Στην προσχολική παιδαγωγική, το σώμα του παιδιού αποτελεί το μέσο για την ολοκλήρωση της ολόπλευρης και ισόρροπης ανάπτυξής του. Το παιδί ολοκληρώνει τη συνολική ανάπτυξή του, καθώς εξελίσσεται το σώμα του· εξέλιξη που επηρεάζει και τη μαθησιακή και κοινωνικο- συναισθηματική ζωή του και, εν συνεχεία, κατά πολύ την ακαδημαϊκή του πορεία (Ευαγγελινού & Παππά, 2002). Σε κάθε κινητική δραστηριότητα, άλλωστε, συμμετέχει πάντα ολόκληρο το άτομο με αποτέλεσμα οι κινήσεις του να έχουν συναισθηματικές, νοητικές και κοινωνικές προεκτάσεις (Zimmer, 2007). Η διδασκαλία της ψυχοκινητικής αγωγής (ΨΑ) στηρίζει τις βάσεις της στα γενικά αναλυτικά προγράμματα του Νηπιαγωγείου, δίνοντας έμφαση στην ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη των νηπίων, μέσα από τις ιδιαίτερες εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες τους. Από τα αποτελέσματα της μέχρι σήμερα ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας, η ψυχοκινητική αγωγή έχει ευεργετική επίδραση στις κινητικές δεξιότητες των μαθητών και υποστηρίζει σημαντικά εκείνους που παρουσιάζουν φτωχή κινητική απόδοση ή αναπτυξιακές διαταραχές (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Σπανάκη, Σκορδίλης & Βενετσάνου, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Παράλληλα, στο χώρο του Νηπιαγωγείου, μεγάλη αξία έχουν οι δραστηριότητες που εμπεριέχουν τεχνικές θεατρικών δράσεων, καθώς υποστηρίζουν την ομαλή ένταξη του νηπίου στην ομάδα του Νηπιαγωγείου και την κοινωνικοποίησή του και αναπτύσσουν τις δεξιότητές του, που εξελίσσονται σε αυτήν την ηλικία (Μπουρνέλη, 2002). Σημαντικός, όμως, είναι ο ρόλος τους όσον αφορά την αντιμετώπιση μαθητών με κοινωνικο- συναισθηματικές και μαθησιακές δυσκολίες (Κουρετζής, 2008), με δυσκολίες προσαρμογής ακόμα και άτομα με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες (Κουρκούτας, 2007; Λενακάκης, 2001). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εξέτασε την επίδραση ενός παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών/τριών προσχολικής ηλικίας με ή χωρίς ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες. Η επίδραση του παραπάνω προγράμματος εξετάστηκε σε μαθητές γενικού σχολείου, σε μαθητές με κώφωση/ βαρηκοΐα, αλλά και σε μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης ‘γενικού’ Νηπιαγωγείου. Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτέλεσαν 63 μαθητές/ τριες που φοιτούσαν σε Νηπιαγωγεία, Αθήνας και Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Συγκεκριμένα: α) Ν = 13 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές με κώφωση β) Ν = 41 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού και γ) Ν = 9 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης. Με τυχαία δειγματοληψία, το ένα τμήμα Νηπιαγωγείου από κάθε ομάδα πληθυσμού αποτέλεσε την πειραματική ομάδα και το άλλο τμήμα την ομάδα ελέγχου, αντίστοιχα (Thomas & Nelson, 2003). Η αρχική αξιολόγηση συμπεριλάμβανε δοκιμασίες που αξιολογούσαν την κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη όλων των συμμετεχόντων, με τη χρήση των ‘Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘ΑΘΗΝΑ τεστ’ (Παρασκευόπουλος & Παρασκευοπούλου, 2011), και το ‘Ερωτηματολόγιο Δια- προσωπικής και Ενδο- προσωπικής Προσαρμογής’ (ΕΔΕΠ) (Παρασκευόπουλος & Γιαννίτσας, 1999), για κάθε μία από τις παραπάνω αξιολογήσεις, αντίστοιχα. Στη συνέχεια, σχεδιάστηκε το παρεμβατικό πρόγραμμα ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού, σε συνεργασία με τους εκπαιδευτικούς των επιλεγμένων τμημάτων, για τις πειραματικές ομάδες. Το πρόγραμμα ΨΑ βασιζόταν στις εξατομικευμένες ανάγκες και δυνατότητες του κάθε μαθητή ξεχωριστά και εμπεριείχε δραστηριότητες προσαρμοσμένες στις αρχές ΨΑ της Zimmer (2007) σε συνδυασμό με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού και πραγματοποιήθηκε η υλοποίησή του στις πειραματικές ομάδες. Οι ομάδες ελέγχου ακολούθησαν το ημερήσιο πρόγραμμα του κάθε Νηπ/είου. Η πειραματική παρέμβαση είχε χρονική διάρκεια δυόμιση μήνες (10 εβδομάδες) συνολικά, με συχνότητα δύο φορές την εβδομάδα. Στο τέλος της παρέμβασης ακολούθησε η επαναξιολόγηση των συμμετεχόντων των δύο ομάδων, ως προς την κινητική, γνωστική και ψυχοκοινωνική τους ανάπτυξη, με τα ίδια ερευνητικά εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την αρχική αξιολόγηση. To Στατιστικό Πρόγραμμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS) (Norusis, 