The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning have been conducting housing needs assessments since 1995 (Boverket 2015). The latest assessment was conducted in 2015 and showed that 71,000 homes will need to be built annually by 2020. To be able to contribute to building more homes, Willhem AB is carrying out a project called ”Så bygger vi för alla”. As part of the work, this thesis will examine the building rules and how they can contribute to innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which rules, laws and norms we have to keep to in Sweden regarding housing construction. The aim of the work is to investigate whether the regulatory framework can create creativity amongst the players in the market. This thesis is limited to examining which laws, government policies and eventual municipal requirements that exist in Sweden. Therefore, industry rules, such as the AMA, and contracting regulations, such as AB and ABT, will not be taken into consideration. The survey is also limited to newly built multifamily houses only. Finally, the reference objects that are studied in the thesis will be in Sweden and be limited to being either construction-technical or plan-based innovative and have been recently executed. This thesis is based on the existing regulations and theories from previous studies. The data collected for this survey will be studied from a qualitative point of view. The survey aims to investigate a number of reference objects more thoroughly and conduct interviews with key people involved in the project, which means a qualitative approach is best suited. In 1987, Sweden received a new building legislation according to Örnhall (2017), which has resulted in a transition from specification requirements to functional requirements in order to increase the liberty in housing production. However, according to Örnhall (2017 the new legislation has contributed to a wider picture of the regulatory framework. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is the authority that has the overall responsibility for community planning, urban development, construction and housing (Nordstrand 2008). The most important laws and government policies that the social planning sector primarily have to obey are the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the Planning and Building Regulation (PBF) as well as and the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (BBR) (Örnhall, Swedish Construction Service 2017a). The Planning and Building Act (SFS 2010:900), PBL, regulates the planning for land and water whilst the responsibility for maintaining the regulations lies with the municipalities. The purpose of PBL is to promote social development for long-term, equal, social and environmental sustainable development for today’s society and future generations (SFS 2010: 900). When creating new homes, special consideration should be given to long term use of the home (Boverket 2016). At the interview stage, six areas emerged that were considered to be particularly problematic or interesting for the development of innovative and cheap housing. These areas were; accessibility, municipal requirements, rules, advice and interpretations, energy, innovation and development, and the ability to build for everyone. I perceived the accessibility aspect as very complex. Several interviewees argue that the accessibility requirements entail an increased cost for new builds, in one case it was even expressed that today’s availability requirements means the housing becomes less accessible to a larger group. The rules for creating an inclusive society also emerged at the interview stage while another recurring opinion is the renewal of the legislation. Several interviewees stated that they consider the regulations to be outdated and need to be updated according to today’s society. Based on this, I found The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning requirements contradictory whilst providing support for innovation, many requirements inhibits the development of housing. Therefore, extensive research should be carried out on how people in Sweden want to live today; thereafter the regulations can be updated according to today’s needs. In one way or another, all reference objects have been at the forefront when it comes to housing development. A common factor for the various reference objects is that a major problem was identified in all projects, which led to a product or solution being developed. They show that there is not one solution to the problem, but that different solutions can be found to achieve the same goal: better housing for more people.

Why do people transgress legal borders on beaches by the lakes and the coastline, despite thefact of a Swedish law defending the beach and a rigorous administration mirroring it? Nationalstudies show great differences in regional and local practice regarding the administration ofthe law of beach defense, Strandskyddslagen.This licentiate thesis explores the administration of Swedish beaches from both an actorand a structural point of view. It was carried out as a case study of three municipalities situatedby the southeast part of the Baltic and inland. The interviewed actors were regional andlocal civil servants including local politicians. The purpose of the thesis was to reveal whatimplications daily practice among civil servants and local politicians have on the forms ofhow beaches are appropriated and dominated. The thesis focus on the dualism of the privateand the public space. Drawing on structural and poststructural theory and qualitative methodologythe importance of methodology is argued. The author use a triangulation of differenttheories and methods. Grounded on interviews, five areas were thematized; ideology, power,professional cultures, communication and mirroring. The thesis reveals that chains of causesto the heterogeneity of the local and regional beach administration, can be investigated moreefficiently by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology.The author found that the administrators personal ideology in relation to the ideology expressedby the law is of importance in the daily practice. He also show how the two mainparts of Strandskyddslagen contribute to the development of two identifiable approaches inthe civil servants practice. This finding he connects with the development of professional staffcultures. Eventually the thesis discuss the importance of interior communication betweendifferent levels of the administration and underpin the rising cost problem when municipalitiesare delegated the main responsibility for mirroring the beaches. This leading to a tendencyof a growing appearance of corporate influence on local public politics regarding exploitationof land close to beaches.The author propose a closer communication between regional and municipal environment-and building administrators. He emphasizes the importance of transparency, communicationand education at both the regional, local administrative and political level of the beachadministration.

