Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and poses a health care burden. Child care facilities serve at the forefront in fighting childhood obesity among preschoolers. Since 2009, a significant shift has occurred in studying child care settings among children aged 3-5 in North Carolina and South Carolina in response to the rising rates of obesity in this population. Some of the hypothesized determinants of childhood obesity among preschoolers in North Carolina and South Carolina are outdoor activity, staff behavior, center's size and location. The purpose of this study was to investigate if significant relationships exist between childhood obesity and each one of these variables. This study was conducted within the framework of social cognitive theory within the contexts of the process of self-efficacy for realizing goals. A quantitative correlational design was used, while data were collected through Survey Monkey administering a closed end survey. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between childhood obesity and center size, location, outdoor activity and staff behavior. The Power analysis determined total of 110 participants (N=100) who worked in North and South Carolina Head Start facilities of preschool children aged 3-5. The multiple regression indicated significant contributions of the center size (â = .32, p = .001), the location (â = -.28, p = .002), the outdoor activity (â = -.25, p = .005), and staff behavior (â = .27, p = .008). Therefore, the overall null hypotheses were rejected. This study may help to effect positive social change through identifying the important barriers to minimizing the risk of obesity among preschool children, which in turn would help to inform policy for developing and implementing strategies to reduce risks of preschoolers' obesity.

A ingestão de alimentos e o gasto de energia, bem como os sinais de saciedade de curto prazo, podem ser regulados pelo peptídeo tirosina tirosina (PYY) secretado pelo trato gastrointestinal. Não é de conhecimento, até o momento, se há mudanças nos níveis de hormônios reguladores da saciedade, como o PYY, durante um ano de acompanhamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros. Também não se sabe se ocorre de fato mudança de comportamento alimentar ou de composição corporal com alteração nos níveis de hormônios PYY. Objetivo:Avaliar o perfil dos níveis séricos de PYY de adolescentes obesos atendidos ao longo de 12 meses em um programa ambulatorial de tratamento de obesidade (AmO) de um hospital público no Sul do Brasil e associá-lo com parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e de comportamento alimentar. Método:Foram acompanhados 51 adolescentes obesos, durante 48 semanas, que receberam, em 12 consultas ambulatoriais mensais, recomendações de perda de peso baseadas em metas alimentares quantitativas e qualitativas e na redução de comportamento sedentário. Na primeira consulta (T0), em 24 semanas (T1) e em 48 semanas (T2) foram determinados os níveis séricos em jejum de PYY, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de alta densidade (c-HDL), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol de baixa densidade (c-LDL), insulina e glicemia, e foi aferida a circunferência abdominal (CA). Através de bioimpedância elétrica, foram medidas a Massa Gorda (%MG) e a Taxa Metabólica Basal (TMB). Foi ainda aplicado Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) para avaliar as dimensões do comportamento alimentar: restrição cognitiva (RC), descontrole alimentar (DA) e alimentação emocional (AE). Resultados: Ao longo de um ano (T0 a T2), houve aumento significativo dos níveis de PYY (r=-0,421; p=0,026), redução do peso inicial e da proporção de obesidade grave, redução significativa do escore-z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p<0,001) IMC (p=0,002), CT (p=0,003), TG (p=0,022), CA (p=0,003) e redução de indivíduos com c-LDL indesejados (p=0,016). Neste período, houve redução no escore do DA, evidenciando que os adolescentes se mostraram mais controlados (p=0,008) ao final do estudo. No entanto, este resultado foi independente do IMC e do escore-z do IMC (p=0,407). A redução do DA associou-se com uma melhora significativa dos níveis de insulina (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusão: A intervenção clínica com orientações nutricionais e comportamentais proposta no AmO mostrou que os adolescentes com obesidade, que mudam seu comportamento sedentário e aderem a uma alimentação equilibrada, apresentam redução do peso, aumento dos níveis de PYY e uma atitude alimentar mais controlada. / Food intake and energy expenditure, as well as short-term satiety signals, can be regulated by the peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. There is no evidence telling whether there are changes in levels of regulatory satiety hormones, such as PYY, at one year follow-up among obese Brazilian adolescents. It is also unknown if changes in PYY hormone levels lead to changes in feeding behavior or in body composition. Objective: To evaluate serum PYY levels in obese adolescents participating