Background: Cigarette smoking is a leading preventable factor associated with complications in pregnancy including preterm birth and low birthweight. Past interventions have raised cessation rates by approximately 6% overall (Lumley et al. 2009). Methods: A three-part literature review, two qualitative studies with a total of 36 participants, and the development of an intervention to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy were completed. Central to the design of the research was the creation of the theoretical basis which was developed in line with recommendations from the MRC Framework for Complex Interventions (Craig et al. 2008, Campbell et al. 2000). For part one of the literature review, 24 qualitative and 44 quantitative studies were re-analysed to complete a mixed-methods secondary analysis of the active ingredients in interventions to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy. Part two consisted of an exploration of psychological models and constructs which are likely to predict or influence smoking behaviour during pregnancy. The final part was a discussion regarding the modes of delivery by which an intervention could feasibly be delivered. Qualitative interviews were carried out with participants from stakeholder groups to fill in gaps in literature and determine the acceptability and feasibility of the proposed intervention. The intervention was created using the theoretical basis developed from the findings. Further qualitative interviews, a focus group, and heuristic evaluation were used to determine the acceptability and usability of the intervention for the target group of pregnant smokers. Results and Conclusions: Findings from this work are potentially relevant for a wide range of behaviours and behavioural interventions. An intervention which has a strong grounding in theory and evidence, and is acceptable and feasible for the target group and in clinical practice was developed using evidence gathered in this thesis.

L’utilisation d’un traitement antirétroviral, chez la femme enceinte ou chez l’enfant infecté par le VIH, doit être optimale en termes d’efficacité et de tolérance. De nombreuses modifications physiologiques ont lieu tout au long de la grossesse ainsi que pendant les premières années de vie d’un enfant. Ces changements peuvent intervenir à tous les niveaux du devenir du médicament dans l’organisme. Une mauvaise connaissance des variations pharmacocinétiques associées à ces changements physiologiques peut amener à une toxicité ou à une inefficacité de ces traitements. Il est donc primordial de connaître la pharmacocinétique des différentes molécules antirétrovirales recommandées chez la femme enceinte et l’enfant infectés par le VIH. Les pharmacocinétiques de deux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse, la zidovudine et l’abacavir et celle d'un inhibiteur de protéase, le lopinavir, ont été étudiées chez la femme enceinte et/ou chez l'enfant par une approche de population. L’évaluation et l’optimisation des recommandations posologiques de ces trois molécules ont été réalisées en tenant compte de relations concentration-effet et/ou concentration-toxicité précédemment établies. L'étude décrivant la pharmacocinétique de l’abacavir a montré qu’une adaptation posologique n’était pas nécessaire pendant la grossesse. En revanche, les études sur la pharmacocinétique de la zidovudine ont montré que les doses recommandées, chez la femme enceinte et chez l’enfant, devraient être diminuées afin de limiter les risques de toxicité. Pour finir, l’étude sur la pharmacocinétique du lopinavir a suggéré qu’il n’était pas nécessaire d’augmenter les posologies pendant la grossesse, contrairement à ce qui est recommandé dans la littérature. / The use of an antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women or in HIV-infected child should be optimal in terms of efficacy and safety. Important physiological changes occur during pregnancy and the first years of life. These changes can affect drug pharmacokinetics. Poor knowledge of pharmacokinetic variations associated with these physiological changes can lead to toxicity or failure of these treatments. Therefore, it is important to know the antiretroviral pharmacokinetics of recommended drugs in pregnant women and in HIV-infected children. The pharmacokinetics of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine and abacavir and one protease inhibitor, lopinavir, have been studied in pregnant women and/or in children with a population approach. The evaluation and optimization of dosage recommendations of these three molecules have been achieved using concentration-efficacy and/or concentration-toxicity relationships previously established. The study describing the abacavir pharmacokinetics showed that a dose adjustment was not necessary during pregnancy. However, studies on zidovudine pharmacokinetics presented that the doses recommended in pregnant women and in children should be reduced in order to limit the toxicity risks. Finally, the study on lopinavir pharmacokinetics suggested not to increase the lopinavir dosage during pregnancy contrary to the recommendations of previous studies.

