No description available.

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de anemia e investigar fatores associados a sua ocorrência em crianças de 2,5 a 6 anos de idade, em Itapetininga, São Paulo. Comparar, através de estudo de intervenção com snacks de pulmão bovino/milho/grão-de-bico ou pulmão bovino/milho, as mudanças nos parametros bioquímicos do estado nutricional em ferro. Métodos: Urn estudo transversal com amostragem por conglomerado foi conduzido em 9 creches públicas de Itapetininga. Após consentimento informado, mães/pais preencheram questionário a respeito de características demográficas e sócio-econômicas. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada em Hemocue através de sangue capilar. A relação entre a presença de anemia e variáveis independentes foi analisada por regressão. A dieta das crianças foi avaliada através do recordatário de 24 horas e do cardápio semanal da creche. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada em Hemocue e contador automático, para comparação entre métodos, em amostras de sangue de 20% da população. Durante a fase de rastreamento, crianças anêmicas, ferro deficientes e não anêmicas foram selecionadas para participar do estudo de intervenção com snacks fortificados com ferro. As crianças foram examinadas no início e ao final do estudo (cerca de 100 dias) por meio de coleta de sangue venoso. Sessenta e sete pré-escolares foram aleatorizados entre os grupos e receberam 3 pacotes com 30 g de snacks por semana. Para o diagnóstico da criança anêmica, ferro-deficiente e não anêmica foram considerados a concentração de hemoglobina, saturação da transferrina, volume corpuscular médio e ferritina sérica. Resultados: 0 estudo de prevalência somou 576 crianças. A prevalência de anemia foi de 13,02% (IC 95% 9,77 -- 16,33). Foi observada relação entre idade da criança e família numerosa e a anemia. Para crianças anêmicas não houve diferença na concentração de hemoglobina medida por sangue venoso ou capilar. Uma significativa melhora foi observada em alguns parâmetros bioquímicos: hemoglobina corpuscular média, hemácias e concentraçãdo de hemoglobina, independente do snack consumido e do diagnóstico inicial. A concentração de hemoglobina dessas crianças aumentou, em media, 0,44 g/dL. 0 consumo de ferro se manteve inalterado antes e após o ensaio e foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo mostram uma baixa prevalência de anemia na população estudada. 0 consumo dos snacks proporcionou aumento na concentração de hemoglobina. As vantagens e limitações nos parâmetros bioquímicos devem ser consideradas para a escolha do método apropriado para cada situação ou objetivo. / Objectives: to determine the prevalence of anemia and to investigate factors associated with its occurrence in children from 2.5 to 6 years-old in Itapetininga, São Paulo, and to compare, through nutritional intervention trial with two types of snacks, with bovine lung and chickpea, changes in the biochemical parameters of nutritional iron status. Methods: A cross-sectional study with cluster sampling was conducted on nine public day care centers, in Itapetininga, being examined 576 children. After informed consent, mothers/fathers answered a questionnaire about demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The relationship between the presence of anemia and independent variables were analyzed by regression. The diet intake of children was assessed through 24-hour recall and from the menu offered weekly in day cares. The hemoglobin concentration was determined by Hemocue (capillary blood) and automatic counter (venous blood) for comparison of methods. The observed anemic children were selected to participate in the intervention trial with iron fortified snacks. Sixty seven preschoolers were randomized between 2 groups and received 3 packages with 30 g of snacks a week. Children were examined at the beginning and at the end of trial (about 100 days) through venous blood. Hemoglobin concentration was used for diagnosis of anemia. Grade I and Grade II iron deficiency was diagnosed by transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin. Results: The prevalence of anemia found in the population was 13.02%. It was observed relationship between age of the child and number of persons in family and the occurrence of anemia. There was no difference in the hemoglobin concentration measured by capillary or venous blood for the children anemic. A significant improvement after the trial was observed in some biochemical parameters: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration, regardless of the snack type consumed and the initial diagnosis. Hemoglobin concentration increased, on average, 0.44 g/dL. The iron consumption remained unchanged before and after the trial and was similar for both groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study show a low prevalence of anemia in the population studied. The consumption of snacks provided a significant increase in the hemoglobin concentration. The advantages and limitations for the use of biochemical parameters have to be considered for the choice of the appropriate method for each situation or goals.

