumption, obesity and hypertension is high among children in major cities in China. Maternal factors affect child outcomes.

A greater understanding of critical periods of body weight regulation, including pregnancy, may aid in efforts to optimize weight management strategies for the mother and her baby. The gestational period has been implicated to play, in the child, a vital role in the developmental origins of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Therefore, we initially examined existing literature on the role of maternal obesity and its link to pediatric obesity and documented the known underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for this relationship while suggesting potential intervention targets that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes. In a second paper, we aimed to quantify maternal predictors of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates in the Ottawa and Kingston (OaK) birth cohort with specific hypotheses verifying the independent contribution of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to fetal overgrowth. This paper also highlights the clinical utility of the revised 2009 Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines and discusses the potential role of physiological factors underlying the observed associations between BMI, excessive GWG and LGA neonates. As a follow-up to our population-level analysis (i.e., OAK cohort), papers three and four highlight how the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, a vital regulator of growth and development, may be compromised at the molecular level in cases of maternal obesity (paper 3) and excessive GWG (paper 4). In paper 3 we show that maternal obesity is associated with attenuated expression of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP4) in umbilical cord blood and discuss how this may preferentially promote fetal adipogenesis. The effects of excessive GWG on IGF axis protein expression are addressed in paper four where we show that excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with increased expression of IGFBP3 in maternal circulation in normoglycemic term pregnancies. In this paper we discuss the potential inhibitory role of IGFBP3 on adipogenesis and how it relates to glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Recognizing that both obesity and excessive GWG can alter physiological processes in mother and her baby, appropriate evidence-based interventions are warranted to best optimize outcomes. In paper five, we discuss the results of a study which sought to assess patient information channels and knowledge of nutrition and physical activity during pregnancy with the intent that these findings be applied to best design efficacious strategies that cater to the needs of our target group of pregnant women. In our analysis we show that the majority of pregnant women studied would be willing to participate in a lifestyle intervention for their own personal health and that of their child. Of great interest was the observation that most women were not informed of the importance of pregnancy-specific energy intake, or made aware of their own healthy GWG targets. Additionally, many of the respondents reported receiving no information pertaining to appropriate physical activity recommendations; despite the fact that the vast majority of participants consider this lifestyle modality to be safe during their pregnancy. Finally in paper six, we build on the results of our previous work and evaluate the risks and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy on maternal-fetal outcomes through a review of the literature and note that engaging in non-sedentary pursuits during gestation may aid in maternal weight regulation, protect against metabolic disorders and optimize neonatal birth weight and body composition. Overall, the collective nature of the papers presented in this dissertation provides qualitative and quantitative evidence to support not only the complexity of body weight regulation in the mother and her baby, but also highlights potential avenues for intervention that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes during this critical period.