Minha experiência clínica atendendo gestantes com diagnóstico de cardiopatia fetal pôde propiciar a observação de alterações na condição emocional das pacientes que se mantinham em acompanhamento psicológico no hospital de Cardiologia, que passou a recebê-las desde o período pré-natal até o nascimento do bebê, para que estes fossem submetidos às intervenções cardíacas necessárias. Esta percepção motivou a pesquisa sobre a natureza destas repercussões emocionais uma vez que a gestação é considerada um período de transição e de crise para a mulher, no qual precisa se reorganizar emocionalmente devido às mudanças com a vinda do filho, bem como às expectativas e idealizações inerentes. O objetivo foi identificar as repercussões emocionais mais significativas a partir de aspectos da psicodinâmica das gestantes, visando contribuir para a assistência a esta população. O método utilizado foi o clínico qualitativo, tendo como instrumentos: a entrevista semidirigida e as técnicas projetivas, Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) e Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT). Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo, conforme Bardin, de uma sessão de atendimento psicológico, gravada, com o consentimento das participantes, e transcrita posteriormente. Os resultados confirmaram a presença de repercussões emocionais significativas, dentre elas: os sentimentos de impotência e de posse em relação ao bebê, sentimento de culpa pelo diagnóstico fetal, angústia de morte, desamparo, não aceitação do diagnóstico e medo do desconhecido. A partir da análise psicodinâmica, identificou-se também: as principais ansiedades das gestantes - conhecer o bebê, de separação e do parto; os mecanismos de defesa atuantes - negação, regressão, identificação, racionalização e idealização- e as principais formas de enfrentamento - confiança na equipe, acreditar que a barriga é a forma possível de proteção do bebê, controle emocional, busca de conhecimento sobre a cardiopatia, identificação com outros pais na mesma situação e oferecimento de ajuda a estes, e a fé. No DFH destacaram-se: a inclinação das figuras femininas e masculinas, que pode estar relacionado à tentativa de manter um equilíbrio corporal em virtude das modificações físicas ao final da gestação; a assimetria apresentada em metade dos desenhos, analisada como possível forma de expressar a percepção das anomalias corporais dos bebês, embora a cardiopatia não possa ser visualmente observada, pode se relacionar às fantasias sobre a aparência do bebê malformado. No TAT perceberam-se importantes conflitos como dependência x independência e maternidade x afiliação, com o uso de mecanismos de defesa tais como a regressão, racionalização e idealização. Concluiu-se que o diagnóstico de cardiopatia fetal traz intensas repercussões emocionais, relacionadas às fantasias de morte sobre o nascimento do filho, sendo atribuída ao parto uma representação simbólica ainda mais angustiante que nas gestações comuns ou não caracterizadas como de alto risco, pois parece ser vivenciada inicialmente como uma situação quase-certa de morte, o que torna importante que o acompanhamento psicológico seja oferecido nas instituições de saúde, por todo o ciclo gravídico-puerperal / My clinical experience serving pregnant women with diagnosis of fetus with heart disease made it possible to observe changes in the emotional condition of the patients who remained in counseling in the Cardiology Hospital, which has been admitting them from the prenatal period to childbirth, so that they were subjected to the necessary cardiac interventions. This realization led to research into the nature of these emotional repercussions since pregnancy is considered a period of transition and crisis to the woman, who needs emotional restructuring due to changes related to the child\'s coming, and the inherent expectations and idealizations. The objective was to identify the most significant emotional repercussions from the psychodynamic aspects of pregnant women, in order to contribute to their assistance. The research followed a clinical-qualitative method, with the following instruments: semi-structured interviews and projective techniques, the Human Figure Drawing Test (HFD) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Content analysis was carried out according to Bardin during psychological counseling sessions, recorded with the consent of the participants, and later transcribed. The results confirmed the presence of significant emotional repercussions, such as: feelings of powerlessness and possession over the baby, guilt over fetal diagnosis, death anxiety, helplessness, denial and fear of the unknown. The psychodynamic analysis also identified: the main anxieties of pregnant women knowing the baby, separation and childbirth; the active defense mechanisms denial, regression, identification, rationalization and idealization; and the main coping mechanisms confidence in the team, belief in the bellys protection, emotional control, pursuit of knowledge about the disease, identification with other parents in similar situations and the ability to extend help to them, and faith. HFD highlighted: the angle of the female and male figures, which may be related to trying to maintain body balance because of physical changes at the end of pregnancy; the asymmetry identified in half of the drawings, analyzed as a possible way to express the perception of bodily abnormalities of babies which, even in the absence of visual observation of the abnormalities, can relate to fantasies about the appearance of a malformed baby. TAT showed important conflicts such as dependence vs. independence and motherhood vs. affiliation with the use of defense mechanisms such as regression, rationalization and idealization. The research concludes that the diagnosis of fetal heart disease causes intense emotional distress, related to death fantasies during childbirth with childbirth having a more distressing symbolic representation than during ordinary or low-risk pregnancies, since it seems to be early experienced as a situation of almost certain death, which makes it important that health institutions offer psychological counseling throughout the pregnancy and childbirth