for 12 months in an outpatient obesity treatment program (AmO) in a public hospital in southern Brazil and determine if it is associated with biochemical, anthropometric and feeding behavior parameters. Methods: Fifty-one obese adolescents attended 12 monthly outpatient visits (a 48 week follow-up study), and received weight loss recommendations based on quantitative and qualitative eating targets and on reducing sedentary behavior. At each one of these visits [first appointment (T0), at week 24 (T1) and at week 48 (T2)], fasting serum levels of PYY, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), low-density cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin, glucose, and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. By bioelectrical impedance, body fat (% BF) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) were measured. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) was also completed in order to assess eating behavior dimensions: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (ED) and emotional eating (EE). Results: Over a year (T0 to T2), there was a significant increase in PYY (r = -0.421; p = 0.026), a reduction in weight and in prevalence of severe obesity, a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) z-score (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.002), TC (p = 0.003), TG (p = 0.022), and WC (p = 0.003) and a decrease in the number of individuals with undesirable LDL-c levels (p = 0.016). Over this period, there was a reduction in ED scores, showing that adolescents had more controlled eating behaviors (p = 0.008) at the end of the study. However, this result was independent of BMI and BMI z-score (p = 0.407). The reduction in ED was associated with a significant improvement in insulin levels (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusion: The clinical intervention with nutritional and behavioral guidelines proposed in AmO showed that adolescents with obesity, who change their sedentary behavior and adhere to a balanced diet, present weight reduction, increased PYY levels and a more controlled eating attitude.

A ingestão de alimentos e o gasto de energia, bem como os sinais de saciedade de curto prazo, podem ser regulados pelo peptídeo tirosina tirosina (PYY) secretado pelo trato gastrointestinal. Não é de conhecimento, até o momento, se há mudanças nos níveis de hormônios reguladores da saciedade, como o PYY, durante um ano de acompanhamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros. Também não se sabe se ocorre de fato mudança de comportamento alimentar ou de composição corporal com alteração nos níveis de hormônios PYY. Objetivo:Avaliar o perfil dos níveis séricos de PYY de adolescentes obesos atendidos ao longo de 12 meses em um programa ambulatorial de tratamento de obesidade (AmO) de um hospital público no Sul do Brasil e associá-lo com parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e de comportamento alimentar. Método:Foram acompanhados 51 adolescentes obesos, durante 48 semanas, que receberam, em 12 consultas ambulatoriais mensais, recomendações de perda de peso baseadas em metas alimentares quantitativas e qualitativas e na redução de comportamento sedentário. Na primeira consulta (T0), em 24 semanas (T1) e em 48 semanas (T2) foram determinados os níveis séricos em jejum de PYY, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de alta densidade (c-HDL), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol de baixa densidade (c-LDL), insulina e glicemia, e foi aferida a circunferência abdominal (CA). Através de bioimpedância elétrica, foram medidas a Massa Gorda (%MG) e a Taxa Metabólica Basal (TMB). Foi ainda aplicado Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) para avaliar as dimensões do comportamento alimentar: restrição cognitiva (RC), descontrole alimentar (DA) e alimentação emocional (AE). Resultados: Ao longo de um ano (T0 a T2), houve aumento significativo dos níveis de PYY (r=-0,421; p=0,026), redução do peso inicial e da proporção de obesidade grave, redução significativa do escore-z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p<0,001) IMC (p=0,002), CT (p=0,003), TG (p=0,022), CA (p=0,003) e redução de indivíduos com c-LDL indesejados (p=0,016). Neste período, houve redução no escore do DA, evidenciando que os adolescentes se mostraram mais controlados (p=0,008) ao final do estudo. No entanto, este resultado foi independente do IMC e do escore-z do IMC (p=0,407). A redução do DA associou-se com uma melhora significativa dos níveis de insulina (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusão: A intervenção clínica com orientações nutricionais e comportamentais proposta no AmO mostrou que os adolescentes com obesidade, que mudam seu comportamento sedentário e aderem a uma alimentação equilibrada, apresentam redução do peso, aumento dos níveis de PYY e uma atitude alimentar mais controlada. / Food intake and energy expenditure, as well as short-term satiety signals, can be regulated by the peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. There is no evidence telling whether there