L'analyse économique du droit conçoit les institutions d'arbitrage comme des prestataires de services qui offrent le service d'organisation de la procédure arbitrale. Comme tout marché, le marché de l'arbitrage institutionnel a besoin d'outils juridiques pour encadrer le nouement et le dénouement de ses opérations économiques. La technique contractuelle est le moyen le plus courant pour assurer la conclusion des transactions économiques sur les différents marchés de biens et services. Dans ce contexte, les prestations de services offertes par les centres d'arbitrage doivent sans doute prendre la forme d'une manifestation contractuelle qui encadre juridiquement leur activité sur le marché de l'arbitrage. C'est ainsi que le service d'organisation de l'arbitrage offert par le centre aux parties litigantes entraîne la conclusion d'un contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage. Ce contrat dictera la relation contractuelle qui lie les parties litigantes à l'institution d'arbitrage. L'identification du contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage nous a permis de présenter sa notion et de l'analyser via le prisme de l'ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage. Il dérive d'une convention d'arbitrage principale et participe avec tous les contrats composant l'ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage au bon fonctionnement de la procédure arbitrale. In fine, le contrat d'organisation de l'arbitrage devient le contrat par lequel le procès arbitral est intégré dans une structure investie, par la volonté commune des parties litigantes, de prérogatives contractuelles la rendant à même d'imposer des décisions institutionnelles garantissant ainsi un arbitrage efficace. / The economic analysis of the Law conceives the arbitration institutions as service providers that offer the service of the organization of the arbitration proceedings. Like any market, the market of institutional arbitration needs legal tools to regulate the outcome of its economic operations. Contractual technique is the most common way for the conclusion of economic transactions in the various markets of goods and services. In this context, the services offered by arbitration centers take the form of a contractual event that regulates the activity on the arbitration market. Thus, the service of the organization of the arbitration offered by the center to litigants leads to the conclusion of the contract of arbitration's organization. This contract will dictate the contractual relationship between the litigants and the arbitration institution. Identifying this contract allows us to present its concept and to analyze it through the prism of the "ensemble contractuel de l'arbitrage". Our contract derives from a main convention which is the arbitration convention. Ultimately, the contract of the organization of the arbitration is a contract by which the arbitration proceedings is integrated into a structure invested by the common will of the litigants with contractual prerogatives enabling it to impose institutional decisions ensuring an effective arbitration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Vieira de Mello e Silva.pdf: 1748950 bytes, checksum: 55d0d2809e5d300bef1a8e8ff69bf09e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-09 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the omission in article 132 of the Federal Constitution as of 1988, concerning the express non-inclusion of the City Attorneys in the panel of public careers and its reflections under the aegis of the isonomy principle. It examines the consequences of relegating one of the entities of the symmetric Federation The County to ostracism, advocating for the need of safeguarding this entity s constitutional autonomy and competence. In order to achieve its main purpose, this research approaches issues such as May an essential guarantee not integrate the constitutional text? Does the person of public law have essential rights? Can a federated entity prescind from the professional who pursues a State function or even delegate it through outsourcing (a function considered essential to Justice)? Does the interpretation under the terms of the Constitution in force manage to remedy the raised failure? The task of clearing the issues proposed in the course of the work aims to serve, in the academic sphere, the purpose of dealing scientifically with constitutional issues with practical effects, to avoid that the statutory procedure of the political phenomenon is not named and reduced to a sheet of paper (LASSALLE, 1946). The citizen, the great achievements reported in History (such as constitutionalism), social and State dynamics and the progress among federated entities can not allow this digression. It is intended, through this study, to contribute to the scientific research in the form of constitution and administration with a reflex for a concrete application in social and political sphere / O presente estudo tem por escopo analisar o artigo 132 da Constituição Federal de 1988, quanto à não inclusão expressa dos Procuradores do Município no rol das carreiras públicas e seus reflexos sob a égide do princípio da isonomia. Examina as consequências dessa desigualação federativa com referência ao Município. Propugna pela necessidade