O consumo de cocaína e crack no Brasil é um problema de saúde pública, ainda mais grave quando realizado por gestantes, que colocam em risco a sua vida e a do feto. A identificação dessas substâncias através de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas e utilizando como matriz biológica o mecônio, é uma técnica eficiente para detecção da exposição fetal à cocaína. O mecônio apresenta algumas vantagens em relação às outras matrizes biológicas como uma ampla janela de detecção dos analitos e de fácil coleta por ser não-invasiva. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e validar uma metodologia de preparo do mecônio para identificação de cocaína, benzoilecgonina, cocaetileno e o éster metilanidroecgonina em seus extratos, usando a cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os analitos foram inicialmente extraídos com metanol, sendo posteriormente, purificados usando cartuchos de extração em fase sólida do tipo Bond Elut Certify I. A determinação desses analitos foi realizada usando um CG-EM do tipo íon trap, no modo full scan de detecção. O método foi validado, segundo critérios estabelecidos pela ANVISA, na faixa de linearidade de 20 a 1000 ng/g para a cocaína e o cocaetileno; 40 a 1500 ng/g para a benzoilecgonina e 60 a 1500 ng/g para o éster metilanidroecgonina, usando 0,5 g de mecônio por análise. A resposta do detector apresentou-se linear na faixa estudada e o limite de detecção encontrado foi de 10ng/g para a cocaína; 20ng/g para o cocaetileno; 30ng/g para a benzoilecgonina e 40 ng/g para o éster metilanidroecgonina. O coeficiente de variação intra-ensaio variou de 3,01% a 10,15% e o inter-ensaio variou entre 5,31% a 11,12%; a exatidão variou entre 91,47% e 105,31%. A recuperação encontrada foi superior a 56,30%. A especificidade foi determinada para os seguintes interferentes: AAS (ácido acetilsalicílico), alprazolam, anfetamina, cafeína, dipirona, efedrina, fenilefrina, fluoxetina, metoclopramida, nicotina, sulfato ferroso e THC (tetraidrocanabinol). Após o término da validação, o método foi aplicado em amostras de mecônio coletadas de recém-nascidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP USP). A coleta destas amostras foi realizada após a autorização das mães em participarem da pesquisa, através da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, e após preencherem um questionário sobre consumo de drogas. O método desenvolvido e validado mostrou ser eficiente na identificação de cocaína, metabólitos e derivados em mecônio. / Cocaine and crack use is an important public health problem in Brazil, even though when this is made by pregnants, risking the babies lives besides their own. The identification of such substances through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry using meconium as biological matrix is highly efficient on detecting fetal exposure to cocaine. The meconium presents some advantages in comparison with other matrices such as analite wide window detection and collection facilities by non-invasive methods. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for meconium sample preparation for a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmation of meconium extracts for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and anhydroecgonine methyl ester. The analytes were initially extracted from the matrix by methanol. Then, a solid-phase extraction with Bond Elut Certify I cartridges was applied. Analytes were determined in a GC-MS ion trap, full scan mode. The method was validated in the range of 20 -1000 ng/g for cocaine and cocaethylene; 40 -1500 ng/g for benzoylecgonine and 60 -1500 ng/g for anhydroecgonine methyl ester, using 0.5 g of meconium per assay. The detector response was linear in the studied range and limit of detection were found to be 10ng/g to cocaine; 20ng/g to cocaethylene; 30ng/g to benzoylecgonine and 40 ng/g to anhydroecgonine methyl ester. Intra-batch coefficients of variation oscillated between 3.01% and 10.15% and inter-batch oscillated between 5.31% and 11.12%; accuracy were in range 91.47% - 105.31%. The recoveries were higher than 56.30%. Selectiviy was determined for these interferents: AAS (acetylsalicylic acid), alprazolam, amphetamine, caffeine, dipyrone, ephedrine, phenylephrine, fluoxetine, metoclopramide, nicotine, iron sulfate and THC (tetrahydrocanabynol). Finally, the method was applied to analysis of meconium collected from newborns in the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP USP). The sample collections were made after mothers´s authorization, and after they signed a term and answered a self-report about use of drugs. The developed and validated method was efficient on identification of cocaine, metabolites and derivatives in meconium.

Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral identificar a prevalência de Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC), uso de drogas e a qualidade de vida (QV) em gestantes atendidas na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no município de Campinas, São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo quantitativo, de caráter correlacional, realizado de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016 com plano amostral estratificado e proporcional (n=287). Cada estrato foi formado pela Unidade Básica de Saúde sorteada, na área de abrangência de cada um dos cinco distritos de saúde da cidade. Foram instrumentos de pesquisa: questionário sociodemográfico, econômico, farmacoterapêutico e de histórico de saúde; o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) para o rastreamento do uso do álcool; o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), para estimar a prevalência de TMC e o World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-brief), para mensurar escores de QV na amostra. TMC, QV e uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foram considerados variáveis dependentes. Para análise das variáveis TMC e uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foi utilizado o teste de regressão logística simples e múltipla e QV a regressão linear múltipla. Das 287 gestantes entrevistadas 30% foram positivas para TMC. As variáveis associadas à TMC foram: idade (OR 6,63), situação conjugal (OR 2,15), histórico de transtorno mental (OR 4,34), gravidez desejada (OR 3,33), idade gestacional (OR 5,86), relato de ter sofrido violência (OR 18,47) e uso de chá (OR 2,47). Identificou-se que 95,8% declararam ter utilizado pelo menos um medicamento durante a gravidez e desses 2,09% utilizaram sem prescrição. Em relação à classificação de risco, 58,47% dos medicamentos utilizados são da classe A; 30,87% da classe B; 8,84% da classe C, 1,09% da classe D e 0,73% sem classificação. Quanto ao uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas 19,5% relataram o uso sendo a droga mais utilizada o álcool (8,71%), seguido do tabaco (6,61%); sete (2,43%) usaram essas duas substâncias concomitantemente e quatro (1,4%) utilizaram drogas ilícitas associadas ao álcool e/ou tabaco. Por meio do AUDIT, identificou-se que durante a gestação, 2,8% das mulheres foram classificadas como em uso de risco e 0,7% em provável dependência. As variáveis associadas ao uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foram idade (OR 6,91) e idade gestacional, sendo no segundo trimestre (OR 2,68) e no terceiro trimestre (OR 2,81). Quanto a QV, a média dos escores foi maior no domínio relações sociais enquanto o mais baixo foi no domínio meio ambiente.O preditor mais significativo para menor QV foi TMC. Assim, os achados desta pesquisa poderão ser utilizados na sensibilização dos profissionais da atenção primária, com vistas a maior adequação das ações desenvolvidas no pré-natal e redução de complicações tanto para a gestante quanto para o feto. Além disso, esses indicadores poderão subsidiar a elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas que proporcione uma assistência pré-natal mais integral e qualificada / The objective of this research was to identify the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD), drug use and quality of life (QoL) in pregnant women treated at primary health care in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. It is a quantitative, correlational study, carried out from August 2015 to August 2016 with a stratified and proportional sampling plan (n = 287). Each stratum was formed by the Basic Health Unit drawn in the area of coverage of each of the five health districts of the city. They were research instruments: socio-demographic, economic, pharmacotherapeutic and health history questionnaire; The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for tracking alcohol use; Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), to estimate the prevalence of TMC and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-brief), to measure QoL scores in the sample. TMC, QV, and use of nonprescription and / or illicit drugs were considered dependent variables. The simple and multiple logistic regression test and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the MCT variables and use of nonprescription and / or illegal drugs. Of the 287 pregnant women interviewed, 30% were positive for CMD. The variables associated with CMD were: age (OR 6.63), marital status (OR 2.15), history of mental disorder (OR 4.34), desired pregnancy (OR 3.33), gestational age 86), suffered violence (OR 18.47) and tea (OR 2.47). It was identified that 95.8% reported having used at least one drug during pregnancy and 2.09% used no prescription. Regarding the classification of risk, 58.47% of the drugs used are class A; 30.87% of class B; 8.84% of class C, 1.09% of class D and 0.73% without classification. Regarding the use of nonprescription and / or illicit drugs, 19.5% reported the use of alcohol (8.71%), followed by tobacco (6.61%), seven (2.43%) Used these two substances concomitantly and four (1.4%) used illicit drugs associated with alcohol and / or tobacco. Through the AUDIT, it was identified