are changes in levels of regulatory satiety hormones, such as PYY, at one year follow-up among obese Brazilian adolescents. It is also unknown if changes in PYY hormone levels lead to changes in feeding behavior or in body composition. Objective: To evaluate serum PYY levels in obese adolescents participating for 12 months in an outpatient obesity treatment program (AmO) in a public hospital in southern Brazil and determine if it is associated with biochemical, anthropometric and feeding behavior parameters. Methods: Fifty-one obese adolescents attended 12 monthly outpatient visits (a 48 week follow-up study), and received weight loss recommendations based on quantitative and qualitative eating targets and on reducing sedentary behavior. At each one of these visits [first appointment (T0), at week 24 (T1) and at week 48 (T2)], fasting serum levels of PYY, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), low-density cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin, glucose, and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. By bioelectrical impedance, body fat (% BF) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) were measured. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21) was also completed in order to assess eating behavior dimensions: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (ED) and emotional eating (EE). Results: Over a year (T0 to T2), there was a significant increase in PYY (r = -0.421; p = 0.026), a reduction in weight and in prevalence of severe obesity, a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) z-score (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.002), TC (p = 0.003), TG (p = 0.022), and WC (p = 0.003) and a decrease in the number of individuals with undesirable LDL-c levels (p = 0.016). Over this period, there was a reduction in ED scores, showing that adolescents had more controlled eating behaviors (p = 0.008) at the end of the study. However, this result was independent of BMI and BMI z-score (p = 0.407). The reduction in ED was associated with a significant improvement in insulin levels (rs=0,326 p=0,020). Conclusion: The clinical intervention with nutritional and behavioral guidelines proposed in AmO showed that adolescents with obesity, who change their sedentary behavior and adhere to a balanced diet, present weight reduction, increased PYY levels and a more controlled eating attitude.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation et la prise en charge par l’activité physique d’adolescent(e)s obèses. Deux études ont quantifié leurs réponses psychophysiologiques à un test de course intermittent en 15-15 (Rossi et al., 2009), progressif et maximal. Comparé au test navette de 20m (Léger et al., 1988), la pertinence du test 15-15 pour cette population réside dans la production de réponses physiologiques maximales similaires tout en conduisant à des vitesses supérieures et à une meilleure condition physique perçue. Deux autres études ont évalué les effets d’un programme de 5 semaines d’exercices intermittents d’intensité vigoureuse (VIT) sur la composition corporelle et les conditions physiques objective et perçue d’adolescents obèses. Le programme comprenait 3 séances hebdomadaires de types de VIT différant en durée et en activités physiques et sportives. Des améliorations de la composition corporelle, des capacités fonctionnelles, notamment chez les garçons, et de la plupart des échelles de capacités physiques perçues sont obtenues. Le VIT de longue durée engendre des améliorations rapides et régulières des échelles de capacités physiques perçues / This thesis fits the assessment and follow-up by physical activity of obese adolescents. Two studies measured their psychophysiological responses to an intermittent progressive and maximal running test in 15-15 (Rossi et al., 2009). Compared to the 20 m shuttle run test (Léger et al., 1988), the 15-15 test is considered as relevant for such population as it leads to similar maximal physiological responses, but also to higher speeds and better perceived physical condition of the participants. Two other studies evaluated the effects of a 5 week program of intermittent exercises at vigorous intensity (VIT) on body composition, objective and perceived physical conditions of obese adolescents. The program included 3 weekly VIT sessions that differed in the type and duration of the included sport and physical activities. Improvements were obtained in body composition, functional capacities, particularly among boys, and in most of the scales of perceived physical capacities. The longest VIT sessions led to rapid and regular improvements of all scales of perceived physical capacities