1993) χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τις ανάγκες της έρευνας. Συγκεκριμένα, τρεις ομάδες από παραγοντικές αναλύσεις διασποράς (2 x 2 ANOVAs) αξιολόγησαν την επίδραση του παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ, στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών Νηπιαγωγείου. Στα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας υπήρξαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις παρεμβατικού προγράμματος και χρονικού σημείου μέτρησης σχετικά με τις κινητικές ικανότητες των τριών ομάδων μαθητών/τριών (‘γενικό’, κωφών και φοιτούντων σε τμήματα ένταξης). Επίσης, υπήρχαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις αναφορικά με τις γνωστικές δεξιότητες. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν, επίσης, σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση στις ψυχοκοινωνικές δεξιότητες των συμμετεχόντων στην ομάδα του ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού, ενώ δεν υπήρχε αντίστοιχη σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση για την ομάδα των κωφών και των μαθητών/τριών σε τμήματα ένταξης. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας έρευνας παρουσιάζουν τη σημαντικότητα ψυχοκινητικών προγραμμάτων μέσα στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, προκειμένου να υποστηριχτεί ο μαθητής αναφορικά με την κινητική αλλά και τη γνωστική και την ψυχοκοινωνική του ανάπτυξη. Σύγχρονοι παιδαγωγοί οφείλουν να ενημερώνονται και να αξιοποιούν προγράμματα σαν το παρόν παρεμβατικό προκειμένου να στοχεύουν στην περαιτέρω βελτίωση των δυνατοτήτων των μαθητών/τριών τους. Το κατάλληλο πρόγραμμα παρέμβασης στηριζόμενο στην ψυχοκινητική εκπαίδευση μπορεί να επηρεάσει την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη του ατόμου συνολικά. Σημαντική, εξάλλου, είναι η πρώιμη ανίχνευση δυσκολιών και ο προσδιορισμός των ιδιαίτερων εκπαιδευτικών αναγκών του κάθε μαθητή, και, εν συνεχεία, ο σχεδιασμός παρεμβατικών προγραμμάτων κατάλληλων για την αντιμετώπιση των προαναφερόμενων και την κατάλληλη υποστήριξη. / In preschool pedagogy, child's body is the instrument for the integration of comprehensive and balanced development. Children complete their overall development, as their body evolves; this development affects their learning and socio-emotional life and, subsequently, to a large extent, their academic course. However, in several motor activities, the whole person is always involved and the movements have an emotional, cognitive and social implication. The teaching of psychomotor bases its foundation on the general curricula of kindergarten, emphasing in all-round growth of infants, through their specific educational needs. From the results of research activity up to now, psychomotor therapy has a beneficial effect on motor skills of students and supports significantly those who have poor motor performance or developmental disorders (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Spanaki, Skordilis & Venetsanou, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Simultaneously, in the space of kindergarten, the activities with some technical theatrical actions have high value , as they support the smooth integration of infants in the nursery team and their socialization as well as develop their skills, which evolve in this age. However, their role as far as dealing with students facing socio- emotional or learning difficulties difficulties in adapting, even people with special educational needs can be considered really important. This thesis examined the effect of the intervention psychomotor program with elements of theatrical play in motor, cognitive and emotional development of preschoolers with and without special educational needs. The effect of this program was examined in public school students, students with deafness / hearing loss, but also in students attending integration classes in 'general' kindergarten. The sample consisted of two parts, from: a) 2 kindergartens with deaf students (N = 13), b) two kindergartens with pupils 'general' population (N = 41) and c) two kindergartens with students attending rehabilitation classes (N = 9). Through random sampling, the one part of each population group formed the experimental group and the other part the control group, respectively (random selection) (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The