Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T14:13:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália de Carvalho Borges - 2015.pdf: 1625922 bytes, checksum: 6294a0cb41556811cefca60e606a9b4a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T14:14:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália de Carvalho Borges - 2015.pdf: 1625922 bytes, checksum: 6294a0cb41556811cefca60e606a9b4a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T14:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália de Carvalho Borges - 2015.pdf: 1625922 bytes, checksum: 6294a0cb41556811cefca60e606a9b4a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-08 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Postoperative pain is a frequent and multidimensional event, which is influenced by biopsychosocial factors. Little is known about pain after cesarean section, currently one of the most practiced surgeries, which requires a rapid recovery and is held at a time of a woman’s life in which various physical and emotional changes occur. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, characteristics and predictive factors for moderate, strong and worst pain post-cesarean section. This is the data analysis part from the prospective cohort study, conducted in a private hospital in the municipality of Goiânia, Brazil, between February 2014 and May 2015, with a sample of 947 women that had undergone cesarean section. Data were collected at the pre and immediate postoperative moments. The outcome variable was postoperative pain of moderate, strong and worst intensity (≥5 on a numerical scale from 0-10). The predictor variables included sociodemographic and clinical factors. The intensity of the pain were assessed through the Numeric Pain Rating Scale of 11 points (NPS), where zero (0)=no pain; 1,2,3 and 4=mild pain; 5 and 6=moderate pain; 7, 8 and 9=severe pain and 10=worst possible pain; and pain quality through the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ-SF). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to investigate symptoms of anxiety and depression and the STAI-trait for anxiety symptoms. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test, t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used. The mean age of the women was 25.3 years (sd=5.7). Married women (43.9%) and those that had completed high school (50.3%) were prevalent. All the women underwent spinal anesthesia with the use of heavy bupivacaine 0.5% and morphine. The incidence of postoperative pain was 92.2% (CI: 95%:90.0%-93.9%) and the incidence of women who reported pain of moderate, strong and worst intensity was de 79,2%(CI:95%:76,5%-81,6). The descriptors most frequently chosen to characterize the pain were “aching”, “tender” and “throbbing”, from the sensory-discriminative category of the MPQ-SF. Performing tubal sterilization together with the cesarean section (OR: 2.26; 95%CI 1.12-4.57), duration of surgery over 30 minutes (OR 1.26; 95%CI 1.11-2.18), presence of preoperative pain (OR: 1.54; 95%CI 1.05-2.26) and medium and high levels of trait anxiety (OR: 1.50; 95%CI 1.04-2.09) emerged as predictors of postoperative pain of moderate, strong and worst intensity. The performance of previous cesarean sections emerged as a protective factor for postoperative pain (OR: 0.65; 95%CI 0.46-0.92). High intensity postoperative pain is a highly frequent event in women undergoing cesarean section, described in words that indicate the multidimensionality of the pain. The perioperative evaluation of women should include negative behaviors such as anxiety, the presence of preoperative pain and the performance of surgeries that require greater exposure and manipulation of tissues, in order to reduce impairments in post-operative recovery. / El dolor pos operatorio es un caso frecuente, multidimensional e influenciado por factores bio-psico-sociales. Aun se sabe poco sobre el dolor después de una cesárea, una de las cirugías mas practicadas en la actualidad, que exige una rápida recuperación y es realizada en un momento de la vida de la mujer en que ocurren diversos cambios de orden físico y emocional. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la incidencia, características y los factores que predicen el dolor pos operatorio de intensidad moderada, fuerte y peor possible en mujeres sometidas a cesárea. Se trata del análisis de datos de un estudio de cohorte prospectiva, realizado en un hospital privado del Municipio de Goiânia, Brasil, entre febrero del 2014 y mayo del 2015, con una muestra de 947 mujeres sometidas a cesárea. Los datos fueron colectados durante el periodo pre y post cirurgía inmediatos. La variable de desenlace fue el dolor pos-cirugía de intensidad moderado, fuerte o peor posible (≥5 en la escala numérica de 0-10) Las variables predictorias incluyeron las sociodemograficas y clinicas. La intensidad y tipo del dolor fueron evaluados por medio de la Escala Numérica del Dolor de 11 puntos (END), em que 0(cero)=sin dolor; 1,2,3 e 4= dolor leve; 5 y 6=dolor moderado; 7, 8 y 9=dolor fuerte e 10=peor dolor posible; y la calidad por el Test de Dolor de McGill (MPQ-SF). La Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS) fue usada para investigar los síntomas de la ansiedad y la depresión y el IDATE-rasgo a los síntomas de ansiedad. Para el análisis estadístico, fueron utilizados los testes chi-cuadrado, teste t y análisis multivariada. La edad media de las mujeres era de 25,3 años (DP=5,7). Prevalecieron las casadas (43,9%) e que habian completado la escuela