Bakgrund: Barnfetma är ett växande samhällsproblem vars utveckling grundar sig ibland annat matvanor, minskad fysisk aktivitet och digitalisering av vardagen. Fetmaökar risken för diverse följdsjukdomar och sänker livskvaliten hos drabbade.Prevention av barnfetma är komplicerat och ställer höga krav på individ, familj,vårdgivare och samhälle. Syfte: Att undersöka prevention av fetma hos barn iåldrarna 6-18 år utifrån sjuksköterskans profession. Metod: Studien är en allmänlitteraturstudie som grundades i sammanställning och analys av nio artiklar urdatabaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsycINFO. Resultat: Sjuksköterskans arbete iprevention av barnfetma är beroende av diverse faktorer. God och öppenkommunikation med såväl barn som föräldrar är av stor vikt. I kommunikationen ärordval och beaktande av autonomi och integritet centralt. Multiprofessionelltsamarbete underlättar det preventiva arbetet. Interventioner och behandlingsprogrambehöver fokusera på att öka motivation och inkludera kontinuerliga träffar medsjuksköterskan. Konklusion: Litteraturstudien lyfter fram olika faktorer förbehandling och betonar vikten av ett preventivt arbete mot fetma redan från låg ålder.Ämnet är komplext och flera faktorer spelar roll i det slutgiltiga resultatet av detpreventiva arbetet. Det krävs ett fortsatt förebyggande och behandlande arbete avsjukdomen där fokus på utbildning och vidare forskning är av största vikt. / Background: Pediatric obesity is a societal problem which is caused by unhealthyeating habits, reduced physical activity and the digitalization of everyday life. Obesityincreases the risk for many secondary diseases and impaired quality of life.Prevention of childhood obesity is complicated and places high demands onindividuals, families, caregivers and society. Purpose: To examine prevention ofobesity in children ages 6-18 years based on the nurse profession. Method: Thislitterature study was based on compilation and analysis of nine articles fromCINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. Results: The role of the nurse in prevention ofpediatric obesity is dependent on various factors. Open communication with childrenand parents is of great importance. Vocabulary adaptation and consideration ofautonomy and integrity are fundamental factors in communication. Multiprofessionalcollaboration facilitates preventive. Interventions and treatment programs demandfocus on increasing motivation among participants and include continuous contactbetween participant and nurse. Conclusion: This study highlights various factors fortreatment, and emphasizes the importance of preventive work against obesity from anearly age. Pediatric obesity is a cause for impaired quality of life among affected.Continued preventive care and treatment is required, where focus on education andfurther research is of utmost importance.

Pediatric obesity is skyrocketing nowadays worldwide. Therefore, helping and supporting clinicians in curing children is needed. As Health IT is soaring thanks to the emergence of a cutting-edge technology, treatments can now be followed closely and daily to give a personalized therapy. Thus, this thesis investigates how to build a clinical decision support tool to address this issue. The study was carried with the company Evira by following the user-centered design thinking method. The user research, carried out with semi-structured interviews at Martina Barnsjukhuset and Capio Vårdcentral Zinkensdamm, provided the users needs. A prototype was developed with considering this user research and requirements. Next, it was tested by experts during task-based and semi-structured interviews. This evaluation phase concluded that the prototype was intuitive and effective. By using different metrics, it allowed clinicians to see the activity of the patients, the irregularities and variation of their weight, their weighting habits, and the gender distribution of the patients. The final tool corrected some of the requests obtained during the evaluation. Thus, the proposed interface could support the decision of clinicians to improve treatment effectiveness and enable better resource planning. Further research can still be carried out in order to fine-tune this tool. / Fetma hos barn ökar kraftigt i dag över hela världen. Därför behövs det hjälp och stöd till kliniker för att behandla barn. Eftersom hälso- och sjukvårdsinformatik är på frammarsch tack vare framväxten av en banbrytande teknik kan behandlingar nu följas noga och dagligen för att ge en personlig behandling. I denna avhandling undersöks värdet av ett kliniskt beslutsstöd för att lösa detta problem. Studien genomfördes tillsammans med företaget Evira genom att följa metoden för användarcentrerat designtänkande. Användar- forskningen, som genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer på Martina Barnsjukhuset och Capio Vårdcentral Zinkensdamm, gav användarnas behov. En prototyp utvecklades med hänsyn till denna användarundersökning och dessa krav. Därefter testades den av experter under uppgiftsbaserade och semistrukturerade intervjuer. I denna utvärderingsfas konstaterades att prototypen var intuitiv och effektiv. Den gjorde det möjligt för kliniker att se patienternas aktivitet och effektiviteten i behandlingen. Det slutliga verktyget korrigerade några av de önskemål som framkom under utvärderingen. Det föreslagna gränssnittet ökade således behandlingseffektiviteten och möjliggjorde bättre resursplanering. Ytterligare forskning kan fortfarande utföras för att finslipa detta verktyg.