initial assessment included tests evaluating motor, cognitive and emotional development of all participants, using the ‘Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘Athena test’ (Paraskevopoulos & Paraskevopoulou, 2011), and ‘Questionnaire inter-personal and intra-personal adjustment’ (ALCO) (Paraskevopoulos & Giannitsas, 1999), each of the above evaluations, respectively. The design of the intervention program Psychomotor Education with signs of dramatic play was done in collaboration with the teachers of the selected sections, attended the experimental groups proceeded to execution. The psychomotor program was based on the individual needs and abilities of each student and included activities well adapted to the principles of PsA, according to Zimmer (2007), in combination with elements of theatrical game and was held in the groups that were selected as experimental groups randomly (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The groups remained as control groups OE followed the normal daily schedule of every kindergarten. The experimental intervention period lasted two and a half months (10 weeks) in total, with a frequency of two times a week. At the end of the experimental intervention, the reassessment of participants regarding kinetic, cognitive and emotional development, for all groups (experimental and control) followed, with the same research tools used for the initial evaluation. To Statistical Program of Social Sciences (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 13) was used for the purposes of research. Specifically, three 2x2 ANOVA analyses evaluated the effect of the intervention program on kinetics, cognitive and emotional development of kindergarten students. The survey results showed significant interactions existing between the experimental group and the time of assessment regarding the motor skills of all populations ('general', deaf and those attending inclusive classes). Moreover, there were significant interactions of the intervention program for the experimental group compared with the control group of all populations on cognitive skills. The results of the research also showed significant interaction to the psychosocial skills of participants in the group of 'general' population, while there was no significant interaction for the group of deaf and those attending inclusive classes, regarding psychosocial skills. The results of this study highlight the importance of psychomotor programs in the educational process in order to support students with respect to their motor, cognitive and psychosocial development. Modern educators should be informed and take advantage of programs like this intrusive one, in order to aim at further improvement of the capabilities of their students. The appropriate intervention program based on psychomotor education can affect the growth and development of the whole person. Besides, the early detection and identification of the difficulties as well as the special educational needs of each student, and, subsequently, the design of appropriate intervention programs to address the above with the appropriate support is a very important issue.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2925.pdf: 1402072 bytes, checksum: 71ea0b75cf31d0721a95106db282b473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The literature has produced evidence that: (a) the early assessment and intervention in social skills can prevent and overcome problematic behaviors; (b) in the case of assessment, there are limits and advantages to different procedures generally used as well as a consensus about the importance of the multimodal design; (c) studies that investigate the relation among data obtained using different procedures, such as observation and informants reports are still scarce, mainly, with preschoolers; (d) analyzes of convergences and divergences between informants reports and between different procedures can produce important information to plan intervention to promote social skills and reduce problem behaviors in the childhood. In this way, the present study had as objectives: (1) To verify similarities and differences in the assessment of social competence with comparisons among four groups of children (with good social skills repertoire - SSB; with internalizing problematic behaviors - IPB, externalizing - EPB e mixed - MPB) in each kind of assessment (mother s report, teacher s report and observation) and comparing the three kinds of assessment to each group; (2) To characterize convergences and divergences between different informants and procedures, with comparisons among groups and intragroups. Based on a sample of 152 children evaluated by Preschool Kindergarten Behaviors Scales (PKBS), 26 children were selected and distributed to each one of the groups. These children participated in five structured situations that were recorded and analyzed by judges previously trained. In the interviews, mothers and teachers reported how the children s performance in each structured situation would have been. The data were analyzed by descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. The results indicated that: (1) to each group, the evaluation of social competence by mother s and teacher s reports and by observation were consistent; (2) only the teacher s evaluation differentiated the groups - the children of CHS group presented the best scores of social skills and the CPI group, the worst scores; (3) the convergences between report s data and of observation, in general, were the highest in the CHS group and the lowest in CPI group, except to comparison between mother report and observation, with the most convergence to CPE group. Possible reasons to explain the lowest convergence in the group CPI are highlighted, and methodological, clinical and educational implications are discussed, suggesting plans of intervention based on these results. / A literatura tem produzido evidências de que: (a) a avaliação e a intervenção precoces em habilidades sociais podem constituir caminho para prevenção ou superação de comportamentos problemáticos; (b) no caso da avaliação, há limites e vantagens para os diferentes procedimentos geralmente utilizados e um consenso quanto à importância de um delineamento multimodal (c) ainda são escassos os estudos que investigam a relação entre dados obtidos a partir de diferentes procedimentos, como observação e relato de informantes, especialmente junto a pré-escolares; (d) análises de convergências e divergências entre relatos de informantes e entre procedimentos podem produzir resultados relevantes para o planejamento de intervenções voltadas para a promoção de habilidades sociais e a redução de comportamentos problemáticos na infância. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivos: (1) Verificar semelhanças e diferenças quanto à avaliação de competência social comparando-se quatro grupos de crianças (com bom repertório de comportamentos das classes de habilidades sociais CHS; com comportamentos problemáticos internalizantes CPI; extenalizantes CPE; e mistos - CPM) em cada tipo de avaliação (relato da mãe, relato da professora e observação) e comparando-se os três tipos de avaliação em cada grupo; (2) Caracterizar convergências e divergências entre diferentes informantes e procedimento, com comparações entre grupos e intragrupos. Com base em uma amostra de 152 crianças avaliadas por meio da Escala de Comportamentos Sociais para Pré-Escolares (PKBS-Br), 26 crianças foram selecionadas e alocadas para cada um desses quatro grupos. As crianças participaram de cinco situações estruturadas que foram filmadas e analisadas por juízes previamente treinados. Em entrevista, mães e professoras relataram como teria sido o desempenho das crianças em cada situação estruturada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial não paramétrica. Os resultados indicaram que: (1) para cada grupo, as avaliações de competência social por observação, por relato de mães e de professoras foram consistentes; (2) somente a avaliação por relato das professoras diferenciou os grupos, sendo que as crianças do grupo CHS apresentaram melhores escores de competência social e as do CPI, os piores escores; (3) as convergências entre dados de relato e de observação, no geral, foram maiores no grupo CHS e menores no CPI, exceto para a comparação entre relato de mães e observação, com maior convergência no grupo CPE. Destacam-se possíveis razões para a menor convergência no grupo CPI e são discutidas implicações metodológicas, clínicas e educacionais desses resultados, sugerindo-se planejamentos de intervenção neles embasados.

No description available.

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de anemia e investigar fatores associados a sua ocorrência em crianças de 2,5 a 6 anos de idade, em Itapetininga, São Paulo. Comparar, através de estudo de intervenção com snacks de pulmão bovino/milho/grão-de-bico ou pulmão bovino/milho, as mudanças nos parametros bioquímicos do estado nutricional em ferro. Métodos: Urn estudo transversal com amostragem por conglomerado foi conduzido em 9 creches públicas de Itapetininga. Após consentimento informado, mães/pais preencheram questionário a respeito de características demográficas e sócio-econômicas. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada em Hemocue através de sangue capilar. A relação entre a presença de anemia e variáveis independentes foi analisada por regressão. A dieta das crianças foi avaliada através do recordatário de 24 horas e do cardápio semanal da creche. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada em Hemocue e contador automático, para comparação entre métodos, em amostras de sangue de 20% da população. Durante a fase de rastreamento, crianças anêmicas, ferro deficientes e não anêmicas foram selecionadas para participar do estudo de intervenção com snacks fortificados com ferro. As crianças foram examinadas no início e ao final do estudo (cerca de 100 dias) por meio de coleta de sangue venoso. Sessenta e sete pré-escolares foram aleatorizados entre os grupos e receberam 3 pacotes com 30 g de snacks por semana. Para o diagnóstico da criança anêmica, ferro-deficiente e não anêmica foram considerados a concentração de hemoglobina, saturação da transferrina, volume corpuscular médio e ferritina sérica. Resultados: 0 estudo de prevalência somou 576 crianças. A prevalência de anemia foi de 13,02% (IC 95% 9,77 -- 16,33). Foi observada relação entre idade da criança e família numerosa e a anemia. Para crianças anêmicas não houve diferença na concentração de hemoglobina medida por sangue venoso ou capilar. Uma significativa melhora foi observada em alguns parâmetros bioquímicos: hemoglobina corpuscular média, hemácias e concentraçãdo de hemoglobina, independente do snack consumido e do diagnóstico inicial. A concentração de hemoglobina dessas crianças aumentou, em media, 0,44 g/dL. 0 consumo de ferro se manteve inalterado antes e após o ensaio e foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo mostram uma baixa prevalência de anemia na população estudada. 0 consumo dos snacks proporcionou aumento na concentração de hemoglobina. As vantagens e limitações nos parâmetros bioquímicos devem ser consideradas para a escolha do método apropriado para cada situação ou objetivo. / Objectives: to determine the prevalence of anemia and to investigate factors associated with its occurrence in children from 2.5 to 6 years-old in Itapetininga, São Paulo, and to compare, through nutritional intervention trial with two types of snacks, with bovine lung and chickpea, changes in the biochemical parameters of nutritional iron status. Methods: A cross-sectional study with cluster sampling was conducted on nine public day care centers, in Itapetininga, being examined 576 children. After informed consent, mothers/fathers answered a questionnaire about demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The relationship between the presence of anemia and independent variables were analyzed by regression. The diet intake of children was assessed through 24-hour recall and from the menu offered weekly in day cares. The hemoglobin concentration was determined by Hemocue (capillary blood) and automatic counter (venous blood) for comparison of methods. The observed anemic children were selected to participate in the intervention trial with iron fortified snacks. Sixty seven preschoolers were randomized between 2 groups and received 3 packages with 30 g of snacks a week. Children were examined at the beginning and at the end of trial (about 100 days) through venous blood. Hemoglobin concentration was used for diagnosis of anemia. Grade I and Grade II iron deficiency was diagnosed by transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin. Results: The prevalence of anemia found in the population was 13.02%. It was observed relationship between age of the child and number of persons in family and the occurrence of anemia. There was no difference in the hemoglobin concentration measured by capillary or venous blood for the children anemic. A significant improvement after the trial was observed in some biochemical parameters: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration, regardless of the snack type consumed and the initial diagnosis. Hemoglobin concentration increased, on average, 0.44 g/dL. The iron consumption remained unchanged before and after the trial and was similar for both groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study show a low prevalence of anemia in the population studied. The consumption of snacks provided a significant increase in the hemoglobin concentration. The advantages and limitations for the use of biochemical parameters have to be considered for the choice of the appropriate method for each situation or goals.

Ce mémoire contribue à identifier les facteurs associés à l’occurrence de la diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans en Haïti. Après une revue de la littérature sur les déterminants de la diarrhée infanto-juvénile dans les pays en développement, nommément Haïti, nous tirons profit de la mise en commun de quatre bases de données des Enquêtes démographiques et de santé pour nos analyses quantitatives (n = 14 481). Notre étude s’intéresse notamment à l’impact de l’eau potable améliorée, des toilettes améliorées et du réfrigérateur sur la diarrhée infanto-juvénile. Nous déterminons la robustesse des associations entre ces commodités et l’occurrence de la diarrhée par des modèles de régression logistique. La commodité la plus commune est l’eau potable améliorée (58%). La présence de plus d’une commodité est peu courante (17%). En moyenne, la prévalence de la diarrhée s’élève à 29%. L’eau potable améliorée et le réfrigérateur sont corrélés à une faible occurrence de la diarrhée chez les 24-59 mois et les toilettes améliorées à une faible occurrence chez les 1-5 et 12-23 mois. Les enfants de famille ne possédant qu’une commodité ne sont pas statistiquement différents des plus défavorisés, sauf chez les 24-59 mois. Enfin, nous ne trouvons pas de liens significatifs entre les commodités et la diarrhée chez les 6-11 mois. Nos résultats sont inédits pour Haïti, et soulignent, comme piste d’intervention en prévention de la diarrhée, la nécessité d’augmenter le nombre des commodités familiales, particulièrement les toilettes améliorées privées, qui limiteraient la contamination de l’eau et des aliments. / This master’s thesis contributes to the identification of factors linked to the occurrence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age in Haiti. Following a review of the literature on predictors of childhood diarrhoea in low-income countries, namely Haiti, we take advantage of four databases from Demographic and Health Surveys (n = 14 481) to conduct our quantitative analyses. Our study is concerned mainly with the impact of improved drinking water, improved sanitations and refrigerator on childhood diarrhoea. We use logistic regression models to assess the robustness of the associations between selected factors and the occurrence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age. The most common commodity was improved drinking water (58%). The presence of more than one commodity was infrequent (17%). On average, diarrhoea prevalence was 29%. The improved drinking water and the ownership of a refrigerator were associated with a decreased occurrence of diarrhoea for children aged 24-59 months. The improved sanitation was related to a decreased in the occurrence of diarrhea for children 1-5 and 12-23 months. Children whose family owned only one commodity were not statistically different from the most disadvantaged children, except for children 24-59 months. Lastly, there was no significant link between any commodity and diarrhoea for children 6-11 months. In the context of Haiti, these new findings highlight, as an intervention path in the prevention of childhood diarrhoea, the importance of increasing the number of commodities within families, and, more specifically, improving sanitations which may help reduce the contamination of water and food.

Introduction : Chez les jeunes enfants (<6 ans), la prise en charge de l’asthme est évaluée cliniquement. Dans certains centres, l’oscillométrie (OS) est utilisée en complément de l’évaluation clinique, mais son utilité clinique reste à quantifier. Objectifs : Déterminer si l’ajout de l’OS à l’évaluation clinique influence l’évaluation, la gestion et le contrôle de l’asthme, par rapport à l’évaluation clinique seule chez les jeunes enfants. Méthodes : Étude transversale portant sur des enfants de 3-5 ans avec un diagnostic d’asthme. Les enfants testés par l’OS étaient appariés par score de propension aux témoins (non testés). La probabilité d’un phénotype persistant et d’une prescription d’un traitement d’entretien (co- variables principales) était évaluée par régression logistique multivariée. Dans la cohorte rétrospective imbriquée avec accès aux données pharmaceutiques, le contrôle de l’asthme au cours de l’année suivante était examiné par régression logistique cumulative. Résultats : L’étude comprenait 726 enfants appariés (249 testés; 477 témoins) dont 57,4% garçons (âge médian: 4,62 ans) avec groupes relativement comparables. Les