Ce mémoire contribue à identifier les facteurs associés à l’occurrence de la diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans en Haïti. Après une revue de la littérature sur les déterminants de la diarrhée infanto-juvénile dans les pays en développement, nommément Haïti, nous tirons profit de la mise en commun de quatre bases de données des Enquêtes démographiques et de santé pour nos analyses quantitatives (n = 14 481). Notre étude s’intéresse notamment à l’impact de l’eau potable améliorée, des toilettes améliorées et du réfrigérateur sur la diarrhée infanto-juvénile. Nous déterminons la robustesse des associations entre ces commodités et l’occurrence de la diarrhée par des modèles de régression logistique. La commodité la plus commune est l’eau potable améliorée (58%). La présence de plus d’une commodité est peu courante (17%). En moyenne, la prévalence de la diarrhée s’élève à 29%. L’eau potable améliorée et le réfrigérateur sont corrélés à une faible occurrence de la diarrhée chez les 24-59 mois et les toilettes améliorées à une faible occurrence chez les 1-5 et 12-23 mois. Les enfants de famille ne possédant qu’une commodité ne sont pas statistiquement différents des plus défavorisés, sauf chez les 24-59 mois. Enfin, nous ne trouvons pas de liens significatifs entre les commodités et la diarrhée chez les 6-11 mois. Nos résultats sont inédits pour Haïti, et soulignent, comme piste d’intervention en prévention de la diarrhée, la nécessité d’augmenter le nombre des commodités familiales, particulièrement les toilettes améliorées privées, qui limiteraient la contamination de l’eau et des aliments. / This master’s thesis contributes to the identification of factors linked to the occurrence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age in Haiti. Following a review of the literature on predictors of childhood diarrhoea in low-income countries, namely Haiti, we take advantage of four databases from Demographic and Health Surveys (n = 14 481) to conduct our quantitative analyses. Our study is concerned mainly with the impact of improved drinking water, improved sanitations and refrigerator on childhood diarrhoea. We use logistic regression models to assess the robustness of the associations between selected factors and the occurrence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age. The most common commodity was improved drinking water (58%). The presence of more than one commodity was infrequent (17%). On average, diarrhoea prevalence was 29%. The improved drinking water and the ownership of a refrigerator were associated with a decreased occurrence of diarrhoea for children aged 24-59 months. The improved sanitation was related to a decreased in the occurrence of diarrhea for children 1-5 and 12-23 months. Children whose family owned only one commodity were not statistically different from the most disadvantaged children, except for children 24-59 months. Lastly, there was no significant link between any commodity and diarrhoea for children 6-11 months. In the context of Haiti, these new findings highlight, as an intervention path in the prevention of childhood diarrhoea, the importance of increasing the number of commodities within families, and, more specifically, improving sanitations which may help reduce the contamination of water and food.

Introduction : Chez les jeunes enfants (<6 ans), la prise en charge de l’asthme est évaluée cliniquement. Dans certains centres, l’oscillométrie (OS) est utilisée en complément de l’évaluation clinique, mais son utilité clinique reste à quantifier. Objectifs : Déterminer si l’ajout de l’OS à l’évaluation clinique influence l’évaluation, la gestion et le contrôle de l’asthme, par rapport à l’évaluation clinique seule chez les jeunes enfants. Méthodes : Étude transversale portant sur des enfants de 3-5 ans avec un diagnostic d’asthme. Les enfants testés par l’OS étaient appariés par score de propension aux témoins (non testés). La probabilité d’un phénotype persistant et d’une prescription d’un traitement d’entretien (co- variables principales) était évaluée par régression logistique multivariée. Dans la cohorte rétrospective imbriquée avec accès aux données pharmaceutiques, le contrôle de l’asthme au cours de l’année suivante était examiné par régression logistique cumulative. Résultats : L’étude comprenait 726 enfants appariés (249 testés; 477 témoins) dont 57,4% garçons (âge médian: 4,62 ans) avec groupes relativement comparables. Les enfants testés recevaient plus souvent un phénotype persistant (67% vs. 50%; RC-ajusté [IC 95%]: 2,34 [1,66- 3,34]), sans différence significative dans la prescription d’un traitement d’entretien (65% vs. 58%; 1,37 [0,98-1,92]) et étaient moins susceptibles d’être incontrôlés dans l’année suivante (0,24 [0,08- 0,74]). Conclusion : L’association entre l’OS ajouté à l’évaluation clinique et à la fois plus de phénotypes persistants et un meilleur contrôle de l’asthme supporte l’utilité clinique de l’OS, possiblement via une reconnaissance accrue de l’obstruction des voies aériennes. / Background: In preschoolers (<6 years), asthma management is usually assessed clinically. In certain centres, oscillometry (OS) is used in adjunct to clinical assessment, yet its clinical utility remains to be quantified. Objectives: To determine if OS use, as an adjunct to clinical assessment, is associated with better asthma assessment, management and control compared to clinical assessment alone in preschoolers. Methods: A cross-sectional study of children aged 3-5 years with an asthma diagnosis. OS-tested preschoolers were matched by propensity score to controls (untested). The likelihood of persistent phenotype and maintenance therapy prescription (co-primary outcomes) were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. In a nested retrospective cohort with available drug claim data, asthma control over the next year was examined by cumulative logistic regression. Results: The study comprised 726 matched children (249 OS-tested; 477 untested) of which 57.4% were boys (median age: 4.62 years) with comparable group characteristics. OS-tested children were more frequently labelled as persistent phenotype (67% vs. 50%; adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 2.34 [1.66- 3.34]), with no significant difference in prescription of maintenance therapy (65% vs. 58%; adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 1.37 [0.98-1.92]) and were less likely to be uncontrolled in the following year (adjusted-OR[95% CI]: 0.24 [0.08-0.74]). Conclusions: The association between OS added to clinical assessment with more persistent phenotype and better asthma control supports its clinical utility, possibly by increased recognition of airway obstruction at the index visit.