Diets which emphasize intakes of plant-based foods are recommended to reduce disease risk and for promoting healthy weight. The aim of this study was to examine the association between fruit, vegetables, pulses and nut intake and body mass index (BMI) across countries in adolescents (13-14 years) and children (6-7 years). Data from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; 77,243 children's parents and 201,871 adolescents was used to examine the association between dietary intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and BMI using general linear models, adjusting for country gross national index. Adolescents who consumed fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts three or more times a week had a lower BMI than the never or occasional group; eating nuts three or more times a week, was associated with a BMI value of 0.274 kg/m² lower than the never group (p < 0.001). Compared to children who never or occasionally reported eating vegetables, those reporting that they ate vegetables three or more times per week had a lower BMI of -0.079 kg/m². In this large global study, an inverse association was observed between BMI and the reported increasing intake of vegetables in 6-7 years old and fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts in adolescents. This study supports current dietary recommendations which emphasize the consumption of vegetables, nut and pulses, although the effect sizes were small. / Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to E.A. Mitchell and I. Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. / Revisión por pares

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade na infância e adolescência representa uma epidemia global e figura como um problema de saúde pública proeminente de prevalência crescente. A obesidade frequentemente está associada à compulsão alimentar periódica (CAP) e componentes genéticos participam de sua etiologia multifatorial. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) no gene da leptina (LEP) e do receptor da leptina (LEPR) podem modificar a expressão da leptina e de suas vias de sinalização e, consequentemente, alterar a regulação do apetite e da saciedade, contribuindo assim para a etiopatogenia e manutenção da CAP. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência dos polimorfismos rs7799039 (G > A) no gene LEP e rs1137100 (A > G), rs1137101 (A > G) e rs8179183 (G > C) no gene LEPR sobre a CAP em crianças e adolescentes obesos, além de caracterizar a população quanto à CAP e verificar a associação dos SNPs com o risco cardiometabólico (RCM) e a obesidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que incluiu 465 crianças e adolescentes obesos com idade entre 7 e 19 anos avaliados quanto a variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas. Os fatores de RCM consistiram de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, glicemia de jejum alterada, HDL-colesterol baixo e hipertrigliceridemia. A CAP foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP). Para investigar o efeito dos SNPs no risco para a obesidade foi incluído um grupo controle composto por 135 crianças e adolescentes eutróficos. A genotipagem foi realizada por PCR em tempo real e para análise dos SNPs, adotou-se o modelo dominante. Foi calculado o desequilíbrio de ligação entre os SNPs e estimada as frequências dos haplótipos. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas estratificadamente por gênero e estádio puberal. Para avaliar a magnitude do risco dos SNPs sobre a CAP e a obesidade foi realizada regressão logística ajustada para variáveis de confusão (idade, Z-IMC e estádio puberal). RESULTADOS: As crianças e adolescentes obesos (12,5 ± 2,9 anos; 52,7% meninas) classificados com CAP apresentaram maior adiposidade e a frequência da CAP foi mais elevada no gênero feminino (OR= 2,146; IC 95% 1,461-3,152; p < 0,001). A frequência do alelo A do rs7799039 foi mais elevada no grupo de obesos (OR= 1,530; IC 95% 1,022-2,292; p= 0,039) e o alelo associou-se ao maior nível de leptina e colesterol total em meninas e à maior glicemia em meninos (p < 0,05). No rs1137100 e o rs1137101, a presença do alelo G em meninas conferiu risco para a hipertrigliceridemia (OR= 1,926; IC 95% 1,010-3,673; p= 0,047 e OR= 2,039; IC 95% 1,057-3,931; p= 0,033, respectivamente). O alelo C do rs8179183 relacionou-se, em meninas, à relação cintura-estatura e glicemia mais elevadas e, em meninos, ao maior percentil de pressão arterial diastólica, glicemia, colesterol total e LDL-colesterol (p <0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os polimorfismos não foram associados à compulsão alimentar periódica. A CAP foi relacionada ao pior grau de adiposidade e o maior risco foi observado no gênero feminino. O SNP rs7799039 no gene LEP conferiu risco para obesidade, enquanto o rs1137100, rs1137101 e rs8179183 no gene LEPR relacionaram-se ao pior perfil cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes obesos / INTRODUCTION: Obesity during childhood and adolescence represents a global epidemic and consists in a prominent public health issue of increasing prevalence. Obesity is frequently associated with binge eating (BE) and genetic factors participate of its multifactorial etiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) genes may modify the leptin expression and its signaling pathways and, consequently, alter appetite and satiety regulation, thus contributing to the etiopathogeny and maintenance of BE. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms rs7799039 (G > A) in the LEP gene and rs1137100 (A > G), rs1137101 (A > G) and rs8179183 (G > C) in the LEPR gene on BE in obese children and adolescents, besides characterize the population regarding to BE and examine the association of SNPs with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which 465 obese children and adolescents aged from 7 to 19 years were enrolled and had anthropometric and metabolic variables assessed. The CMR factors consisted of systemic hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, low HDL-cholesterol levels and hypertriglyceridemia. The BE was evaluated through the Binge Eating Scale (BES). To investigate the effect of SNPs on obesity risk, a control group of 135 eutrophic children and adolescents was enrolled. Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR and for the SNPs analysis, the dominant model was adopted. The linkage disequilibrium between SNPs was calculated and the haplotype frequencies were estimated. Comparisons between groups were performed stratified by gender and pubertal stage. To assess the risk magnitude for the SNPs on BE and obesity, logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables (age, Z-BMI and pubertal stage) was performed. RESULTS: Obese children and adolescents (12.5 ± 2.9 years, 52.7% girls) classified with BE showed greater adiposity and BE frequency was higher among females (OR= 2.146; 95% CI 1.461-3.152; p < 0.001). The observed frequency of A allele of rs7799039 was a higher in the obese group (OR= 1.530; 95% CI 1.022-2.292; p= 0.039) and the allele was associated with higher leptin and total cholesterol levels in girls and higher glucose levels in boys (p < 0.05). For the rs1137100 and rs1137101, the presence of the G allele among girls, conferred risk for hypertriglyceridemia (OR= 1.926; 95% CI 1.010-3.673; p= 0.047 and OR= 2.039; 95% CI 1.057-3.931; p= 0.033, respectively). The C allele of rs8179183 was associated, among girls, with a higher waist-to-height ratio and glucose levels and, among boys, with greater diastolic blood pressure percentile, glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms were not associated with binge eating. BE was related with a more severe adiposity and an increased risk was observed among females. The SNP rs7799039 in the LEP gene contributed to the risk of obesity, whereas the rs1137100, rs1137101 and rs8179183 in LEPR gene were related to a worse cardiometabolic profile in obese children and adolescents

Introdução: O excesso de peso destaca-se como importante problema de saúde na atualidade e sua prevenção desde a primeira infância é essencial para a promoção da saúde da população. O uso de material didático e instrucional, como o álbum seriado, contribui para a prática do processo educativo em saúde na rotina dos serviços. Objetivo: Construir e validar um Álbum Seriado sobre prevenção do excesso de peso infantil na atenção básica. Método: Estudo descritivo que foca o desenvolvimento e a validação de um instrumento para intervenção educativa. Integra investigação mais ampla desenvolvida no município de Itupeva, Estado de São Paulo, aprovada por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e autorizada pela Diretoria de Saúde do município. Foi desenvolvida em três etapas: 1) Oficinas de escuta com mães e profissionais de saúde da atenção básica; 2) Construção do álbum seriado; 3) Validação do álbum seriado. Com base no referencial teórico da educação crítica, três oficinas com duração de 90 minutos cada, foram realizadas no período de abril a junho de 2015: duas com 10 mães e uma com 14 profissionais da atenção básica. As oficinas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Os temas extraídos das oficinas, documentos técnicos do Ministério da Saúde e figuras disponíveis no banco de imagens da web foram utilizados na construção do Álbum Seriado. O Álbum Seriado foi validado por oito juízes, profissionais vinculados à Diretoria de Saúde e Educação do município, que avaliaram conteúdo e aparência mediante preenchimento de uma ficha de validação, durante discussão em grupo. Analisou-se a porcentagem de concordância dos juízes. Resultados: A construção do Álbum Seriado teve como base os temas extraídos das oficinas realizadas com mães e profissionais de saúde, porém para uma sequência lógica de apresentação, o material foi organizado