enfants testés recevaient plus souvent un phénotype persistant (67% vs. 50%; RC-ajusté [IC 95%]: 2,34 [1,66- 3,34]), sans différence significative dans la prescription d’un traitement d’entretien (65% vs. 58%; 1,37 [0,98-1,92]) et étaient moins susceptibles d’être incontrôlés dans l’année suivante (0,24 [0,08- 0,74]). Conclusion : L’association entre l’OS ajouté à l’évaluation clinique et à la fois plus de phénotypes persistants et un meilleur contrôle de l’asthme supporte l’utilité clinique de l’OS, possiblement via une reconnaissance accrue de l’obstruction des voies aériennes. / Background: In preschoolers (<6 years), asthma management is usually assessed clinically. In certain centres, oscillometry (OS) is used in adjunct to clinical assessment, yet its clinical utility remains to be quantified. Objectives: To determine if OS use, as an adjunct to clinical assessment, is associated with better asthma assessment, management and control compared to clinical assessment alone in preschoolers. Methods: A cross-sectional study of children aged 3-5 years with an asthma diagnosis. OS-tested preschoolers were matched by propensity score to controls (untested). The likelihood of persistent phenotype and maintenance therapy prescription (co-primary outcomes) were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. In a nested retrospective cohort with available drug claim data, asthma control over the next year was examined by cumulative logistic regression. Results: The study comprised 726 matched children (249 OS-tested; 477 untested) of which 57.4% were boys (median age: 4.62 years) with comparable group characteristics. OS-tested children were more frequently labelled as persistent phenotype (67% vs. 50%; adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 2.34 [1.66- 3.34]), with no significant difference in prescription of maintenance therapy (65% vs. 58%; adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 1.37 [0.98-1.92]) and were less likely to be uncontrolled in the following year (adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 0.24 [0.08-0.74]). Conclusions: The association between OS added to clinical assessment with more persistent phenotype and better asthma control supports its clinical utility, possibly by increased recognition of airway obstruction at the index visit.

The aim of this study is to investigate how preschool children, aged 3-5 years, create meaning of static electricity in an activity led by a pedagogue, how this is expressed and what part the pedagogue takes in children’s meaning making. The method used was participant observation and video camera was used to document a designed activity. The observations took place at four occasions with four different groups and the observations was conducted in different rooms of various sizes, which were provided by the preschool. Equipment used in this study are: Balloons, pvc-pipes, salt, different kinds of papers, aluminum cans and thin plastic bags. Results in this study show that the children create meaning of the activity first and foremost by exploring interplay and conversations. They solve the task at hand working together and with support of the pedagogue. The role of pedagogue in the children’s meaning making is to present tasks which have moderate levels of difficulties, and to direct the children’s focus by using questions concerning the current phenomenon. In so doing, they support the children to succeed. Factors of importance for the children’s meaning making is to be given the opportunity to explore, their curiosity, joy and being heard.

The aim of this diploma thesis is characterization and evaluation of programs and projects, which are proceeding in United States of America to support children's reading skills. The first part is devoted to reading to children from birth to six years, impact of books to children, and to factors, which are influencing the beginning of reading. In other chapters are presented projects of American Library Association and its division Association for Library Services to Children. In the following, the programs of selected libraries and non-profit organization are mentioned (for example Mother Goose on the Loose, Birth to six or Reach out and Read). In the last part is described the situation in Czech Republic. There are presented projects like Celé Česko čte dětem, Rosteme s knihou, Poprvé do školy - Poprvé do knihovny, and also cooperation of libraries and kindergartens.