Umeå University, Sweden, 2013 Title: Mindre avvikelse från detaljplan - Kartläggning och undersökning av tillåtna mindre avvikelser från detaljplan i Umeå kommun år 2012 English title: Minor deviation from local plan – Survey and analysis of allowed minor deviations from local plan in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden year 2012 Author: Elise Ljung Language: Swedish, with an English abstract Department: Department of Geography and Economic History   The aim with this essay is to analyse the frequency of minor deviations from the local plans in the municipality of Umeå year 2012. The analysis includes what kind of building arrangements that are deviating from the local plan, in what way these buildings are deviating, what kind of buildings that are concerned of deviations and what kind of applicants that apply for building permits that are deviating from the local plan. The provisions that are concerning minor deviations are presented in the results. The analyse is also investigating why deviations are made from the social plans and how the spatial distribution of minor deviations are in the municipality of Umeå and the urban areas of Umeå.   The survey is made from datasets provided by the office of building permits in the municipality of Umeå. The data has been encoded and categorised into four main categories; Type of applicant, type of building, type of building arrangement and type of deviation from local plan. The mapping of data has been made using the property map provided by the Ordnance Survey of the municipality of Umeå.   According to the survey extensions of buildings applied for by private housing owners are the most common minor deviations that are allowed and the deviation from the plan are placement of the extension part. The minor deviations are not a spatial phenomenon in the municipality of Umeå. The occurrence of minor deviations is evenly distributed in the municipality and in the urban areas as well. Provisions of the Planning -and Building act says that a minor deviation from the local plan can be made under conditions that the deviation is small and do not contradicts against the aim of the local plan.

År 1987 trädde en ny byggnadslag i kraft, Plan- och bygglagen(PBL). I och med den nya lagen minskade kommunens och byggnadsnämndens kontroll av projekteringshandlingar och besiktningar ute på arbetsplatsen. Efter lagändringen beror den slutgiltiga kvaliteten på en byggnad i större utsträckning på byggherrens och entreprenörernas egenkontroll. P.g.a. olika intressekonflikter inom kommunen, och att det kan förekomma starka kopplingar mellan byggherre och entreprenör, är det inte alltid självklart att kommunens tillsyn vid nybyggnation gällande till exempel egenskapskrav på energihushållning och värmeisolering utförs tillfredsställande.Med ovanstående i åtanke undersökte vi fyra flerbostadshus, två i Värnamo kommun samt två i Kristianstad. Vi undersökte om husen uppfyller de ställda värmeisoleringskraven enligt BBR(Boverkets Byggregler) 9 Kap. samt vilka krav som fanns med i respektive projekts kontrollplan. Endast ett av de fyra husen uppfyllde de ställda kraven. I kommunens kontrollplaner för de undersökta objekten ställs krav på värmeisoleringsberäkningar men några beräkningar på detta finns ej arkiverade hos kommunerna. / In 1987, a new law of building became effective, Plan- och bygglagen(PBL). The building committees' inspection of construction sites and documents decreased. The final quality of the buildings now depended in greater extent on the property developers and the contractors internal control. Due to different interests within the municipality and because of strong connections between property developers and contractors, it is not always a matter of course that e.g. the inspection of thermal insulation and energy housekeeping is executed in a satifactory fashion. With the above in mind we examined four multi-dwelling buildings, two in municipality of Värnamo and two in Kristianstad. We examined if the buildings comply with the thermal insulation requirement according to BBR (the swedish building code) and which requirements that were stated in the different projects documents of inspection.Only one out of the four buildings complies with the requirements according to BBR. In the municipality documents there are requirements of thermal insulation calculations but there are no documents that verifies that such calculations have been executed.