A greater understanding of critical periods of body weight regulation, including pregnancy, may aid in efforts to optimize weight management strategies for the mother and her baby. The gestational period has been implicated to play, in the child, a vital role in the developmental origins of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Therefore, we initially examined existing literature on the role of maternal obesity and its link to pediatric obesity and documented the known underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for this relationship while suggesting potential intervention targets that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes. In a second paper, we aimed to quantify maternal predictors of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates in the Ottawa and Kingston (OaK) birth cohort with specific hypotheses verifying the independent contribution of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to fetal overgrowth. This paper also highlights the clinical utility of the revised 2009 Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines and discusses the potential role of physiological factors underlying the observed associations between BMI, excessive GWG and LGA neonates. As a follow-up to our population-level analysis (i.e., OAK cohort), papers three and four highlight how the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, a vital regulator of growth and development, may be compromised at the molecular level in cases of maternal obesity (paper 3) and excessive GWG (paper 4). In paper 3 we show that maternal obesity is associated with attenuated expression of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP4) in umbilical cord blood and discuss how this may preferentially promote fetal adipogenesis. The effects of excessive GWG on IGF axis protein expression are addressed in paper four where we show that excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with increased expression of IGFBP3 in maternal circulation in normoglycemic term pregnancies. In this paper we discuss the potential inhibitory role of IGFBP3 on adipogenesis and how it relates to glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Recognizing that both obesity and excessive GWG can alter physiological processes in mother and her baby, appropriate evidence-based interventions are warranted to best optimize outcomes. In paper five, we discuss the results of a study which sought to assess patient information channels and knowledge of nutrition and physical activity during pregnancy with the intent that these findings be applied to best design efficacious strategies that cater to the needs of our target group of pregnant women. In our analysis we show that the majority of pregnant women studied would be willing to participate in a lifestyle intervention for their own personal health and that of their child. Of great interest was the observation that most women were not informed of the importance of pregnancy-specific energy intake, or made aware of their own healthy GWG targets. Additionally, many of the respondents reported receiving no information pertaining to appropriate physical activity recommendations; despite the fact that the vast majority of participants consider this lifestyle modality to be safe during their pregnancy. Finally in paper six, we build on the results of our previous work and evaluate the risks and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy on maternal-fetal outcomes through a review of the literature and note that engaging in non-sedentary pursuits during gestation may aid in maternal weight regulation, protect against metabolic disorders and optimize neonatal birth weight and body composition. Overall, the collective nature of the papers presented in this dissertation provides qualitative and quantitative evidence to support not only the complexity of body weight regulation in the mother and her baby, but also highlights potential avenues for intervention that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes during this critical period.

A greater understanding of critical periods of body weight regulation, including pregnancy, may aid in efforts to optimize weight management strategies for the mother and her baby. The gestational period has been implicated to play, in the child, a vital role in the developmental origins of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Therefore, we initially examined existing literature on the role of maternal obesity and its link to pediatric obesity and documented the known underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for this relationship while suggesting potential intervention targets that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes. In a second paper, we aimed to quantify maternal predictors of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates in the Ottawa and Kingston (OaK) birth cohort with specific hypotheses verifying the independent contribution of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to fetal overgrowth. This paper also highlights the clinical utility of the revised 2009 Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines and discusses the potential role of physiological factors underlying the observed associations between BMI, excessive GWG and LGA neonates. As a follow-up to our population-level analysis (i.e., OAK cohort), papers three and four highlight how the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, a vital regulator of growth and development, may be compromised at the molecular level in cases of maternal obesity (paper 3) and excessive GWG (paper 4). In paper 3 we show that maternal obesity is associated with attenuated expression of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP4) in umbilical cord blood and discuss how this may preferentially promote fetal adipogenesis. The effects of excessive GWG on IGF axis protein expression are addressed in paper four where we show that excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with increased expression of IGFBP3 in maternal circulation in normoglycemic term pregnancies. In this paper we discuss the potential inhibitory role of IGFBP3 on adipogenesis and how it relates to glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Recognizing that both obesity and excessive GWG can alter physiological processes in mother and her baby, appropriate evidence-based interventions are warranted to best optimize outcomes. In paper five, we discuss the results of a study which sought to assess patient information channels and knowledge of nutrition and physical activity during pregnancy with the intent that these findings be applied to best design efficacious strategies that cater to the needs of our target group of pregnant women. In our analysis we show that the majority of pregnant women studied would be willing to participate in a lifestyle intervention for their own personal health and that of their child. Of great interest was the observation that most women were not informed of the importance of pregnancy-specific energy intake, or made aware of their own healthy GWG targets. Additionally, many of the respondents reported receiving no information pertaining to appropriate physical activity recommendations; despite the fact that the vast majority of participants consider this lifestyle modality to be safe during their pregnancy. Finally in paper six, we build on the results of our previous work and evaluate the risks and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy on maternal-fetal outcomes through a review of the literature and note that engaging in non-sedentary pursuits during gestation may aid in maternal weight regulation, protect against metabolic disorders and optimize neonatal birth weight and body composition. Overall, the collective nature of the papers presented in this dissertation provides qualitative and quantitative evidence to support not only the complexity of body weight regulation in the mother and her baby, but also highlights potential avenues for intervention that may improve maternal-fetal outcomes during this critical period.