that during pregnancy, 2.8% of the women were classified as using risk and 0.7% in probable dependence. The variables associated with nonprescription and / or illicit drug use were age (OR 6.91) and gestational age being in the second trimester (OR 2.68) and in the third trimester (OR 2.81). Regarding QOL, the mean of the scores was higher in the social relations domain while the lowest was in the environmental domain. The most significant predictor for lower QOL was CMT. Thus, the findings of this research may be used to raise awareness among primary care professionals, with a view to improving the adequacy of the actions developed during prenatal care and reducing complications for both the pregnant and the fetus. In addition, these indicators may support the development and implementation of public policies that provide more comprehensive and qualified prenatal care

Introdução: Além de problemas a curto prazo para a mãe e o recém-nascido, o sobrepeso e a obesidade na gestação levam a inúmeros problemas da saúde materna de longo prazo e no desenvolvimento da criança. O não tratamento de gestantes com transtorno mental comum e sobrepeso pode aumentar a frequência de depressão perinatal com riscos diretos ao concepto. Tem sido observado na literatura o uso da homeopatia na obesidade, na gestação e nos transtornos mentais comuns. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento homeopático em gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade I ou II, sem comorbidades, suspeitas de transtorno mental comum, na prevenção do ganho excessivo de massa corporal durante a gestação. Método: Foram estudadas gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade I/II e suspeitas de transtorno mental comum, sem doenças concomitantes. No grupo teste (62) receberam tratamento homeopático e no controle (72) placebo. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso na gestação por meio da diferença entre os índices inicial e final de massa corporal corrigida pela idade gestacional, APGAR, peso do recém-nascido, auto percepção de saúde materna, complicações maternas, entre outras condições. Resultados: A média da diferença entre o índice de massa corporal inicial e final corrigidos pela idade gestacional foi de 4,95 kg/ m2 no grupo homeopatia e de 5,05 kg/m2 no grupo controle. A diferença entre as médias não foi significante com valor de p = 0,815 e ICdif 95% (-0,916 a 0,722). O índice de APGAR no quinto minuto foi estatísticamente significante com valor de p = 0,040. Não se observaram diferenças significativas nos demais desfechos. Conclusão: A homeopatia não contribuiu para a prevenção do ganho excessivo de massa corporal em gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade. A homeopatia desempenhou um papel regulador melhorando a vitalidade dos RN no quinto minuto de vida. / Introduction: Aside from short-term problems related to the mother and newborn, overweight and obesity in gestation leads to countless long-term health problems for the mother\'s and childs development. The lack of treatment for pregnant women whom are overweight and have a common mental disorder may increase the frequency of prenatal depression with direct risks to conception. It has been observed in literature the use of homeopathy in cases of obesity, gestation, and common mental disorders. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the homeopathic treatment in pregnant women whom either are overweight or have a case of obesity I or II, with no comorbidities, suspect of common mental disorder, in the prevention of excessive bodily mass gain throughout gestation. Method: Pregnant women whom were overweight or had a case of obesity I/II, suspect of common mental disorder, with no concomitant diseases, were studied. One group (62) received homeopathical treatment, while the control group (72) received a placebo. Weight gain throughout gestation was evaluated through the difference between initial and final rating of bodily mass, with adjustments to the period of gestation, APGAR, weight of the newborn, self-perception of the mothers own health, maternal complications, amongst other conditions. Results: The average of the difference between the ratings of initial and final bodily mass, with adjustments to the period of gestation, was 4.95 kg/m2 in the homeopathic group, and 5.05 kg/m2 in the control group. The difference between the averages was not significant, with a p = 0,815 e ICdif 95% (-0,916 a 0,722). The rating of APGAR on the 5th minute was statistically significant, with a value of p value = 0.040. Significant differences on other results were not observed. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicine did not contribute to the prevention of excessive bodily mass gain in pregnant women whom are overweight or have a case of obesity. Homeopathy acted through a modulating role, bettering the vitality of the newborn on the 5th minute of life