Rapporten beskriver en undersökning om de olika renoveringsåtgärder som typiskt behöver utföras för bostadshus byggda under miljonprogrammet. Studien utgår från ett flerbostadshus som byggdes under 1968-1969 och som ligger i Norrliden i kvarteret Graniten, Kalmar. Undersökningen fokuserar på energianvändning, energieffektivisering, tillgänglighet och kommunikation med hyresgäster under renoveringen. Dessa ämnen behandlas utifrån två perspektiv; dels genom beskrivning av det pågående projektet i bostadshusen i Graniten och dels genom teorier beskrivna i litteraturen.

<p>År 1987 trädde en ny byggnadslag i kraft, Plan- och bygglagen(PBL). I och med den nya lagen minskade kommunens och byggnadsnämndens kontroll av projekteringshandlingar och besiktningar ute på arbetsplatsen. Efter lagändringen beror den slutgiltiga kvaliteten på en byggnad i större utsträckning på byggherrens och entreprenörernas egenkontroll. P.g.a. olika intressekonflikter inom kommunen, och att det kan förekomma starka kopplingar mellan byggherre och entreprenör, är det inte alltid självklart att kommunens tillsyn vid nybyggnation gällande till exempel egenskapskrav på energihushållning och värmeisolering utförs tillfredsställande.Med ovanstående i åtanke undersökte vi fyra flerbostadshus, två i Värnamo kommun samt två i Kristianstad. Vi undersökte om husen uppfyller de ställda värmeisoleringskraven enligt BBR(Boverkets Byggregler) 9 Kap. samt vilka krav som fanns med i respektive projekts kontrollplan. Endast ett av de fyra husen uppfyllde de ställda kraven. I kommunens kontrollplaner för de undersökta objekten ställs krav på värmeisoleringsberäkningar men några beräkningar på detta finns ej arkiverade hos kommunerna.</p> / <p>In 1987, a new law of building became effective, Plan- och bygglagen(PBL). The building committees' inspection of construction sites and documents decreased. The final quality of the buildings now depended in greater extent on the property developers and the contractors internal control. Due to different interests within the municipality and because of strong connections between property developers and contractors, it is not always a matter of course that e.g. the inspection of thermal insulation and energy housekeeping is executed in a satifactory fashion. With the above in mind we examined four multi-dwelling buildings, two in municipality of Värnamo and two in Kristianstad. We examined if the buildings comply with the thermal insulation requirement according to BBR (the swedish building code) and which requirements that were stated in the different projects documents of inspection.Only one out of the four buildings complies with the requirements according to BBR. In the municipality documents there are requirements of thermal insulation calculations but there are no documents that verifies that such calculations have been executed.</p>

Den 2 juli 2014 blev det enligt lag tillåtet för en- och tvåbostadshusägare att uppföra en bygglovsbefriad komplementbyggnad på max 25 kvadratmeter på den egna fastigheten. Rapporten undersöker vilket genomslag lagändringen har haft i Stor-Stockholm, Stor-Göteborg och Stor-Malmö. Undersökningen visar att lagändringen ännu inte har haft något stort genomslag. I rapporten undersöks även en utvald del av marknadsaktörers utbud av attefallshus avsett som komplementbostadshus.  Ett attefallshus utformas med miljövänligt hållbara material och inspireras av Vitruvius tre principer för god arkitektur. Huset konstrueras med avsikt att uppfylla kraven som ställs i PBL, PBF, BBR och EKS. Målet med de framtagna bygghandlingarna är att få startbesked från byggnadsnämnden i Växjö.