de se resguardar a autonomia e a competência constitucionais desse ente. Para a consecução de seu objetivo maior, esta pesquisa aborda questões como: Possui a pessoa de direito público direitos fundamentais? Um ente federado pode prescindir do profissional que exerce uma função de Estado ou até mesmo delegá-la por meio da terceirização (uma função considerada essencial à Justiça)? A interpretação, nos termos da Constituição em vigor, consegue sanar o silêncio do legislador no texto do artigo 132 da Constituição Federal ora suscitado? A tarefa de elucidar as questões propostas no curso do trabalho pretende cumprir, na esfera acadêmica, o objetivo de aprimorar cientificamente questões de ordem constitucional com efeitos práticos, contribuindo para que o estatuto jurídico do fenômeno político não seja conceituado e reduzido a uma folha de papel (LASSALLE, 1946). Não há como permitir uma interpretação diferente da sistemática. Não porque há falar no caso em apreço em falha ou lacuna do texto constitucional. Os princípios da isonomia e da segurança jurídica imantam toda a Constituição Federal vigente. Pretende-se, com o presente estudo, contribuir com a pesquisa científica em sede constitucional e administrativa, com reflexo para uma aplicação concreta na esfera social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pereira Belo da Silva.pdf: 2085159 bytes, checksum: 665127316c53919fea187cedc09e4b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 / This study aims, in particular, examine the violations of the prerogatives of the professional criminal lawyer or public defender, particularly that of the constitutional guarantee of the right of the defense argued the prosecution, which is the instrument of realization of fundamental rights and guarantees of citizens, whose which safeguard the basic principles of citizenship and human dignity. Such professional prerogatives, exercised exclusively by the defender, belong to the citizen, the defender who has the professional criminal indispensable to the realization of Criminal Justice and the effectiveness of its principles, rights and constitutional guarantees. Violating the prerogatives of the defender means preventing the defense argued in the criminal prosecution, causing him substantial prejudice, segregation and the loss of freedom and equity, which affects their human dignity. The professional prerogatives are legal instruments that the defender can effectively perform criminal defense, without which the right of defense would not leave the paper. In this context, the victim can also play an active role in criminal prosecution to defend its interests, making defender, even to intervene in the prosecution watching the official charge. Violation of professional prerogatives, not only against the guarantee of due process as it becomes unfair to court, resulting in criminal prosecution, civil or administrative action against the offending officials. The Constitution introduced in the legal system and political principles and values, rights and guarantees to allow an effective balance of power between the state prosecutor on the one hand, and advocated a citizen on the other. The political and social evolution demonstrates, in this sense, how much of law and democratic governments have been concerned with the preservation of human dignity and the prevalence of Human Rights. Advocacy and Public Defender functions as essential to the Administration of Justice and endowed with prerogatives professionals play a key role in the effectiveness of constitutional provisions, especially in large, free access of citizens to legal assistance. The criminal defense attorney and public defender are indispensable guardians of constitutional values or legal rights such as freedom, privacy, security and patrimony / Este estudo objetiva, especialmente, analisar as violações das prerrogativas profissionais do advogado criminal ou do defensor público, sobretudo no exercício da garantia constitucional do direito de defesa do defendido no processo penal, que é o instrumento de materialização dos direitos e garantias fundamentais do cidadão, cujas quais salvaguardam os princípios fundamentais da cidadania e da dignidade humana. Tais prerrogativas profissionais, exercidas exclusivamente pelo defensor, pertencem ao cidadão, que tem no defensor criminal o profissional indispensável à realização da Justiça Penal e da efetividade dos seus princípios, direitos e garantias constitucionais. Violar as prerrogativas do defensor significa impedir à defesa do defendido na persecução penal, provocando-lhe substancial prejuízo, como a segregação da liberdade e perda patrimonial, o que atinge a sua humana dignidade. As prerrogativas profissionais são instrumentos legais para que o defensor possa desempenhar efetivamente a defesa penal, sem as quais o direito de defesa não sairia do papel. Nesse contexto, a vítima também pode atuar ativamente na persecução penal para defender seus interesses, constituindo defensor, inclusive para intervir na ação penal assistindo a acusação oficial. A violação das prerrogativas profissionais, não só contraria a garantia do devido processo legal como torna injusta a decisão judicial, resultando em ações penais, cíveis e administrativas contra os agentes públicos infratores. A Constituição Federal introduziu no sistema jurídico e político princípios e valores, direitos e garantias para permitir um efetivo equilíbrio de forças entre o Estado acusador, de um lado, e o cidadão defendido, do outro. A evolução política e social demonstra, nesse sentido, o quanto os Estados Democráticos e de Direito têm se preocupado com a preservação da dignidade humana e a prevalência dos Direitos Humanos. Advocacia e Defensoria Pública como funções essenciais à Administração da Justiça e dotadas de prerrogativas profissionais exercem papel fundamental na efetividade dos preceitos constitucionais, principalmente no acesso amplo e gratuito do cidadão à assistência jurídica. O advogado criminal e o defensor público são indispensáveis guardiões dos valores ou bens jurídicos constitucionais, como a liberdade, intimidade, segurança e patrimônio

La rencontre intervenue entre les biens protégés par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle et l'internet ne s'est pas faite sans heurts. Ubiquitaire, immatériel, anonyme et transfrontalier sont autant de spécificités de l'internet qui mettent en péril les prérogatives des titulaires de droit de propriété intellectuelle. Dans cette optique, l'identification des usages couverts par un droit de propriété intellectuelle est un enjeu essentiel pour déterminer le périmètre de la contrefaçon en ligne. Ainsi, la portée des droits de propriété intellectuelle sur l'internet détermine le périmètre de la contrefaçon en ligne. Dans cet environnement numérique, la portée des droits de propriété intellectuels ne peut être révélé qu'à l'étude de la masse des atteintes qu'ils endurent. Or, cette analyse ne souffre aucune ambiguïté. Il en résulte incontestablement le constat d'une limitation de la portée des droits exclusifs dans l'environnement numérique. Par ailleurs, la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle est également affaiblie lors du traitement de la contrefaçon en ligne. En ce domaine, l'intervention du droit international privé est fréquente puisque les atteintes aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle présente souvent un élément d'extranéité. Toutefois, les critères de rattachement territoriaux prévus par la règle de conflit rendent difficile la détermination de la juridiction compétente dans un contentieux partiellement ou totalement dématérialisé. La responsabilité des acteurs de l'internet présente également de nombreuses faiblesses favorisant la diffusion de tout type de contenu / The meeting between property, protected by property rights an the internet has not been easy. Omnipresent, intangible and anonymity are so many of the particularities of the internet that jeopardize the privilege of the owners of intellectual property rights. In this context the identification of uses covere by an intellectual property right is a key issue in determining the scope of online counterfeiting. In this digital environment, the scope of intellectual property rights can be revealed by studying the mass of infringements they are subjected to. The above analysis is unbiased. This undeniably results in a limitation of the scope of exclusive rights in the digital environment. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights is also weakened when dealing with cyber-counterfeiting. In this field, the intervention of private international law is frequent since when the infringements of intellectual property rights begin having an element of foreignness. However, the territorial attachment criteria provided by the conflict’s rule make it difficult to determine the competent jurisdiction in a partially or totally dematerialized legal dispute. The responsibility of Internet protagonists also has many weaknesses promoting the dissemination of any type of information

The establishment of the limits between the public law and the private law has been a hard to clarify. For that reason, the author brings a perspective about this division, focusing on the case of public procurement. Thus, in the first part he will explain the division between public law and private law, and how this division has evolved. Then, he will explain the consequences of the disruption of unitary theory on public procurement. Finally, he will show the inequality of the parts, the public prerogatives and the compensatory guarantees, all involved in the peculiarities of management contract, that distinguishes it from an private contract. / La determinación de la frontera ente el derecho privado y el derecho público siempre ha sido una situación complicada de esclarecer. Por tal motivo, el autor brinda una perspectiva sobreesta división pero enfocándola, principalmente, al escenario de la contratación pública. Así,en un primer momento explicará la división entre el derecho privado y el derecho públicoy cómo esta ha ido evolucionando con el devenir del tiempo; luego nos explicará quéimplica el abandono de la tesis unitaria en el escenario de la contratación pública, para,finalmente, mostrarnos que la desigualdad de las partes, las prerrogativas del poder públicoy las garantías compensatorias se encuentran dentro de las peculiaridades que exhibe lateoría del contrato administrativo y la distinguen de un contrato entre particulares que se circunscribe en el ámbito de derecho privado.

Conclure sur le sujet de la liberté contractuelle en droit administratif français n’est pas chose aisée. Cela dépend, essentiellement, de la façon de poser la problématique. Ainsi, si la question est de savoir si les personnes publiques disposent, à l’instar des particuliers, d’une liberté contractuelle, la réponse, dans le meilleur des cas, est qu’il s’agit d’une liberté à caractère particulier. En effet, en pratique, cette liberté est très restreinte, ses manifestations sont marginales, ce qui empêche véritablement de parler de « liberté heureuse ». Mais si la question est de savoir si le droit administratif français, à partir de ses particularités, de son originalité ainsi que de ses règles normatives, permet de reconnaître une telle liberté en faveur des personnes publiques, alors la réponse est négative. L’intérêt général, les prérogatives de la puissance publique, la compétence, la souveraineté, l’efficacité de la commande publique, la bonne utilisation des deniers publics et les principes fondamentaux de la commande publique,etc., constituent des obstacles fondamentaux non seulement à la reconnaissance de la liberté contractuelle aux personnes publiques mais également à son exercice effectif par ces dernières. Ainsi, certains auteurs ont pu conclure au sujet de la liberté contractuelle des personnes publiques qu’« en théorie elle existe mais, dans la pratique, personne ne l'a jamais vraiment rencontrée". / Concluding on the subject of freedom of contract in French administrative law is not easy. It depends essentially on how to raise the issue. So if the question is whether public persons have, as individuals, contractual freedom, the answer, in the best case is that this is a special character to freedom. Indeed, in practice, this freedom is very limited, its manifestations are marginal, which prevents us from truly speaking of a "happy freedom." But if the question is whether the French administrative law, from its peculiarities, its originality and its normative rules can recognize such freedom in favor of public entities, then the answer is negative. The public interest, the prerogatives of public power, competence, sovereignty, efficiency of public procurement, proper use of public money and the fundamental principles of public procurement, etc., are fundamental obstacles not only to the recognition of freedom of contract to public persons but also to the effective exercise by them. Some authors have concluded on the contractual freedom of public persons that "in theory it exists but in practice, nobody really ever met it"

[pt] A presente dissertação buscou, por meio da análise de casos concretos e do estudo da evolução histórica das Constituições brasileiras, apresentar como as controvérsias sobre o instituto do foro por prerrogativa de função determinam e são determinadas pelas decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Embora costumeiramente o debate público associe o foro distintivo à impunidade e ao incentivo à corrupção, o que pode ser muito bem resumido pelo frequente uso não técnico da expressão foro privilegiado, é possível enxergar esse instituto como importante ferramenta de essencial proteção dos mandatos eletivos. Elaborado para ser um obstáculo às perseguições contra autoridades políticas, também atua para evitar que a influência dessas mesmas autoridades seja revertida em indevida proteção pelo Poder Judiciário. A ausência de soluções fáceis para os dilemas processuais penais relativos ao tratamento jurisdicional em matéria criminal dispensado às autoridades políticas é um fato e, não por acaso, identificou-se a existência de soluções originais e particulares para a questão em diferentes países latino-americanos e potências globais. O recorte da dissertação se revela pela análise de ações penais julgadas ou em transcurso no Supremo Tribunal Federal e permite observar como a oscilação da interpretação da Corte sobre as regras desse instrumento legal reduz o grau de certeza e previsibilidade nas delicadas acusações criminais contra as autoridades políticas do país. Essa incerteza que, incentivada pelas decisões da própria Suprema Corte, acaba por configurar significativa insegurança ao regime democrático, poderia ser sanada com a edição de norma constitucional mais clara e com a cessação das reiteradas tentativas da Suprema Corte de reformar normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais por meio de ampliações expansivas de sua interpretação. A mais importante e recente decisão da Suprema Corte para a matéria, oferecida nos autos da Questão de Ordem na Ação Penal 937, propiciou uma série de novidades nos seus regramentos. Na visão do autor, embora tais nuances tenham atingido a meta principal de reduzir os trabalhos do Supremo em sua competência criminal originária, não ofereceram esclarecimentos suficientes para que se considerem seguras as interpretações sobre o tema. / [en] This paper aims at presenting, by the analyzes of actual cases and the study of the historical evolution of Brazilian constitutions, the ways the controversial disputes around the legal instrument known as privileged jurisdiction due to public function prerogatives impact the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) participation in the country s democratic political process. The public has usually related this constitutional safeguard to impunity and incentive to corruption, which has been summarized over the years by the popular usage of the non-technical, shortened term privileged jurisdiction (foro privilegiado). However, it is possible to acknowledge it as an important tool for the essential protection of elected mandates. Designed to be an obstacle to the persecution of political authorities, the instrument is also intended to avoid authorities misuse of their rights against Justice. The absence of easy solutions for criminal processual dilemmas related to the jurisdictional treatment of criminal matters concerning political authorities is a fact. It is no coincidence there are various examples of original and special solutions dealing with the matter throughout Latin America as well as in other global powers. The time frame of the study presents criminal procedures recently tried or in process at the Federal Supreme Court. These court actions allow us to notice the oscillation in the Court’s interpretation of the rules of the legal instrument which in turn allows less certainty and predictability concerning the delicate criminal accusations against political authorities in the country. This uncertainty, which is encouraged by the Court s decisions, ends up establishing a significant level of insecurity for the democratic regime in Brazil. That could be easily avoided by the setting of a more objective constitutional rule for the subject and by the ceasing of STF’s repetitive attempts to reform constitutional ruling or other legislation by means of expanded interpretations on the matter. The most recent decision on the subject by STF is found in the Question of Order in Criminal Procedure 937, which brought changes for the ruling of the matter. In the author s opinion, the changes reached their goal of lowering the number of cases reaching the Supreme Court, more accordingly with its original competence, however, they did not clarify important issues so as to guarantee consensus about their interpretation.

À l’heure où l’on parle de « banalisation » du droit administratif, une réflexion sur ce qui fait spécificité de ce droit, son exorbitance, présente un intérêt renouvelé. Les prérogatives de puissance publique sont au cœur de cette problématique. Notre étude permet de démontrer que les prérogatives de puissance publique entrent dans la catégorie des notions fonctionnelles. Cependant, nos recherches ne nous permettent pas d’affirmer avec fermeté que les prérogatives de puissance publique sont une notion conceptuelle. Il n’y a pas de critère général des dites prérogatives, elles sont diffuses et contingentes. Elles n’ont pas un contenu abstraitement déterminé une fois pour toutes. Leur contenu vit au rythme des évolutions du droit administratif. Nous pouvons cependant, essayer de donner une définition socle, c’est-à-dire une définition qui regrouperait une grande majorité des prérogatives, sans pour autant les regrouper toutes. Les prérogatives de puissance publique seraient alors, dans leur majorité – idée de noyau dur – et non dans leur globalité, définies comme des moyens d’action ou de protection exorbitants du droit commun, résultant de la puissance publique, détenus par une personne chargée de l’action administrative, en vue de satisfaire l’intérêt général. Cette définition socle présente cependant certaines imprécisions. Il apparaît alors que les prérogatives ne sont pas dans leur globalité une notion conceptuelle. / At a time when administrative law has become « common place », it is with a renewed interest that one should to ponder about the specificity of this law, its outrageousness. The prerogatives of the public authorities are at the heart of this issue. Our study will show that the prerogatives of the public authorities are within the scope of the functional notions. However, despite our research, we cannot firmly assert that the prerogatives of the public authorities are a conceptual notion. No general criteria can define these prerogatives as they are diffused and contingent. They do not have an abstractly determined content once for all. Their content changes with the evolution of administrative law. We can, however, try to give a definition as a basis, that is to say a definition which would gather a majority of prerogatives, without including them all. The prerogatives of the public authorities would then be defined, for most of them – concept of hard core – and not in their totality, as outrageous means of action or of protection of the ordinary law, resulting from the public authorities, held by a person in charge of administrative action so as to satisfy the general interest. Yet, this definition as a basis contains some inaccuracies. That is why the prerogatives then are not a conceptual notion in their totality.

En analysant le droit des contrats des administrations françaises, allemandes et européennes ainsi que les évolutions engendrées dans les droits français et allemand par le droit de l’UE, la présente étude met à jour une circulation de modèles entre le droit européen et les droits nationaux. Ces interactions permettent d’étudier comment les paramètres de départ des droits nationaux influencent leur manière d’intégrer les exigences européennes, ce qui permet en retour de tirer des conclusions quant au droit de l’Union lui-même. Dans ce contexte, l’étude des droits français et allemand, antagonistes en matière de contrats de l’administration, leur mise en perspective avec le contrat en droit interne de l’Union et l’analyse des évolutions engendrées par le droit européen, met en lumière que la question de l’articulation entre exorbitance et droit commun est au centre des rapports entre le droit européen et le contrat en tant que moyen d’action des administrations nationales et européennes. / The present study analyzes the law applicable to contracts of French, German and European administrations, as well as evolutions triggered in French and German law by EU law, and brings into focus a circulation of models between EU and national law. These interactions show how the original parameters of national legal orders influence the latters’ way of integrating European requirements, which in return allows drawing conclusions concerning European law itself. In this context, studying French and German law (antagonist models concerning contracts of public administrations), putting them in perspective with contracts in internal EU law and analyzing the evolutions triggered by the impact of EU law, highlights that the issue of the articulation of specific powers and duties of the contracting administration with the contractual obligations of the parties is central in the relationship between European law and contracts as a tool for the action of national and European administrations.

Les divisions de la créance ne renvoient qu’aux hypothèses de l’article 1309 du code civil : la division de la créance constituée au profit de plusieurs créanciers et la division de la créance dévolue à une pluralité d’héritiers. Pourtant, le procédé ne doit pas être réduit à ces deux occurrences. Peuvent être identifiées non seulement d’autres divisions de l’objet de la créance, mais également des divisions d’une autre forme, qui consisteraient en une répartition des prérogatives du droit de créance. Suivant un classement des divisions de la créance – division de l’objet de la créance, division des prérogatives du droit de créance –, il faut identifier les mécanismes qui y correspondent et, le cas échéant, établir des rapprochements susceptibles de compléter leur régime. S’agissant des divisions de l’objet de la créance, le modèle de l’article 1309 du Code civil consiste dans l’attribution, par un effet légal, à chacun des créanciers ou des héritiers du créancier d’un droit complet sur une fraction de l’objet de la créance. Au-delà, le modèle peut être reproduit par l’effet de la volonté grâce à des mécanismes – comme la cession partielle de créance – qui permettent de transmettre, par l’effet de la volonté, un droit sur une fraction de l’objet de la créance. S’agissant des divisions des prérogatives de la créance, le modèle réside dans le démembrement du droit de propriété. D’abord, ce modèle s’applique à la créance pour en diviser les prérogatives – avec l’usufruit de la créance ou un droit réel sui generis. Ensuite, se pose la question de l’imitation du modèle, c’est-à-dire de la possibilité de diviser directement les prérogatives du droit de créance. / The divisions of the credit-claim refer only to the hypotheses of article 1309 of the French Civil Code : the division of the credit-claim to the benefit of multiple creditors and the division of the credit-claim transferred to multiple heirs. However this process must not be limited to these two occurrences. Firstly, it is possible to identify other ways to divide the credit-claim’s subject matter. Secondly, the division of a credit-claim may consist in distributing the prerogatives resulting from the credit-claim. Following a typology of the divisions of the credit-claim – divisions of the subject matter of the credit-claim, division of the prerogatives resulting from the credit-claim -, it is necessary to identify the corresponding notions and, where appropriate, to suggest how their regimes can be perfected accordingly.As far as the divisions of the credit-claim’s subject matter are concerned, the way they are modelled on article 1309 of the Civil Code consists in conferring, through an effect of the legislation, to each creditor or to each creditor’s heir a full right on a fraction of the credit-claim’s subject matter. This initial model can be expanded, as it can be replicate through the effects of will, thanks to notions such as the partial assignment of the credit-claim which enable the transfer, through the effects of individual will, of right on a fraction of the credit-claim’s subject matter.As for the divisions of the prerogatives attached to the credit-claim, the archetypal reference is the dismemberment of ownership. Firstly, this archetype applies to the credit-claim in order to divide its prerogatives – with the usufruct of the credit-claim or a sui generis real right. Secondly, the question is whether it is possible to replicate the model, ie whether it is possible to divide directly the prerogatives of the credit-claim.