de acordo com os temas reconhecimento do excesso de peso/obesidade, consequências para a saúde da criança e estratégias para prevenção e promoção da saúde infantil. O Álbum Seriado foi constituído por 27 folhetos com frente (figura) e verso (ficha-roteiro). Houve 99% de concordância dos juízes quanto ao tema proposto, 96% com relação à clareza/compreensão dos folhetos, 94% quanto à importância de cada uma das figuras para o álbum seriado e 47% quanto à necessidade de ajustes ou exclusão de folhetos. Melhorias na resolução e substituição de algumas figuras foram as principais sugestões para o ajuste do material apresentado para validação. Conclusões: A construção e validação do álbum seriado, com base na educação crítica, envolve os participantes, facilita o uso dessa tecnologia pelos profissionais de saúde no processo educativo na atenção básica e favorece a compreensão e incorporação de passos importantes para a prevenção do excesso de peso infantil, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde da criança. / Introduction: Weight excess stands out as a major health problem today and its prevention since early childhood is essential for the population health. The use of instructional teaching materials such as flip chart in the educational process in health contributes to the effectiveness of this practice in the service routine. Objective: To develop and validate a flip chart on prevention of childhood weight excess in primary care. Methods: Descriptive study that focuses on the development and validation of an instrument for educational intervention. Honest and wide investigation was developed in the city of Itupeva, State of São Paulo, approved by the Research Ethics Committee and authorized by the city\'s Health Board. It was developed in three steps: 1) Listening workshops with mothers and health professionals in primary care; 2) Development of a flip chart; 3) Flip chart validation. Based on the theoretical framework of critical education, where three workshops which lasted 90 minutes each were held from April to June 2015: two with 10 mothers, and one with 14 primary care professionals. The workshops were recorded, transcribed and subjected to content analysis. To develop the flip chart, themes were drawn from workshops, technical documents were used from the Ministry of Health and pictures were taken from the internet. The flip chart was validated by eight judges, who were part of the city professional Board of Health and Education. They evaluated the flip charts content and appearance by filling out a form validation for group discussion. The percentage of the judges agreement was analyzed. Results: The analysis of the listening workshops gave origin to the topics, weight excess acknowledgement\", consequences for the childs health\" and \"strategies for prevention and childrens health promotion. The flip chart consists of 27 sheets: odds pages with figure and even pages with plug-Script. There was 99% of the judges agreement on the proposed theme, 96% regarding clarity and understanding, 94% regarding the importance of each picture, and 47% as for needs of adjustments or exclusion. Resolution improvements and picture replacements were the main suggestions for the material validation. Conclusions: The flip chart construction and validation based on critical education involves the participants, facilitates the use of this technology by health professionals in the educational process in primary care, and promotes understanding and incorporation of important steps to prevent child\'s weight overflow, contributing to the child\'s health promotion.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento mundial da prevalência de obesidade atribui-se principalmente a mudanças nos hábitos alimentares e na prática de atividade física, que afetam indivíduos predispostos geneticamente. Alterações genéticas podem provocar desequilíbrio na regulação homeostática afetando sinalizadores periféricos e centrais. Um componente do controle central fica no núcleo arqueado hipotalâmico, sendo o receptor tipo 4 de melanocortina (MC4R) de suma importância. Mutações no MC4R têm sido relatadas como causa mais frequente de obesidade monogênica. Há evidência de que polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) localizados próximos ao MC4R possam estar relacionados ao aumento do risco para obesidade, porém estudos de variantes nesse gene avaliando o consumo alimentar são escassos e controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de variantes alélicas no MC4R sobre consumo alimentar, presença de compulsão alimentar periódica (CAP), composição corporal e perfil clínico e metabólico em crianças e adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com crianças e adolescentes obesos. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos, metabólicos e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos, incluindo hipertensão arterial sistêmica, glicemia de jejum alterada, hipertrigliceridemia e HDL-colesterol baixo. A CAP foi avaliada utilizando a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica e o consumo alimentar por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas, analisando consumo calórico total, percentual de macronutrientes e fibras, além da frequência na omissão do café da manhã, adequação de macronutrientes, frações lipídicas e colesterol. Para verificar o efeito dos SNPs no risco para a obesidade foi incluído um grupo controle composto por 137 crianças e adolescentes eutróficos. Foi realizado o sequenciamento do gene MC4R e a genotipagem por PCR em tempo real das variantes rs17782313 e rs12970134, adotando-se o modelo recessivo para a análise. A análise estatística para comparação dos grupos foi conduzida por meio dos Testes T de Student ou Mann-Whitney U. Para avaliar a magnitude do risco, foi realizada regressão logística ajustada para Z-IMC, idade e gênero, com o nível de significância fixado em 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 536 obesos (52,1% meninas; 12,7 ± 2,7 anos; Z-IMC 3,24 ± 0,57). A frequência dos SNPs foi semelhante entre os grupos de obesos e controle. Os portadores do polimorfismo rs17782313 apresentaram maior nível de triglicérides (108 ± 48 vs.119 ± 54, p=0,034)e maior risco para hipertrigliceridemia (OR=1,985; IC95% 1,288-3,057; p=0,002). Não houve associação do rs12970134 com os parâmetros clínicos, metabólicos ou alimentares. No gene MC4R foram identificados 10 polimorfismos já descritos e uma variante nova, Asn72Ser (A/G), sendo 8 mutações do tipo missense e 3 sinônimas. CONCLUSÕES: Os SNPs rs17782313 e rs12970134 não influenciam o consumo alimentar nem a presença da CAP. O SNP rs17782313 está associado a maior risco de hipertrigliceridemia e maior nível sérico de triglicérides em crianças e adolescentes obesos. A presença de mutações que resultem na perda de função no gene MC4R é rara nessa coorte / INTRODUCTION: The global increase in the prevalence of obesity is attributed mainly to changes in dietary habits and physical activity, which affects genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic alterations can cause imbalance in the homeostatic regulation affecting peripheral and central signals. One component of the central control is the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the melanocortin type 4 receptor (MC4R) is of outstanding importance. Mutations in MC4R have been reported as the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity. Studies indicate that polymorphisms located near the MC4R may be related to increased risk for obesity, but the studies of variations in this gene and its relation to food intake are scarce and controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of allelic variants of MC4R in food intake, binge eating behavior (BE), body composition, clinical and metabolic profile in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with obese children and adolescents. Anthropometric, metabolic parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors including hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol were evaluated. The BE was evaluated through the Binge Eating Scale, and to analyze the dietary intake 24 hour recall was used, evaluating total caloric intake, percentage of macronutrients, fiber, omission of breakfast, adequacy of macronutrients, lipid fractions and cholesterol. To investigate the effect of SNPs on obesity risk, a control group of 137 eutrophic children and adolescents was enrolled. The MC4R gene was sequenced and genotyping was performed by real-time PCR of the variants rs17782313 and rs12970134, adopting the recessive model for the analysis. Statistical analysis for group comparison was conducted using the Student T test or Mann-Whitney U test. To assess the magnitude of risk, logistic regression adjusted for Z-BMI, age and gender was performed, with the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The study included 536 subjects (52.1% girls, 12.7 ± 2.7 years-old, Z-BMI = 3.24± 0,57). The frequency of SNPs was similar between the obese and control groups. The C allele carriers for the rs17782313 polymorphism had increased triglyceride levels (108 ± 48 vs.119 ± 54, p = 0.034) and increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.985, 95% CI 1.288-3.057, p = 0.002). There was no association of the SNP rs12970134 with clinical, metabolic or nutritional parameters. Ten polymorphisms already described and a new variant, Arn72Ser (A/G), were identified in the MC4R gene, with 8 missense mutations and 3 synonymous. CONCLUSIONS: The SNPs rs17782313 and rs12970134 did not influence food intake or the presence of BE. The SNP rs17782313 is associated with increased risk of elevated triglycerides and higher serum triglyceride levels in obese children and adolescents. The presence of mutations resulting in loss of function in the MC4R gene is rare in this cohort