The municipalities in Sweden can use the PBL-legislation to request a land developer to fund new public infrastructure in the dwelling area where the developer are active. The municipality have had two options to choose between. To purchase a contract with an entrepreneur that build the infrastructure paid by the developer, or let the developer both build and pay the infrastructure. The La Scala-judgment came 2001 from the EG-tribunal. This judgment have by many people been interpreted as that as public infrastructure in Sweden should be purchased by the municipalities through LOU. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to discuss how the land development process has changed and which problems that have arisen since 2010, when it became customary that the municipality should procure public streets and sewage facilities under the Swedish Public Procurement Act (“LOU”). The purpose is also to discuss if this way to proceed satisfies the purpose of LOU and also discuss if their can be any alternative interpretations of the La Scalajudgment than have been done so far for Swedish conditions. The questions that became a consequence of the purpose where answered as follow in the report: Changes Today, the general rule is that the municipality is to purchase all public streets itself in the land development process. This rule has replaced the freedom of choosing whether to do so, that previously existed. Necessary land transfers take place today at an early stage of the process, often when the zoning plan becomes valid, as compared to before when it took place late in the land development process. Problems Some problems have arisen in cases when the municipality procures. This leads to the conclusion that the land development process today has become more risky, significantly more expensive, and that it takes longer time before the houses are ready for occupants to move in to, than previously was the case. To what extent does this new procedure implement LOU’s purpose? LOU's purpose, to get an effectively use of tax money, is not fulfilled by this procedure because the municipalities do not have any expenditures, which means that there are no funds which can be considered “effectively used”. As the municipality has no cost, it is questionable whether it really is to the municipality that an entrepreneur sells his services, rather than to the land developer paying for the services. Overall, this means that the purpose is probably not fulfilled by this new procedure. In what situations can the LOU procedure be questioned? The consequences of LOU can be questioned where it leads to major problems that would not occur if the legislation was more flexible. An example of this is when there is a lone land developer, who builds on his own property. If the municipality procures this, as happens today, problems arise in terms of money, time and coordination problems. This because it is more efficient if the developer that are already active in the area build all necessary infrastructure. Can any other interpretations of the La Scala-judgment and it´s relationship to the Swedish development process be found? One alternative interpret is that the municipal should use LOU on this kind of contracts when there is a risk that the municipal lose financial resources if they don´t do it. In the Italian development process there is always a risk that the municipal lose financial resources if they don´t purchase the contracts. The Swedish land development legislation are structured so the municipality never take a risk to lose financial recourses if they let the developer build everything in the area and therefore the municipality never can lose financial recourses in these cases. The Swedish municipalities don’t get any advantages if they use LOU here because the developer pays the real cost for all parts of the contract. Therefore, LOU is irrelevant in this part of the development process. / I Sverige kan en kommun med stöd av PBL begära att en exploatör ska bekosta utbyggnad av allmänna platser där exploatören bygger nya bostadsområden. Kommunen har historiskt haft två utförandealternativ att välja mellan. Man har haft möjlighet att själv upphandla en entreprenör med LOU som bygger och som bekostas av exploatören eller låta exploatören både bygga och bekosta anläggningarna. År 2001 kom en dom från EG-domstolen som av många tolkats som att allmänna platser ska upphandlas via LOU av kommunen. Som en konsekvens har det de senaste åren skett en övergång där kommunen idag som huvudregel tillämpar LOU på utbyggnad av allmänna platser. Syftet är därför att diskutera hur exploateringsprocessen har förändrats och vilka problem som uppstått sedan 2010 då kommuner som en konsekvens av La Scala-domen upphandlar allmänna platser enligt LOU. Syftet är även att diskutera om detta förfarande uppfyller LOU:s syfte och om det finns några alternativa tolkningar av La Scala-domen än dem som hittills gjorts i Sverige. De frågor som följde på syftet besvaras i rapporten enligt följande Förändringar Huvudregeln är idag att kommunen ska upphandla alla allmänna gator själv i exploateringsprocessen istället för som tidigare när det som huvudregel var exploatören som upphandlade dessa. Erforderliga marköverföringar sker idag i ett tidigt skede, ofta i samband med att detaljplanen vinner laga kraft, istället för som tidigare när det skedde i slutet av exploateringsprocessen. Problem Det finns risk för problem som tidigare inte funnits i lika stor utsträckning när kommunen upphandlar. Exempel är samordningsproblem och tidsproblem. Dessa leder sammanfattningsvis till att exploateringsprocessen idag riskerar att bli dyrare samt att det tar längre tid innan husen står inflyttningsklara än vad fallet var tidigare. Hur väl uppfyller detta nya förfarande LOU:s syfte? LOU:s syfte, att få ett effektivt utnyttjande av skattemedel, uppfylls inte eftersom det i dessa fall saknas skattemedel att få ett effektivt utnyttjande av. Syftet att alla företag ska ha möjlighet att sälja sin tjänst till kommunen kan starkt ifrågasättas eftersom det är exploatören som betalar för upphandlingen. I vilka situationer kan LOU-förfarandet ifrågasättas? De situationer där LOU-förfarandet kan ifrågasättas är där det uppstår stora problem som inte skulle uppstå om lagstiftningen medgav flexibilitet. Ett exempel på detta är de fall där det är en ensam exploatör som bygger på sin egen fastighet. Om kommunen upphandlar allmän gata, så som sker idag, uppstår problem i termer av pengar, tid och samordningsproblem eftersom det är mer effektivt att den exploatör som redan är verksam i området bygger all nödvändig infrastruktur. Finns alternativa tolkningar av La Scala-domen och dess förhållande till den svenska exploateringsprocessen? En alternativ tolkning är att kommuner ska upphandla den här typen an entreprenader i de fall kommunen kan förlora ekonomiska medel på att inte göra det. Så som den italienska exploateringsprocessen är uppbyggd finns alltid en risk att italienska kommuner gör en förlust i ekonomiska termer i de fall man väljer att inte upphandla infrastruktur offentligt. I Sverige är exploateringslagstiftningen däremot utformad så att kommunen aldrig tar någon ekonomisk risk och därför inte kan förlora ekonomiska medel i de fall man låter en exploatör upphandla en entreprenör. Kommunen har i det svenska fallet inte något att vinna på en offentlig upphandling eftersom det är exploatören som betalar den faktiska kostnaden. Offentlig upphandling saknar därför relevans och betydelse i den här delen av exploateringsprocessen.

Both the current and anticipated surge of urban population in Sweden have put pressure on municipalities to address housing shortages in main cities. Only in Uppsala, the annual construction requirement is estimated to reach up to 3400 homes. As one of the most prevalent development projects in Uppsala today, the new district of Östra Sala backe is planned to offer 2500 homes as an answer to this housing shortage. However, with the pressure to build sustainable and cost efficient homes at a rapid pace, all the project’s stakeholders must give sufficient consideration to the aesthetic dimension in planning and construction. This study examines how the concept of aesthetics has been implemented and interpreted in the planning of Östra Sala backe. Four interviews with project stakeholders are carried out, in addition to analysis of project documentation and observations of current building development. The results of the research are then compared with how the aesthetic concept has been discussed in both planning theory and historical city planning ideals. The study shows that within the project’s aesthetic focus, the creation of variation in form and social value was given most consideration. As such, functional forms and sustainable values were prioritised.

Det har nu gått 5 år sedan den nya plan- och bygglagen trädde i kraft, där bland annat det obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesöket infördes. Införandet grundade sig i att myndigheterna tidigare inte hade så bra insyn i byggnationerna runt om i landet. För att öka myndigheternas insyn infördes obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesök. Vid ett arbetsplatsbesök som utförs av en handläggare som representerar byggnadsnämnden är den kontrollansvarige och oftast en byggherre närvarande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka kontrollansvarigas och byggherrars tankar om kvalitéten på arbetsplatsbesöken motsvarar plan- och bygglagskommitténs intention till att införa obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesök. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer med kontrollansvariga och byggherrar i två olika kommuner. Intervjuerna visar att införandet av det obligatoriska arbetsplatsbesöket upplevs positivt men det finns fortfarande förbättringspotential. En av utvecklingspotentialerna handlar främst om brist på erfarenhet hos de yngre handläggarna. Det har även framkommit att det råder brist på resurser för att kunna utföra arbetsplatsbesöken i den omfattning som önskas. Det framkommer också att den nya plan- och bygglagen lämnar ett stort utrymme för egen tolkning av lagen, vilket har lett till att det är svårt att avgöra om ett arbetsplatsbesök har utförts på ett korrekt sätt. / It has now been five years since the new Planning and Building Act (Plan- och bygglagen) came into force, in which the mandatory workplace visit was introduced. The introduction was based in that the authorities had not previously had such a good insight into the construction work around the country. To increase transparency, the authorities introduced mandatory workplace visits. At a workplace visit conducted by an officer who represents the building committee is the control manager, and usually a developer present. The purpose of this essay is to examine the control manager´s and developer´s thoughts on the quality of workplace visits corresponds to the Planning and Building Committee's intention to introduce mandatory workplace visits. This has been done through interviews with control managers and developers in two different municipalities. The interviews show that the introduction of the mandatory workplace visit is perceived positively but there is still potential for improvement. One of the development potential is mainly about the lack of experience of the younger officers. It has also emerged that there is a lack of resources to carry out workplace visits, to the extent desired. It also emerged that the new Planning and Building Act (Plan- och bygglagen) leaves a lot of room for your own interpretation of the law, which has led to difficulties to determine whether a workplace visit has been carried out correctly.