The aim of this study is to investigate how preschool children, aged 3-5 years, create meaning of static electricity in an activity led by a pedagogue, how this is expressed and what part the pedagogue takes in children’s meaning making. The method used was participant observation and video camera was used to document a designed activity. The observations took place at four occasions with four different groups and the observations was conducted in different rooms of various sizes, which were provided by the preschool. Equipment used in this study are: Balloons, pvc-pipes, salt, different kinds of papers, aluminum cans and thin plastic bags. Results in this study show that the children create meaning of the activity first and foremost by exploring interplay and conversations. They solve the task at hand working together and with support of the pedagogue. The role of pedagogue in the children’s meaning making is to present tasks which have moderate levels of difficulties, and to direct the children’s focus by using questions concerning the current phenomenon. In so doing, they support the children to succeed. Factors of importance for the children’s meaning making is to be given the opportunity to explore, their curiosity, joy and being heard.

The aim of this diploma thesis is characterization and evaluation of programs and projects, which are proceeding in United States of America to support children's reading skills. The first part is devoted to reading to children from birth to six years, impact of books to children, and to factors, which are influencing the beginning of reading. In other chapters are presented projects of American Library Association and its division Association for Library Services to Children. In the following, the programs of selected libraries and non-profit organization are mentioned (for example Mother Goose on the Loose, Birth to six or Reach out and Read). In the last part is described the situation in Czech Republic. There are presented projects like Celé Česko čte dětem, Rosteme s knihou, Poprvé do školy - Poprvé do knihovny, and also cooperation of libraries and kindergartens.

Le traumatisme crânio-cérébral léger (TCCL) est reconnu comme un sérieux problème de santé publique et a fait l’objet de nombreuses études scientifiques étant donné sa prévalence élevée. Les enfants d’âge préscolaire, définis ci-après comme les enfants âgés de cinq ans et moins, constituent un groupe hautement à risque de subir une telle blessure, mais demeurent pourtant sous représentés dans la littérature. Or, une blessure à un si jeune âge peut être particulièrement redoutable en raison de la vulnérabilité du cerveau immature et du mince registre d’acquis. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur les conséquences du TCCL chez l’enfant d’âge préscolaire. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à évaluer l’impact d’une telle blessure sur le sommeil et le fonctionnement exécutif. La thèse est composée de deux articles empiriques. L’objectif du premier article était d’évaluer le sommeil de l’enfant d’âge préscolaire six mois après un TCCL, et d'identifier les facteurs contribuant au sommeil post-TCCL. L'échantillon comprenait 225 enfants âgés entre 18 et 60 mois, répartis en trois groupes : enfants ayant subi un TCCL (n = 85), enfants ayant subi une blessure orthopédique (n = 58) et enfants au développement typique (n = 82). Six mois après la blessure, les parents ont complété l’échelle des problèmes de sommeil du Child Behavior Checklist, et un sous-groupe d’enfants a porté un actigraphe pendant cinq jours. Les résultats n’indiquent aucune différence entre les trois groupes d’enfants ni au questionnaire complété par les parents, ni aux paramètres de sommeil mesurés par l’actigraphe, soit la durée et l’efficacité du sommeil nocturne. Toutefois, la présence de difficultés de sommeil pré-morbides et une blessure caractérisée par une altération de la conscience nuisent au sommeil mesuré six mois post-TCCL. Le deuxième article visait à évaluer le fonctionnement exécutif six mois après un TCCL, et le rôle du sommeil dans le fonctionnement exécutif post-TCCL auprès de la même cohorte d’enfants. Les enfants ayant subi un TCCL (n = 84) et les enfants au développement typique (n = 83) ont été inclus dans les analyses. Les résultats n’indiquent aucune différence de groupe aux épreuves d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive administrées six mois après la blessure. Par ailleurs, les enfants ayant subi un TCCL qui présentent plus de problèmes de sommeil ou un sommeil nocturne de plus courte durée ont des performances inférieures aux tâches exécutives comparativement aux enfants au développement typique. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent une meilleure compréhension du sommeil après un TCCL en bas âge et des facteurs y contribuant. De plus, la thèse démontre l’importance de surveiller le sommeil post-TCCL étant donné que des perturbations de sommeil peuvent avoir des répercussions sur le fonctionnement de l’enfant, notamment sur ses habiletés exécutives. / Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a highly prevalent and serious public health concern. Epidemiological data indicate that preschoolers (i.e., children under 5 years of age) are at especially high risk of sustaining TBI, yet few studies targeted this age group. This is of concern given that the brain is still immature in the early years of life, and children are at the beginning of their development, with few consolidated skills. The overall objective of this thesis is to expand our understanding of the impact of preschool mTBI, specifically on sleep and executive functioning. The thesis includes two empirical articles. The first article aimed to investigate sleep and its predictors in preschoolers with mTBI. The sample included 225 children, aged 18 to 60 months, divided into three groups: children with mTBI (n = 85), children with orthopedic injury (n = 58) and typically developing children (n = 82). Six months post-injury, parents were asked to fill out the Sleep scale from the Child Behavior Checklist, and children wore an actigraph for five days. No group differences were found in parental ratings of sleep problems or for nighttime sleep duration and sleep efficiency, as measured by actigraphy. However, preexisting sleep disturbances and brain injury resulting in alteration of consciousness were identified as predictors of poorer sleep six months post-injury in the mTBI group. The aim of the second article was to investigate executive functions six months post-injury in the same cohort of preschoolers, and to determine the role of sleep in the links between mTBI and executive functioning. Children with mTBI (n = 84) and typically developing children (n = 83) were included in the analyses. There were no significant group differences on measures of inhibition and cognitive flexibility six months post-injury. However, relative to controls, children with mTBI and shorter nighttime sleep duration or increased sleep problems exhibited poorer executive functions. This thesis allows a better understanding of the factors associated with sleep disturbance after preschool mTBI. In addition, the results highlight the importance of documenting sleep in preschoolers with mTBI, as sleep difficulties place children at risk for later executive dysfunction, which may subsequently impact other spheres of functioning.