secundaria (50,3%). Todas las mujeres fueron sometidas a anestesia raquidea, con el uso de bupivacaína pesado 0,5% y morfina. La incidencia del dolor pos-operatorio fue de 92,2% (IC: 95%:90,0%-93,9%) y la incidencia de mujeres que reportaron dolor de intensidad moderada, fuerte y el peor posible fue de 79,2%(CI:95%:76,5%-81,6). Los descriptores más frecuentes escogidos para caracterizar el dolor fueron: “dolorosa”, “dolorida à palpación” e “palpitante”, del grupo sensorial-discriminativo del MPQ-SF. Surgieron como factores predictores del dolor pos-operatorio de intensidad moderada, fuerte y peor posible la realización de esterilización en conjunto con la cesárea (OR: 2,26; IC95% 1,12-4,57), la duración de la cirugía por más de 30 minutos (OR: 1,26; IC95% 1,11-2,18), presencia del dolor pre-operatorio (OR: 1,54; IC95% 1,05-2,26) y los niveles medios y altos de ansiedade-rasgo (OR: 1,50; IC95% 1,04-2,09). La realización de cesárea previa surgió como un factor de protección para el dolor pos operatorio (OR: 0,65; IC95% 0,46-0,92). Dolor post-cirugía de alta intensidad es un evento altamente frecuente entre mujeres sometidas a cesárea, descrito por medio de palabras que indican la multidimensionalidad del dolor. La evaluación perioperatoria de las mujeres debe incluir los comportamientos negativos como la ansiedad, la presencia de dolor pre-cirugía y la realización de cirugías que requieren una exposición más larga y la manipulación de los tejidos, con el fin de reducir las pérdidas en la recuperación post-operatoria. / A dor pós-operatória é um evento frequente, multidimensional e influenciado por fatores bio-psico-sociais. Pouco ainda se conhece sobre a dor após a cesariana, uma das cirurgias mais praticadas na atualidade, que exige rápida recuperação e é realizada em um momento da vida da mulher em que ocorrem diversas mudanças de ordem física e emocional. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a incidência, as características e os fatores preditores de dor pós-operatória de intensidade moderada, forte e pior possível em mulheres submetidas à cesariana. Trata-se de análise de dados parte de um estudo de coorte prospectiva, conduzido em um hospital particular do Município de Goiânia, Brasil, entre fevereiro de 2014 e maio de 2015, com amostra de 947 mulheres submetidas à cesariana. Os dados foram coletados no período pré e pós-operatório imediatos. A variável de desfecho foi a dor pós-operatória de intensidade moderada, forte e pior possível (≥5 na Escala Numérica de 0-10). As variáveis preditoras incluíram as sociodemográficas e clínicas. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da Escala Numérica de Dor de 11 pontos (END), em que 0(zero)=sem dor; 1,2,3, e 4=dor leve; 5 e 6=dor moderada; 7, 8 e 9=dor forte e 10=pior dor possível; e a qualidade pelo Questionário de Dor de McGill (MPQ-SF). A Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS) foi usada para investigar sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e o IDATE-traço, para sintomas de ansiedade. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado, teste t e análise de regressão multivariada. A média de idade das mulheres foi de 25,3 anos (dp=5,7). Prevaleceram as casadas (43,9%) e que haviam concluido o ensino médio (50,3%). Todas as mulheres foram submetidas à raquianestesia, com uso de bupivacaína pesada 0,5% e morfina. A incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 92,2% (IC:95%:90,0%-93,9%) e a incidência de mulheres que referiram dor de intensidade moderada, forte e pior possível foi de 79,2% (CI:95%:76,5%-81,6%). Os descritores mais frequentemente escolhidos para caracterizar a dor foram “dolorida”, “dolorida à palpação” e “latejante”, do agrupamento sensitivo-discriminativo do MPQ-SF. Emergiram como fatores preditores de dor pós-operatória de intensidade moderada, forte e pior possível a realização de esterilização tubária em conjunto com a cesariana (OR: 2,26; 1,12-4,57), a duração da cirurgia acima de 30 minutos (OR: 1,26; 1,11-2,18), presença de dor pré-operatória (OR: 1,54; 1,05-2,26) e níveis médios e elevados de ansiedade-traço (OR:1,50;1,04-2,09). A realização de cesariana mostrou ser um fator de proteção para dor pós-operatória (OR: 0,65; 0,46-0,92). Dor pós-operatória de elevada intensidade é um evento altamente frequente entre mulheres submetidas à cesariana, descrita por meio de palavras que indicam a multidimensionalidade da dor. A avaliação perioperatória das mulheres deve incluir os comportamentos negativos como a ansiedade, a presença de dor pré-operatória e a realização de cirurgias que demandam maior tempo de exposição e manipulação de tecidos, com vistas à redução de prejuízos na recuperação pós-operatória.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização das técnicas minimamente invasivas vem se difundindo principalmente após o desenvolvimento da técnica robótica, principalmente em patologias com alta incidência como a neoplasia da próstata. Apesar da cirurgia minimamente invasiva aparentemente proporcionar menor dor no pós-operatório, ainda assim alguns pacientes necessitam opióides que possuem efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. O uso de medicações adjuvantes durante o intraoperatório, como a Dexmedetomidina (DEX) pode diminuir o seu uso pelo efeito poupador de opióides e analgésico. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto do uso da DEX em pacientes submetidos a prostatectomia radical robótica. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo em cem pacientes submetidos a prostatectomia radical robótica. Quarenta e oito pacientes não utilizaram DEX, e 52 pacientes receberam dexmedetomidina na dose de 0,3 a 0,7mcg/kg/h no intraoperatório e desligado meia hora antes do final do procedimento. Durante o procedimento e no pós-operatório receberam analgésico opióide e não opióide sob prescrição ou a critério do anestesiologista. O consumo de medicação opióide e não opióide e escores de dor através do consumo de analgésicos foram avaliados durante a RPA, POI e 1PO, dividindo os pacientes em quatro grupos (sem DEX, nem Morfina; somente DEX; DEX com morfina; Morfina apenas). RESULTADOS: Nossos resultados demonstraram que a utilização de DEX no intra-operatório levou a um aumento da utilização de morfina na RPA, comparado aos grupos (28,1%, 38,5%, 25% e 15,4%, necessitaram de mais do que 5 mg de morfina na RPA) (p=0,135). Os pacientes que tomaram apenas DEX também demonstraram mais dor forte (84,6%) e menos pacientes sem dor (15,4%) (p=0,001). A DEX foi responsável pela diminuição da utilização de analgésico não opioide na RPA do grupo onde somente a DEX foi utilizada e nenhum paciente necessitou de analgésico não opioide e do grupo onde houve associação de DEX e morfina (2,8%), sendo que nos outros 2 grupos 12,5% necessitaram (p=0,083) O grupo que recebeu DEX e morfina foi o que menos recebeu morfina na RPA (59% não recebeu nenhuma morfina) (p=0,135). No POI e no 1PO, 100% dos pacientes não receberam nenhuma morfina (p=0,555). Este último grupo de pacientes também apresentou menor dor, sendo que 48,7% não apresentou dor na RPA e 51,3% na avaliação durante o POI (p=0,001). A combinação das duas drogas levou a uma impressionante redução da dor no POI (10,3%), de aproximadamente 8 vezes menos dor forte do que no grupo sem utilização de nenhuma droga (81,3%) (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO: Portanto a utilização da DEX durante o intra-operatório não mostrou resultado favorável na diminuição do consumo de morfina, na diminuição da dor dos pacientes submetidos a prostatectomia radical robótica, mas, quando usamos morfina associado a morfina houve uma melhora nos resultados da dor e diminuição significativa de consumo de morfina no período pós-operatório / Introduction: Minimally invasive techniques are spreading in high incidence diseases like prostate cancer. Patients undergoing minimally invasive procedures seem to have a better pain control but many still require opioid analgesia that can induce undesirable side effects. The use of adjuvant agents as DEX intraoperatively can be desirable for their analgesic and opioid sparing effect. Purpose: Evaluate the impact of DEX use in patients undergoing robotic radical prostatectomy. Methods: The present retrospective study included 100 patients who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Forty-eight patients did not receive DEX was the control group and fifty-two received DEX infusion at a rate of 0,3-0,7mcg/kg/h and discontinued 30 minutes before the end of the procedure. Patients received opioid and non-opioid analgesia under prescription and anesthesiologist discretion. Opioid and non-opioid analgesia consumption and pain scores (measured by opioid and non-opioid analgesia consumption) were collected on postoperative period, immediate postoperative period and first postoperative period. Results: Our results demonstrated that compared with the groups(28,1%, 38,5%,25% e 15,4% had more than 5mg of morphine on postoperative care unit), patients that received DEX intraoperatively, required higher doses of morphine on postoperative care unit.The DEX group presented more patients with severe pain (84,6%) and fewer without pain(15,4%).The use of DEX intraoperatively lead to a reduction of non-opioid use in postanesthesia care unit and neither patients had non opioid analgesia , when morphine is associated to DEX 2,8% received, and with the other two groups 12,5% (p=0,083). The DEX and morphine received less morphine than the other groups on postanesthesia care unit (59% received any morphine)(p=0,135).On immediate postoperative period and first postoperative period , 100% received any morphine(p=0,555), this group had more patients with lesser pain, 48,7% had no pain on postanesthesia care unit e 51,3% on immediate postoperative period. The combination of DEX and morphine lead to an impressive reduction of pain on immediate postoperative period(10,3%),patients had about 8 times less severe pain than the group that did not receive neither morphine or DEX(81,3%)(p=0,000).Conclusion: The use of DEX infusion was not suitable regarding morphine spare and reduction of pain of the patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy. An association between DEX and Morphine seems to be the best option to relieve post-op pain and decrease morphine usage

INTRODUÇÃO: Tramadol é conhecido como um fármaco analgésico de ação central utilizado no tratamento de dores de intensidades moderada a forte. Efeito analgésico local já foi demonstrado. É, em parte, semelhante ao efeito anestésico local, mas outros mecanismos permanecem desconhecidos. O papel de receptores opioides periféricos na analgesia do tramadol na dor pós-operatória não é conhecido. Neste estudo, foi estudado o papel dos receptores opioides no efeito analgésico local do tramadol em modelo de dor por incisão plantar. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos jovens foram submetidos à incisão plantar e no primeiro dia pós-incisão foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo IP I-SF/SF - 50 uL de solução de NaCl 0,9% foram injetados na região plantar da pata posterior homolateral à incisão e, 15 minutos depois, novamente injetada a mesma quantidade de solução; Grupo IP II-SF/T_homo - 50 uL de NaCl 0,9% foram injetados na região plantar da pata homolateral e, 15 minutos depois, injetados 50 µL solução contendo 5 mg tramadol; Grupo IP III-SF/T_contra -50 uL de NaCl 0,9% foram injetados na região plantar da pata contralateral e, 15 minutos depois, 50 uL de solução contendo 5 mg de tramadol; Grupo IP IV-Nal/T_homo - 50 uL de solução contendo 200 ug de naloxona foram injetados na pata homolateral e, 15 minutos depois, 50 uL de solução contendo 5mg de tramadol foi injetada. Antes de receberem as injeções, os limiares de retirada da pata por estímulo mecânico produzido por analgesímetro eletrônico de von Frey foram medidos, e, depois da administração dos fármacos, os limiares de retirada foram avaliados nos tempos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após a administração dos fármacos. O mesmo procedimento foi utilizado no segundo dia pós-incisão. As expressões proteicas dos receptores opioide ? (DOR) e µ (MOR) foram avaliadas usando técnica de immunoblotting de gânglios de raízes dorsais homolaterais (L3, L4, L5 e L6) de grupos de animais sem incisão e após 1, 2, 3 e 7 dias de animais submetidos à incisão plantar. RESULTADOS: A incisão plantar gerou marcada hiperalgesia mecânica que foi revertida por tramadol intraplantar nos dois dias. O tramadol intraplantar em pata contralateral não antagonizou a hiperalgesia mecânica, a naloxona antagonizou parcialmente o efeito analgésico do tramadol no primeiro dia pós-incisão, e antagonizou completamente no segundo dia pós-incisão. A expressão proteica de DOR aumentou no 2º, 3º e 7º dias pós-incisão, a expressão de MOR não se modificou. CONCLUSÕES: O tramadol apresentou efeito analgésico local após estímulo mecânico e esse efeito foi antagonizado por naloxona no segundo dia pós-incisão. A expressão de DOR aumentou após a incisão plantar / BACKGROUND: Tramadol is known as a central acting analgesic drugused for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Local analgesic effect was already demonstrated. It is in part due to local anesthetic-like effect, but other mechanisms remain unclear. The role of peripheral opioid receptors in the local analgesic effect in postoperative pain is not known. In this study, we examined the role of peripheral opioid receptors in the local analgesic effect of tramadol in the plantar incision pain model. METHODS: Young male Wistar rats were submitted to plantar incision and in the first postoperative day (POD1) were divided into four groups:IP I-SF/SF,50 uL of 0.9% NaCl solution were injected in the plantar aspect of the homolateral hindpaw and again after 15 minutes; IP II-SF/T_homo, 50 uL of 0.9% NaCl solution were injected in the plantar aspect of the homolateral hindpaw and, 15 minutes later, 50 µL of solution containing 5 mg tramadol were injected in the same hindpaw; IP III-SF/T_contra, 50 uL of 0.9% NaCl were injected in the plantar aspect of the contralateral hindpaw and, 15 minutes later, 50 uL of solution containing 5 mg tramadol were injected in the same hindpaw; IP IVNal/T_homo, 50 uL of naloxone (200 ug) solution were injected in the homolateral hindpaw and 15 minutes later 50 µL of solution containing 5 mg tramadol were injected. Before receiving the assigned drugs, baseline withdrawal thresholds for mechanical hyperalgesia using electronic von Frey were measured, then, after receiving the assigned drugs, withdrawal thresholds were measured at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after drug injection. The same procedure was repeated in POD2. u opioid receptor (MOR) and opioid receptor (DOR) protein expressions were evaluated using immunoblotting after removal of ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (L3, L4, L5 and L6) in groups of rats non submitted to plantar incision and 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after incision. RESULTS: Plantar incision led to marked mechanical hyperalgesia that was reversed with intraplantar tramadol in both days. Contralateral tramadol did not affect mechanical hyperalgesia and naloxone antagonized partially intraplantar tramadol in POD1, and antagonized completely in POD2. DOR expression in DRGs increased in POD2, POD3 and POD7, MOR expression did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol presented local analgesic effect after mechanical stimuli and this effect was antagonized by naloxone in the second post incision day. DOR increased expression after plantar incision

Orientador: Sebastião Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonella_RodrigoMarques_M.pdf: 1794716 bytes, checksum: 39387ec279a5a2fa4d65487b1583c298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia da eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (TENS) no alívio da dor pós-operatória (PO) relacionada à fisioterapia em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias abdominais. Desenho: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e randomizado, incluindo 48 pacientes, no 1º PO, apresentando escore de dor = 3 pontos na escala visual, divididos em três grupos: controle (n=14): com rotina analgésica habitual, sem TENS e com fisioterapia; estudo (n=18), recebendo rotina analgésica habitual mais TENS, e fisioterapia; contraste-placebo (n=16), recebendo rotina analgésica habitual, TENS desligada e fisioterapia. Uma escala visual analógica de dor foi apresentada ao paciente antes (M1) e depois da TENS (M2) e após fisioterapia (M3), para realizar: tosse, incentivador respiratório, mudança de decúbito (lateral e sentado), quantificando a efetividade da eletroanalgesia. O tempo de eletroestimulação foi 30min, com 150Hz de freqüência e largura de pulso entre 150-250µs. Resultados: Houve alívio significativo da dor no grupo TENS, comparando-se os três grupos, apenas para o procedimento tosse, no M3 (p=0,015). Dentro do grupo TENS houve diminuição significativa da dor para tosse (p=0,003) [M1xM3]; para decúbito lateral (p=0,025), sentar-se (p=0,001) e utilizar o incentivador inspiratório (p=0,017) [M1xM2]; e ao se mudar para decúbito lateral (p=0,03) e sentar-se (p=0,001) [M1xM3]. Não houve diferenças significativas dentro do grupo contraste. Conclusões: Houve diminuição da dor no grupo TENS, para alguns momentos e parâmetros. Entretanto, é necessário cautela na análise, pois a casuística e as diferenças são pequenas. Assim, estudos adicionais são necessários, já que a utilização da TENS está indicada apenas como coadjuvante no controle da dor pós-operatória relacionada a procedimentos fisioterapêuticos / Abstract: Objective: To verify the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the relief of pain caused by physiotherapic procedures in post-operative (PO) abdominal surgery patients. Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial including 48 patients in the 1st PO day divided into three groups: control: treated with normal analgesic routine, without TENS, and physiotherapy; TENS: treated with routine analgesia plus TENS, and physiotherapy; and SHAM: treated with routine analgesia, TENS-sham, and physiotherapy. The frequency was 150 Hz, with pulse width between 150-250 µs, the intensity was maximal, comfortable for the patient and the treatment was applied for 30 minutes. An analogical visual scale for pain scoring was shown to the patient before (M1) and after application of TENS (M2) and after physiotherapy (M3), for procedures; cough, incentive spirometer, and decubitus changing, trying to quantify the effectiveness of TENS. Results: By comparing the 3 groups, it was found a significant difference in the relief of pain in TENS group, only for cough at M3 (p=0.015). Inside the TENS group, it was fond significant difference in the relief of pain for cough (p=0.003) [M1xM3]; and to lateral decubitus (p=0.025), sitting down (p=0.001) and to the incentive spirometer (p=0.017) [M1xM2]; and to lateral decubitus (p=0.03) and sitting down (p=0.001) [M1xM3]. There wasn¿t any significant reduction of pain in the sham group. Conclusions: Although a reduction of pain has been observed in the TENS group, these findings must be analyzed with caution, therefore the casuistry is small and the differences were not so great. Thus, applying TENS method must be better studied, thus being indicated only as adjuvant in the control of postoperative pain / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia

Bakgrund: Distal radiusfraktur är den vanligaste frakturen i Sverige där kvinnor drab-bas oftare än män. Majoriteten av de patienter som opereras vårdas på en dagkirurgisk enhet och sköter sin egenvård i hemmet. Kvinnor upplever smärta annorlunda än män vilket kan ha betydelse i valet av smärtlindringsstrategi. Inför operationen erhåller patienten antingen en plexusblockad eller generell anestesi med infiltrationsanestesi i smärtlindrande syfte. I anestesisjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning ingår det att ansvara för planering och övervakning vid dessa olika anestesimetoder. Vilken av de två anestesimetoder som används varierar på sjukhusen runt om i Sverige. Det finns ett begränsat forskningsunderlag på vilken anestesimetod som är att föredra. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka smärtupplevelsen hos kvinnor efter dagkirurgisk operation av distal radiusfraktur. En jämförelse mellan anestesimetoderna plexusblockad och infiltrationsanestesi med Ropivacain. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Data har samlats in genom ett bekvämlighetsurval där enkäten bestående av strukturerade frågor har delats ut av personal på sju postoperativa avdelningar. Resultat: Inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader har hittats mellan grupperna som erhållit antingen plexusblockad eller infiltrationsanestesi med Ropivacain. Dock visade sig en betydande andel uppleva svår eller värsta tänkbara smärta kvällen eller natten efter operation. Båda grupperna uppvisar även problem med sömn och vila postoperativt. Slutsatser: Resultatet från magisteruppsatsen antyder att det finns förbättringspotential postoperativt för kvinnor med radiusfraktur som upplever smärta. Dessutom bör grundläggande behov, särskilt vila, sömn och aptit, tas i beaktande. / Background: Distal radius fracture is the most common fracture in Sweden and women are affected more often than men. The majority of the patients who require surgery are cared for in a day surgery unit. They are then responsible for their own care at home. Women experience pain differently than men and this can be important when deciding upon a pain relief strategy. Prior to surgery, the patient receives either a plexus blockade or general anesthesia with infiltration anesthesia for pain relief purposes. The nurse anesthetist´s (CRNA) competence description includes being responsible for planning and monitoring of these different anesthesia methods. The choice of anesthesia method used varies in hospitals around Sweden. There is a limited amount of research on which anesthesia method is preferable. Method: A quantitative survey. Data has been collected using convenience sampling where a questionnaire consisting of structured questions was distributed by hospital staff in seven postoperative departments. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the groups that received either plexus block or ropivacaine infiltration anesthesia. However, a significant proportion were found to experience either severe pain or the worst possible pain in the evening or night after surgery. Both groups show problems with sleep and rest postoperatively, while the infiltration group tends to be more inconvenienced by decreased appetite than the patients in the plexus group. Conclusions: The results of the master's thesis suggest that there is potential for improvement for postoperative female patients with a radius fracture experiencing pain. Additionally basic needs, in particular rest, sleep and appetite, should be taken into account.

MUDr. Olga Matoušková - the dissertation theses The influence of individual genetic predisposition to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chosen opioids ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this thesis is to study the influence of polymorphism of CYP2D6 and MDR1 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol in healthy volunteers using measurement. A secondary objective is to evaluate these polymorphisms in relation to the analgesic efficacy and side effects of piritramide for acute postoperative pain. Materials and methods: In two prospective work studying the influence of genetic predisposition on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of tramadol, we included a total of 90 healthy volunteers. Clinical studies on opioid analgesia and influence of genetic predisposition to the pharmaco-therapeutic effects and side effects in patients with acute postoperative pain, we included a total of 161 patients with acute postoperative pain. Polymorphism genotyping CYP2D6 and MDR1 gene we performed PCR - RFLP analysis, to determine concentrations of tramadol and metabolite, we used gas and liquid chromatography and pharmacodynamic effects of opioids was evaluated by pupilometric measurement and visual analogue scale. Results and conclusion: Variability of the opioid effect is influenced by...

Postoperativ smärta i samband med kirurgi är ett vanligt förekommande tillstånd eftersom smärta är en komplex och individuell upplevelse. För att kunna ge adekvat smärtlindring behöver anestesisjuksköterskor vara öppna för och implementera andra metoder, så kallade icke-farmakologiska smärtlindringsmetoder. Musik och TENS är två icke-farmakologiska metoder som kan lindra postoperativ smärta. Anestesisjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att se till varje patients enskilda behov och ge individuell vård med personen i centrum. Vården är under konstant utveckling och för att utvecklas hållbart krävs det forskning kring användning av alternativa metoder som tillägg till farmakologisk smärtbehandling. Syftet med studien var att undersöka effekten av musik eller TENS som tillägg till farmakologisk behandling för att lindra postoperativ smärta. En systematisk litteraturöversikt har gjorts. Sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och Medline. Totalt inkluderades 19 kvantitativa artiklar som uppnådde medel eller hög kvalitet efter kvalitetsgranskning. Studierna innefattade olika typer av ingrepp, där alla deltagare var över 18 år samt både män och kvinnor. Alla artiklar var godkända av etisk kommitté eller granskningsnämnd. Resultatet redovisas utifrån två kategorier: musik och TENS. Både musik och TENS visade sig vara säkra metoder som gav effekt på den postoperativa smärtan, dessutom kan TENS minska opioid konsumtionen. Musik och TENS kan tillämpas av anestesisjuksköterskor. Musik är en kostnadseffektiv metod medan TENS inte är det. Det krävs ytterligare forskning kring både musik och TENS inom perioperativ vård. / Postoperative pain after surgery is a common state because pain is a complex and individual experience. To be able to give adequate pain relief, nurse anesthetist should be open to and implement other methods, such as alternative therapies. Music and TENS are two alternative therapies that could ease postoperative pain. The nurse anesthetist has a responsibility to see every patients individual need and give person centered care. Healthcare is under constant development and to achieve sustainable development, research is needed on how to use alternative therapies in addition to pharmacological pain relief. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of music or TENS as an addition to pharmacological treatment to ease postoperative pain. A systematic review was conducted. The databases Cinahl and Medline were used for the search for scientific articles. Which in total consisted of 19 quantitative articles that achieved medium or high quality after a quality review was performed. The studies included different types of surgeries, all participants were 18 or older, as well as both male and female. All articles were approved by an ethics committee or review board. The results are categorized into two main outcomes: music and TENS. Both music and TENS proved to be safe alternative therapies that had positive effects on the postoperative pain perception, in addition TENS seemed to decrease the opioid consumption. Both music and TENS can be administered by nurse anesthetists. Music is a cost-effective method whereas TENS is not. However, both music and TENS need to be researched further in perioperative care.

Andréasson, M, Preoperativa förutsättningar och postoperativ smärta efter hysterektomi. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng, avancerad nivå (105-120 hp). Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2008.Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur 50 patienter bedömer den preoperativa fasen inför en planerad hysterektomi och att beskriva eventuella samband mellan dessa aspekter och upplevd postoperativ smärta. I studien användes ett frågeformulär med strukturerade frågor och ordinalskalor samt VAS verbala smärtskala för att värdera den pre- och postoperativa omvårdnaden.Studien visar att 18 (36 %) patienter hade postoperativt ingen till måttlig smärta och 32 (64 %) patienter hade medelsvår till outhärdlig smärta. Trots detta tyckte 36 (72 %) patienter att den postoperativa smärtlindringen var tillräcklig medan 13 (26 %) tyckte den var otillräcklig. Abdominellt opererade patienter var dubbelt så nöjda med den postoperativa smärtlindringen än de som hade opererats laparoskopiskt (robotassisterade) och vaginalt. Patienter med myom upplevde postoperativt den högsta smärtnivån. Preoperativ oro påverkade inte postoperativ smärta och vaginalopererade patienter var mindre oroliga än de som opererades på annat sätt. Den preoperativa informationens kvalitet och begriplighet fick ett högt betyg av patienterna. / Andréasson, M, Preoperative conditions and postoperative pain after hysterectomy. Degree Project, 15 Credit Points, Advanced level (105-120 CP). Malmö University: Health and Society, Department of Nursing, 2008.The purpose of the study was to examine how 50 patients experience the preoperational phase before a scheduled hysterectomy, and to describe any connection between these aspects and perceived post-surgical pain.In the study, a questionnaire with ordinal scales, VAS verbal pain-scale and struc-tured questions was used to evaluate pre- and postoperative care.The result was that postoperatively, 18 (36 %) patients had no pain to mild pain and 32 (64 %) patients had moderate to worst possible pain. Despite this, 36 (72 %) patients thought that their postoperative analgesia was sufficient and 13 (26 %) experienced it to be inadequate. Patients who had had abdominal operation were on average twice as satisfied with the postoperative analgesia than those who had laparoscopical (robotic assisted) or vaginal surgery. Patients with myoma experienced postoperatively the highest level of pain. Preoperative anxiety did not affect post-surgical pain, but patients who had been vaginally operated were less anxious than those who received surgery in any other way. The quality and comprehensibility of preoperational information were given a high rating by the patients.