Introdução: A poluição do ar pode levar a alterações no sistema respiratório, especialmente entre certos grupos, como as gestantes, que são mais vulneráveis aos efeitos de poluentes atmosféricos. A gravidez é um período que envolve alterações funcionais e anatômicas no corpo da mulher, incluindo alterações na função pulmonar, o que pode ser avaliado por espirometria, um método simples, barato e eficaz. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram a usar a espirometria para avaliar a função pulmonar de mulheres no primeiro trimestre (T1) e no terceiro trimestre (T3) de gravidez e analisar a influência da exposição a poluição do ar sobre os parâmetros espirométricos. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado no Ambulatório de Obstetrícia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) entre Maio de 2011 e Agosto de 2013. Foram aplicados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: gestação única, idade gestacional no dia da primeira espirometria inferior a 13,86 semanas, ausência de doenças maternas préexistentes, preparação adequada para o teste de espirometria e amostradores passivos individuais (APIs) adequados para análise. Os critérios de exclusão foram a mudança de endereço, o aborto, o teste de espirometria inadequado e desistência de participar do projeto. Os APIs contendo dois filtros de celulose embebidos com solução absorvente para capturar os níveis de NO2 e outros dois filtros embebidos com solução de índigo blue para medir os níveis de O3 foram entregues às gestantes cerca de 12 dias antes da realização do teste de espirometria. Dados do relatório anual da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) para o mesmo período dos amostradores passivos, foram utilizados. Para a espirometria, um espirômetro Koko foi utilizado, sendo considerada as duas melhores curvas para avaliar os resultados da função pulmonar. Análise estatística: Foi utilizado o teste Mann-Whitney para grupos independentes e Wilcoxon para os dependentes. Devido à pequena variação na exposição à poluição, a exposição no primeiro trimestre (Q1) e quarto trimestre (Q4) foram comparados para cada poluente em T1 e T3 através da análise nãoparamétrica para medidas repetidas. Resultados: Houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa dos valores absolutos (T1: 3,690 L; T3: 3,475 L) e preditos (T1: 101%, T3: 97,5%) da capacidade vital forçada (CVF), p < 0,0001. E uma redução estatisticamente significativa dos valores absolutos (T1: 3.080 L; T3: 2.950 L) e preditos (T1: 99%, T3: 96%) do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo do procedimento (FEV1), p < 0,0001. A exposição à poluição foi semelhante em ambos os trimestres, exceto para a exposição de NO2 no API, o que foi inferior em T3 (p = 0,001). Independentemente do trimestre (T1 ou T3), o grupo de mulheres do Q4 (T1: 97,5%; T3: 98,5%) teve NO2 estatisticamente maior dos valores do fluxo expiratório forçado de 25 a 75% do procedimento (FEF25-75%) do que o grupo em Q1 (T1: 80%; T3: 92%). O grupo de mulheres do Q1 do NO2 teve um aumento significativo neste parâmetro de T1 a T3 (p = 0,042). Em termos de valores absolutos da relação FEV1/FVC, o grupo de mulheres no Q1 mostrou um aumento estatisticamente significativo neste parâmetro de T1 (0,810 L) para T3 (0,840 L) (p = 0,026). Em T3, os valores absolutos e relativos da CVF foram estatisticamente maiores para o grupo de gestantes do Q4 (3,535 L; 100,5%) de NO2 do que para o grupo de gestantes do Q1 (3,345 L; 92%). O grupo de gestantes do Q4 de O3 mostrou o VEF1 estatisticamente maior eno T1 (102,5%) do que no T3 (95,5%) (p < 0,001). Independentemente do trimestre, o grupo de gestantes do Q4 do MP10, teve valores absolutos da CVF (T1: 3.520 L; T3: 3,265 L) e os valores de VEF1 (T1: 2,915 L; T32.840 L) foram estatisticamente menor do que para o grupo em Q1 (FVC - T1: 3.780 L; T3: 3.580 L) (FEV1 - T1: 3.180 L; T3: 3.065 L) p = 0,040; p = 0,035, respectivamente. Valores absolutos e preditos do pico de fluxo expiratório (PEF) em T1 das mulheres do Q4 (5,995 L; 80%) do MP10 foram estatisticamente menores do que para as mulheres no Q1 (6,675 L; 85%) (p = 0,006; p = 0,041 , respectivamente). Mulheres grávidas em Q4 (0,835 L) do MP10 tiveram os valores da relação VEF1/CVF estatisticamente menores valores do que as mulheres do Q1 (0,850 L) (p = 0,029). Conclusão: Exposição a NO2 e O3 foi associada com o aumento de alguns dos parâmetros de espirometria, indicando a presença de uma possível função de defesa pulmonar ou mecanismo compensatório em mulheres grávidas, quando expostos a esses poluentes. O MP10 foi associado com a redução de alguns parâmetros de espirometria durante a gravidez, indicando os efeitos danosos do poluente para a função do pulmão de mulheres grávidas / Introduction - Air pollution can lead to alterations to the respiratory system, particularly among certain groups, such as pregnant women, which are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollutants. Pregnancy is a period involving functional and anatomical changes in a woman\'s body. These changes include pulmonary function, which can be assessed by spirometry, a simple, inexpensive and effective method. Objectives - The aims of this study were to use spirometry to evaluate pulmonary function in pregnant women in the first trimester (T1) and the third trimester (T3) of pregnancy and to analyze the influence of air pollution exposure on the spirometry parameters. Methodology - This study was carried out at the Obstetrics Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) between May 