Le traumatisme crânio-cérébral léger (TCCL) est reconnu comme un sérieux problème de santé publique et a fait l’objet de nombreuses études scientifiques étant donné sa prévalence élevée. Les enfants d’âge préscolaire, définis ci-après comme les enfants âgés de cinq ans et moins, constituent un groupe hautement à risque de subir une telle blessure, mais demeurent pourtant sous représentés dans la littérature. Or, une blessure à un si jeune âge peut être particulièrement redoutable en raison de la vulnérabilité du cerveau immature et du mince registre d’acquis. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur les conséquences du TCCL chez l’enfant d’âge préscolaire. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à évaluer l’impact d’une telle blessure sur le sommeil et le fonctionnement exécutif. La thèse est composée de deux articles empiriques. L’objectif du premier article était d’évaluer le sommeil de l’enfant d’âge préscolaire six mois après un TCCL, et d'identifier les facteurs contribuant au sommeil post-TCCL. L'échantillon comprenait 225 enfants âgés entre 18 et 60 mois, répartis en trois groupes : enfants ayant subi un TCCL (n = 85), enfants ayant subi une blessure orthopédique (n = 58) et enfants au développement typique (n = 82). Six mois après la blessure, les parents ont complété l’échelle des problèmes de sommeil du Child Behavior Checklist, et un sous-groupe d’enfants a porté un actigraphe pendant cinq jours. Les résultats n’indiquent aucune différence entre les trois groupes d’enfants ni au questionnaire complété par les parents, ni aux paramètres de sommeil mesurés par l’actigraphe, soit la durée et l’efficacité du sommeil nocturne. Toutefois, la présence de difficultés de sommeil pré-morbides et une blessure caractérisée par une altération de la conscience nuisent au sommeil mesuré six mois post-TCCL. Le deuxième article visait à évaluer le fonctionnement exécutif six mois après un TCCL, et le rôle du sommeil dans le fonctionnement exécutif post-TCCL auprès de la même cohorte d’enfants. Les enfants ayant subi un TCCL (n = 84) et les enfants au développement typique (n = 83) ont été inclus dans les analyses. Les résultats n’indiquent aucune différence de groupe aux épreuves d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive administrées six mois après la blessure. Par ailleurs, les enfants ayant subi un TCCL qui présentent plus de problèmes de sommeil ou un sommeil nocturne de plus courte durée ont des performances inférieures aux tâches exécutives comparativement aux enfants au développement typique. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent une meilleure compréhension du sommeil après un TCCL en bas âge et des facteurs y contribuant. De plus, la thèse démontre l’importance de surveiller le sommeil post-TCCL étant donné que des perturbations de sommeil peuvent avoir des répercussions sur le fonctionnement de l’enfant, notamment sur ses habiletés exécutives. / Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a highly prevalent and serious public health concern. Epidemiological data indicate that preschoolers (i.e., children under 5 years of age) are at especially high risk of sustaining TBI, yet few studies targeted this age group. This is of concern given that the brain is still immature in the early years of life, and children are at the beginning of their development, with few consolidated skills. The overall objective of this thesis is to expand our understanding of the impact of preschool mTBI, specifically on sleep and executive functioning. The thesis includes two empirical articles. The first article aimed to investigate sleep and its predictors in preschoolers with mTBI. The sample included 225 children, aged 18 to 60 months, divided into three groups: children with mTBI (n = 85), children with orthopedic injury (n = 58) and typically developing children (n = 82). Six months post-injury, parents were asked to fill out the Sleep scale from the Child Behavior Checklist, and children wore an actigraph for five days. No group differences were found in parental ratings of sleep problems or for nighttime sleep duration and sleep efficiency, as measured by actigraphy. However, preexisting sleep disturbances and brain injury resulting in alteration of consciousness were identified as predictors of poorer sleep six months post-injury in the mTBI group. The aim of the second article was to investigate executive functions six months post-injury in the same cohort of preschoolers, and to determine the role of sleep in the links between mTBI and executive functioning. Children with mTBI (n = 84) and typically developing children (n = 83) were included in the analyses. There were no significant group differences on measures of inhibition and cognitive flexibility six months post-injury. However, relative to controls, children with mTBI and shorter nighttime sleep duration or increased sleep problems exhibited poorer executive functions. This thesis allows a better understanding of the factors associated with sleep disturbance after preschool mTBI. In addition, the results highlight the importance of documenting sleep in preschoolers with mTBI, as sleep difficulties place children at risk for later executive dysfunction, which may subsequently impact other spheres of functioning.

No description available.