Bakgrund: Vid ett kirurgiskt ingrepp uppstår smärta till följd av en vävnadsskada. Smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse där sjuksköterskan har ett stort ansvar i patientens smärtbehandling. Den postoperativa smärtbehandlingen består av både farmakologisk och komplementär behandling, där den multimodala smärtlindringen med fördel används för dess goda effekterna på både individ och samhällsnivå. Musik är en del av den komplementära smärtbehandlingen och ses skapa en positiv postoperativ vårdmiljö. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa musikens effekt på postoperativ smärta. Metod: Studien var en allmän litteraturstudie och innefattade 14 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvantitativ metod. Resultat: Resultatet presenterades i fyra kategorier: musikens effekt beroende på kirurgiskt ingrepp, musikens effekt beroende på typ av musik, musikens effekt beroende på interventionens tidpunkt och musikens effekt beroende på interventionens duration. Musikintervention som tillämpades pre-, intra- eller postoperativt eller i kombination gav en signifikant minskad smärtintensitet för flera olika typer av kirurgiska ingrepp. Enbart preoperativ interventionstillämning gav ingen signifikant smärtreducering. Konklusion: Musik är en biverkningsfri och kostnadseffektiv smärtlindringsmetod som minskar patienters smärta och som reducerar behovet av farmakologisk smärtlindring. / Background: During a surgical procedure, pain occurs as a result of tissue damage. Pain is a subjective experience where the nurse has a large responsibility in the patient's pain management. Postoperative pain management consists of both pharmacological and complementary treatment, with multimodal pain relief being used to advantage for its beneficial effects at both the individual and community level. Music is part of complementary pain management and is seen to create a positive postoperative care environment. Aim: The aim was to illustrate the effect of music on postoperative pain. Methods: The study was a general literature review and included 14 scientific articles of quantitative method. Results: The results were presented in four categories: effect of music according to surgical procedure, effect of music according to type of music, effect of music according to time of intervention and effect of music according to duration of intervention. Music intervention applied pre-, intra- or postoperatively or in combination provided a significant reduction in pain intensity for several types of surgical procedures. Preoperative intervention alone did not provide significant pain reduction. Conclusion: Music is a side-effect-free and cost-effective pain relief method that reduces patients' pain and reduces the need for pharmacological pain relief.

Plusieurs études ont démontré que prés de deux tiers des patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque souffrent de douleur d’intensité modérée à sévère. Ces niveaux de douleur semblent être partiellement expliqués par la présence de barrières individuelles face au soulagement de la douleur. Le savoir acquis sur les cognitions associées à la douleur ne semble pas avoir été traduit dans de nouvelles approches éducatives face à la douleur aiguë. Le but du projet doctoral était 1) de développer une intervention visant à faciliter l’autogestion de la douleur postopératoire après une chirurgie cardiaque et, 2) d’en évaluer l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, ainsi que le potentiel d’efficacité sur le soulagement de la douleur de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque. Le développement de l’iintervention SOULAGE-TAVIE a inclus quatre étapes fondées sur les savoirs clinique, empirique et théorique et inspirées de plusieurs écrits méthodologiques. SOULAGE-TAVIE consiste en une session préopératoire éducative sur la gestion de la douleur post-chirurgie cardiaque d’approximativement 30 minutes sur un ordinateur, dispensée sur mesure en fonction d’un algorithme. Deux renforcements cliniques en personne sont aussi offerts en phase postopératoire. L’évaluation de l’intervention consistait en un essai clinique pilote à répartition aléatoire incluant 60 participants répartis entre le groupe expérimental (GE : SOULAGE-TAVIE) et le groupe contrôle (GC : soins usuels incluant un feuillet d’information). Les données étaient recueillies au moment de l’admission et dans les sept jours postopératoires. SOULAGE-TAVIE a été jugée comme acceptable et faisable. De plus, les participants du GE n’ont pas expérimenté une douleur de plus faible intensité mais ils ont rapporté significativement moins d’interférence de la douleur avec la toux et la respiration profonde, ont démontré moins de barrières face à la gestion de la douleur et ont consommé plus d’opiacés. Cette étude pilote procure des résultats prometteurs sur les bénéfices potentiels de cette nouvelle approche sur mesure utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). L’autonomisation des personnes est cruciale et complémentaire pour soutenir le soulagement de la douleur dans le contexte actuel de soins. / Several studies have shown that many patients undergoing a cardiac surgery suffer from moderate to severe pain. These levels of pain may be explained by individual barriers toward pain relief. Knowledge acquired on pain-related cognitions has not been translated into new approaches. The aim of the doctoral project was 1) to develop an intervention to facilitate the self-management of postoperative pain after cardiac surgery and, 2) to assess its the acceptability and feasibility and to investigate its efficacy potential on pain relief in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The development of SOULAGE-TAVIE included four steps based on clinical, empirical and theoretical knowledge and inspired by diverse methodological considerations. SOULAGE-TAVIE consists in a 30-minute computer-tailored preoperative educational session about postoperative pain management, tailored according to an algorithm. Two short reinforcements are provided in person. The evaluation of SOULAGE-TAVIE consisted in a pilot randomized controlled trial including 60 participants assigned to the experimental group (EG: SOULAGE-TAVIE) and the control group (CG: usual care including educational pamphlet). Data were collected at the time of admission and across Day 1 to 7 after surgery. The results provide preliminary support for the acceptability and feasibility of a tailored and virtual intervention. The results revealed that patients of the EG did not experience less intense pain but they reported significantly less pain interference when breathing/coughing, exhibited fewer pain-related barriers, and consumed more opioid medication. This pilot study provides promising results to support the potential benefits of this new web-tailored approach. Patient empowerment is complementary yet crucial in the current context of care and may contribute to improve pain relief.