2011 and August 2013. The following inclusion criteria were applied: singleton pregnancy, 13.86 weeks gestational age at the first spirometry, no preexisting maternal diseases, adequate preparation for the spirometry test and individual passive samplers (IPAs) suitable for analysis. The exclusion criteria were change of address, abortion, inadequate spirometry testing and withdrawal from the project. The exposure to pollutants prior to the spirometry tests was assessed in T1 and T3. The passive samplers containing two cellulose filters soaked with absorbent solution to capture NO2 levels and two other filters soaked with indigo solution to measure O3 levels were provided to the pregnant women roughly 12 days prior to the spirometry test. Data from the environmental Company of São Paulo State (CETESB) annual report for the same period the passive samplers were used. For the spirometry, a Koko spirometer was used, taking the two best curves to assess lung function results. Statistical Analysis - We used Mann- Whitney tests for independent groups and Wilcoxon for the dependent ones. Due to the small variation in the exposure to pollution, exposure in the first quarter (Q1) and fourth quarter (Q4) were compared for each pollutant in T1 and T3 through non-parametrical analysis for repeated measurements. Results - It has been noted a significant statistical reduction of absolute and predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) values (3.690 L; 3.475 L) and forced expiratory volume during the first second of the procedure (FEV1) (3.080 L; 2.950 L) from T1 to T3. Exposure to pollution was similar in both trimesters, except for exposure to NO2 in the passive sampler, which was lower in T3 (p = 0.001). Regardless of the trimester (T1 or T3), the group of pregnant women in Q4 (97.5%; 98.5%) of NO2 had statistically higher predicted forced expiratory values of 25 to 75% of the procedure (FEF25-75%) than the group in Q1 (80%; 92%). Pregnant women in Q1 of NO2 had a significant increase in this parameter from T1 to T3 (p = 0.042). In terms of absolute FEV1/FVC values, pregnant women in Q1 showed a statistically significant rise in this parameter from T1 (0.810 L) to T3 (0,840 L) (p = 0,026). In T3, absolute and predicted FVC values were statistically higher for the group of pregnant women in Q4 (3.535 L; 100.5%) of NO2 than for the group of pregnant women in Q1 (3.345 L; 92%). Pregnant women in Q4 of O3 displayed statistically higher FEV1 values in T1 (102.5%) than in T3 (95.5%) (p < 0.001). Regardless of trimester, for the group of pregnant women in Q4 of MP10, absolute FVC (T1:3 .520 L; T3: 3.265 L) and FEV1 values (T1: 2.915 L; T3: 2.840 L) were statistically lower than for the group in Q1 (FVC - T1: 3.780 L; T3: 3.580 L) (FEV1 - T1: 3.180 L; T3: 3.065 L) p = 0.040; p = 0.035 respectively. Absolute and predicted peak expiratory flow (PEF) in T1 of pregnant women in Q4 (5.995 L; 80%) of MP10 were statistically lower than for the pregnant women in Q1 (6.675 L; 85%) (p = 0.006; p = 0.041, respectively). Pregnant women in Q4 (0.835 L) of MP10 displayed statistically lower absolute FEV1/FVC values than the pregnant women in Q1 (0.850 L) (p = 0.029). Conclusion - Exposure to NO2 and O3 was associated with the increase in some of the spirometry parameters, indicating the presence of a possible lung function defense or compensatory mechanism in pregnant women when exposed to those pollutants. The MP10 was associated with the reduction of some spirometry parameters during pregnancy, indicating the harmful effects of that pollutant to the lung function of pregnant women

Objective: In 2010, the National Children’s Study launched 3 alternative recruitment methods to test possible improvements in efficiency compared with traditional household-based recruitment and participant enrollment. In 2012, a fourth method, provider-based sampling (PBS), tested a probability-based sampling of prenatal provider locations supplemented by a second cohort of neonates born at a convenience sample of maternity hospitals. Methods: From a sampling frame of 472 prenatal care provider locations and 59 maternity hospitals, 49 provider and 7 hospital locations within or just outside 3 counties participated in study recruitment. During first prenatal care visits or immediately postdelivery at these locations, face-to-face contact was used to screen and recruit eligible women. Results: Of 1450 screened women, 1270 were eligible. Consent rates at prenatal provider locations (62%–74% by county) were similar to those at birth locations (64%–77% by county). During 6 field months, 3 study centers enrolled a total prenatal cohort of 530 women (the majority in the first trimester) and during 2 months enrolled a birth cohort of an additional 320 mother-newborn dyads. As personnel became experienced in the field, the time required to enroll a woman in the prenatal cohort declined from up to 200 hours to 50 to 100 hours per woman recruited. Conclusions: We demonstrated that PBS was feasible and operationally efficient in recruiting a representative cohort of newborns from 3 diverse US counties. Our findings suggest that PBS is a practical approach to recruit large pregnancy and birth cohorts across the United States.