No description available.

This thesis concerns with the prevention of specific learning disabillities of children during their start of schooling, using the predictive test battery. The paper's goal is to focus on prediction signals of specific learning disorders and their timely prevention. Conclusion of our thesis is an up-to-date knowledge about preschool phase, school maturity and preparedness of children, knowledge about sub-function deficits, specific learning disabillities, its manifestation and posibilities of timely prevention. Research part's focus point is practical testing and evaluation of sub-functions with the help of diagnostic material named:"learning and writing disability hazards test for preschoolers." Test is undertaken by a group of six children in their mandatory preschool education year and is followed by intervention targeted at discovered areas with defecits. This group is filled in with case studies. After 6 months of intervention, during which the students started attending primary school, a post-test is performed to evaluate achieved results and compare them with a control group consisting of randomly chosen pupils attending first year of primary school as well. By combining theoretical and practical knowledge, we can define risk factors that allow us to predict specific learning disabilities...

Объектом исследования явились отклонения в стилях воспитания, отношение родителей к детям и детей к родителям, эмоциональная саморегуляция детей. Предметом исследования стали изменения в показателях эмоциональной саморегуляцией у детей и эмоциональной стороны детско-родительских отношений в процессе занятий по методике «Семейная Мягкая Школа». Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (73 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 112 страниц, на которых размещены 6 рисунков и 18 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по проблемам совместной игровой деятельности, детско-родительских отношений и эмоциональной саморегуляции у детей. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: 1.Опросник для родителей «Анализ семейных взаимоотношений» (АСВ) (Э. Г.Эйдемиллер, В. В. Юстицкис). 2. Методика «Родительское сочинение», модифицированный вариант в форме незавершенных предложений (Е.И.Захарова, О.А.Карабанова, А.А.Шведовская). 3. Проективная методика «Рисунок Семьи». 4. Проективная методика исследования эмоциональной саморегуляции. Также в главе представлен описательный, корреляционный и сравнительный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was deviations in parenting styles, the attitude of parents to children and children to parents, emotional self-regulation of children. The subject of the study was changes in the indicators of emotional self-regulation in children and the emotional side of child-parent relationships during classes according to the "Family Soft School" methodology. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature (73 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of the applied methodologies. The volume of the master's thesis is 112 pages, on which are placed 6 figures and 18 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, the purpose and objectives of the research are set, the object and the subject of research are determined, the hypothesis is formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified, the scientific novelty, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the problems of joint play activities, child-parent relationships and emotional self-regulation in children. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained using all the methods used: 1.Questionnaire for parents "Analysis of family relationships"(DIA) (E. G. Eidemillera, V. V. Justickis). 2. Method "Parent essay", modified version in the form of unfinished sentences (E.I.Zakharova, O.A.Karabanova, A.A. Shvedovskaya). 3. Projective technique "Family Drawing". 4. Projective methodology for the study of emotional self-regulation. The chapter also presents a descriptive, correlational and comparative analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described.