L’emtricitabine est une molécule centrale dans la stratégie de lutte contre l’infection à VIH. En effet, elle est recommandée en première intention pour le traitement de l’infection chez l’adulte, ainsi que pour la prévention de la transmission de l’infection. Bien que l’emtricitabine soit une molécule clé, elle reste jusqu’à présent peu étudiée. Il est donc primordial d’analyser et de caractériser la pharmacocinétique de l’emtricitabine dans les différentes populations susceptibles d’être exposées à cette molécule. Une approche de population a été utilisée pour réaliser les analyses pharmacocinétiques, nous permettant de décrire la pharmacocinétique avec peu de prélèvements par individu (contraintes éthiques, difficulté de recueil des prélèvements…) et nous permettant d’expliquer la variabilité observée. L’étude rapportant la pharmacocinétique de l’emtricitabine chez l’adulte a mis en évidence une modification du profil cinétique selon l’état de la fonction rénale. Le modèle développé nous a permis d’évaluer les recommandations posologiques actuelles. Afin d’optimiser l’efficacité, la simulation de schémas thérapeutiques alternatifs chez les patients avec une insuffisance rénale modérée a été réalisée. Dans le cadre de la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant, l’étude décrivant la pharmacocinétique de l’emtricitabine chez les femmes enceintes a mis en évidence une modification de la pharmacocinétique au cours de la période gestationnelle. Toutefois, il ne semblait pas nécessaire d’adapter la posologie au cours de la grossesse. La dernière étude a permis d’étudier la pharmacocinétique de l’emtricitabine dans le tractus génital masculin. L’étude de la pénétration dans le compartiment génital est d’un intérêt capital pour le traitement mais aussi pour la prévention de la transmission de l’infection à VIH dans le cadre de la prophylaxie pré-exposition. Notre étude a rapporté une distribution importante de l’emtricitabine dans le tractus génital, avec des concentrations séminales supérieures aux concentrations plasmatiques. / Emtricitabine is a key antiretroviral drug in the strategy to fight against HIV infection. Indeed, emtricitabine is recommended in first-line treatment for HIV infection in adults, as well as for the prevention of HIV transmission. Although emtricitabine is a key molecule, it remains poorly studied until now. It is therefore essential to analyze and characterize the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in the different populations that may be exposed to this drug. A population approach was used to perform pharmacokinetic analyses, allowing us to describe the pharmacokinetics with few samples per individual (ethical constraints, difficulty of samples collection...) and allowing us to explain the observed variability. The study reporting emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in adults highlighted a change in emtricitabine kinetic profile depending on the state of renal function. The developed model allowed us to evaluate the current dosing recommendations. To optimize efficiency, simulations of alternative regimens in patients with moderate renal impairment were performed. As part of the prevention of mother to child transmission, the study describing emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women showed a change in pharmacokinetics during the gestational period. However, it did not seem necessary to adjust the dosage during pregnancy. The latest work focused on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in the male genital tract. Studying the penetration in the genital tract is of major interest for treatment but also for prevention of HIV transmission in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Our study reported a significant distribution of emtricitabine in the genital compartment, with concentrations in seminal plasma higher than concentrations in blood plasma.

Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months provides numerous infant and maternal benefits. Yet mothers with risk factors, such as lower education, lower socioeconomic status, younger maternal age, planned cesarean birth, and anxiety and depression, are more likely to stop breastfeeding in the early postpartum period. Few studies have focused on perinatal depression as a risk factor for breastfeeding cessation. To tailor effective interventions, nurses must first understand the lived experience of breastfeeding for mothers at risk for perinatal depression. A descriptive phenomenological study was conducted to elucidate the experience of breastfeeding for mothers with perinatal depression. The study was grounded in Swanson’s middle-range theory of caring. After university Institutional Review Board approval, a purposive sample of 10 women was recruited from various organizations. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and semistructured, audiorecorded face-to-face or telephonic interviews were conducted. The researcher transcribed the data which was transformed into constituents of the mothers’ lived experience by utilizing Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Five constituents emerged: choosing selflessness, harboring inadequacy, deliberate persevering, discerning meaning, and cherishing intimacy. The constituents embodied the essence of the mothers’ thoughts and feelings connected to breastfeeding. By daily choosing selflessness, mothers consciously decided to breastfeed despite physical or psychological struggles. They often were harboring inadequacy due to ongoing struggles which led to incessant thoughts of maternal incompetence. Yet they successfully breastfed for at least 2 weeks after birth by deliberate persevering. Through breastfeeding, they were discerning meaning to realize their value as mothers. Finally, they reveled in purposeful moments of togetherness with their babies through cherishing intimacy. The study findings inform recommendations for nursing education, practice, research, and policy. Nursing education must include basic breastfeeding and perinatal mental health knowledge in prelicensure curricula and up-to-date lactation management techniques and perinatal mental health awareness training in continuing education. Practicing maternal-child nurses must provide education and support to mothers about advantages and difficulties of breastfeeding throughout the perinatal period. Future research includes determination of support needs for women with perinatal depression with subsequent development and evaluation of therapeutic actions to promote breastfeeding success. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection