This study examines how digitalization changes the value proposition and the business model within the forest industry from the perspective of the forest owners and how this changes the experienced customer value. Previous studies have focused on how digitalization creates value for the company, and this study contributes to research by giving insights in how the customers perceive a digitalization and is useful in the design of the value proposition and the business model.  The Swedish forest industry is highly competitive and the companies have to compete for the wood and forest service jobs, which puts pressure on the wood buyers to offer the best solutions and the best customer experience to be able to compete for the wood. According to a study about digital Customer Experience Management (CEM) maturity, the forest industry is far behind other industries such as finance and retail. The low maturity is due to skepticism and the lack of urgency. However, this is starting to change as some forest companies in Sweden are starting to formulate digital strategies and form dedicated units for digital innovation in order to differentiate their offering and strengthen competitiveness.     The problem is that many forest companies do not know how to handle the forest owners, as they are a heterogeneous group with differences in age, internet usage, computer knowledge and customer needs. Another problem is that there is an expressed concern that a digitalization would diminish the personal relationship between the forest owner and the wood buyer, which denotes a fundamental part of the experienced customer value. Former studies show that the key to successful digitalization is to understand what the customers want and what creates the best customer experience. With the base in these problems, this study aims to create understanding for what value the customers experience in digitalization, and how the forest companies can adapt to this. The purpose of this study is to “describe and analyze how the value proposition changes from a customer perspective when the forest business is digitalized”. To answer this a case study has been conducted on the company Holmen Skog in which the experienced customer value has been compared before and after a digitalization using the value proposition and the business model. Customer value is defined as the balance between the perceived benefits and sacrifices and the results show that the forest owners foremost perceive that a digitalization increase the functional and emotional benefits while the sacrifices considering psychological costs and personal investment decrease. The areas where customer value potentially can decrease due to a digitalization are decreased social benefits when the digital transactions exchanges the personal relationship and increased sacrifices in the shape of increased risks, foremost for customers with a low digital maturity. The forest owners are mainly positive to a digitalization, but since there are areas where the customer value potentially could decrease, it is not possible to design a complete value proposition only from customer surveys. The forest companies should rather work agile and stepwise implement small digital changes, performing pilot studies before introduction. Initially the forest companies should focus on digital tools and to inquiry quotes and counselling through digital channels, as the customers perceive the highest value in these digital changes. Furthermore, the forest companies should facilitate and rationalize the work of the wood buyers by giving them an integrated and mobile tool that collects CRM-system, quote tools, and wood measuring tools, both for streamlining and for customer value. / Den här studien undersöker hur digitalisering förändrar värdeerbjudandet och affärsmodellen inom skogsbranschen utifrån skogsägarnas perspektiv och hur detta förändrar det upplevda kundvärdet. Tidigare studier har fokuserat på vilket värde en digitalisering skapar för företaget, och denna studie bidrar genom att ge insikter i kundernas syn på en digitalisering och hur detta kan användas för att utforma värdeerbjudandet och affärsmodellen. Skogsbranschen präglas av en hög konkurrens om skogsägarnas virke och skogliga tjänsteuppdrag vilket sätter press på de virkesköpande aktörerna att erbjuda de bästa lösningarna och den bästa kundupplevelsen för att kunna konkurrera om skogsråvaran. Enligt en undersökning kring digital Customer Experience Management (CEM) mognad ligger skogsbranschen efter andra branschen som finans- och detaljhandelsbranschen. Den låga mognaden förklaras bero på skepticism och avsaknad av brådska. Detta har dock börjat förändras då en del skogsbolag har börjat formulera digitala strategier och införa dedicerade enheter för digital innovation för att differentiera sitt erbjudande och skapa konkurrenskraft. Problemet är att de flesta skogsbolag inte vet hur de ska hantera skogsägarna då det är en heterogen kundgrupp där det skiljer stort i ålder, internetanvändning, datorkunskap och kundbehov samt att det finns en uttalad risk i att den personliga relationen mellan virkesköpare och skogsägare kan förringas vid en digitalisering. Tidigare studier visar att nyckeln till en lyckad digitalisering är att förstå vad kunderna vill ha och vad som skapar den bästa kundupplevelsen. Med utgångspunkt i dessa utmaningar avser därmed studien att skapa förståelse för vilket värde kunderna ser i en digitalisering och hur skogsbolagen bör anpassa sig till detta. Syftet med studien är att ”Beskriva och analysera hur värdeerbjudandet förändras ur ett kundvärdesperspektiv då skogsaffären digitaliseras”. För att besvara detta har en fallstudie gjorts på det svenska skogsbolaget Holmen Skog där det upplevda kundvärdet jämförs före och efter en digitalisering utifrån företagets värdeerbjudande och affärsmodell. Kundvärde definieras som avvägningen mellan upplevda fördelar och uppoffringar och resultatet visar att skogsägarna främst upplever att de funktionella och emotionella fördelarna ökar samtidigt som uppoffringar i form av psykologiska kostnaderna och den personliga investeringen minskar. De områden där kundvärdet potentiellt kan minska vid en digitalisering är uppoffringar i form av risker, främst för skogsägare med en låg digital mognad, och sociala fördelar när skogsaffären blir helt digital och relationen med virkesköparen förringas. Skogsägarna är överlag positiva till en digitalisering, men då det finns områden där kundvärdet potentiellt kan försämras går det inte att enbart genom kundundersökningar utforma värdeerbjudandet utan skogsbolagen bör arbeta agilt och genomföra digitala förändringar i små steg där pilotstudier genomförs innan nya lösningar lanseras. Initialt bör skogsbolagen fokusera på digitala verktyg samt offertförfrågning och rådgivning via digitala kanaler då skogsägarna ser störst värde i detta. De borde även underlätta och effektivisera virkesköparnas arbete genom att ge dem ett fullt integrerat och mobilt verktyg som samlar CRM-system, offert- och virkesmätverktyg för både effektivisering och att skapa kundvärde.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study sought to examine independent clause Sesotho personal names as authentic social discourse using the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. It sought to analyze their structure and map them to social functions to demonstrate that they are enacted messages in socio-cultural context of Basotho. It used a form-meaning approach to interpret Sesotho names in socio-cultural contexts of use (cf. Halliday 1994, 2001, Eggins, 1996, 2004 and Martin & Rose 2007) as an alternative to the current formalist approach to onomastica interpretation. The SFL analysis was compared and contrasted mainly with the formalist syntactic specific and semantic specific analyses currently in use by Guma, Sesotho Academy and subsequent authors of Sesotho grammar and other linguists. The purpose of displaying these names as texts in social context enfolded the intent to reflect a systemic interface of lexico-grammar and social activity. The study used the clause-text-culture paradigm to explore Sesotho names as texts or semantic units. The idea was to access their ‘meanings beyond the clause’ (Martin & Rose 2007). Data was collected from national examinations pass lists, admission and employment roll lists from Public, Private, Tertiary, Orphanage institutions. Other data was identified in Telephone directories and Media. The purely linguistic lexico-grammatic analysis of the structure of names was supplemented by interview data from real interpretations from families, owners and senior citizens who have social and cultural knowledge of the meanings of some names. The study has established that Sesotho personal names can present as an independent clause feature. Sesotho personal names can also be described as lexico-grammatical properties and are meaningful in social contexts. They are used to exchange information as statements, demands and commands, and as questions and as exclamations. This means that these names can be categorized according to Halliday’s Mood types which make them function as declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives and exclamatives depending on the awarder’s evaluation. The study also finds that in negotiating attitudes, modality is highly incorporated. The study concludes that Sesotho names conform to the logical structures of the nominal group and the verbal group and these groups reciprocate in use. The verbal group is the core constituent in these names and it serves as a foundation for the nominal and verbal groups particularly because they function as reciprocating propositions. This includes the names with the sub-modification features. This extends the formalist description of Sesotho independent clause in that the identified sub-modifications which are opague and taken for granted by formalist analysts of Sesotho, are explicated as essential elements embedded in the formmeaning relation in SFL. The main contribution is that this is the only study on SFL and onomastica. There is no study that has been conducted using SFL to describe African names. It presents that Sesotho personal names are texts that have been negotiated in socio-cultural contexts. It provides a major departure from most studies that have used the Chomskian formulations or other sociolinguistic theories to describe the naming systems. It displays the art and importance of language use based on experience and culture in the naming system. The study also contributes to fields such as education, history, and others. Lastly, the study has established a new relation of onomastica and SFL theory and onomastica can now be added to the areas “being recognized as providing a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.” (Eggins 1996:1).

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The purpose of the following thesis is to critically analyse the ideational content of the current Swedish security policy. The thesis examines ideational content present in the Swedish governments foreign policy declarations of 2019, 2020, and 2021 as well as the government bill for the total defence in the period 2021-2025. Through idea criticism this thesis scrutinise the logical rigour of statements. Coherent ideational content can be as a requirement on all political content, and especially concerning security policy dealing with high-risk values. Incoherence of ideas can be seen as an invalid policy. The two texts are read and the ideas are sorted into statements of values, descriptions and prescriptions. The statements are then compared to theoretical ideal types of international relations theory. Concord of ideal types can be seen as a coherent policy whilst discrepancy can be seen as incoherence. The study finds that value-statements, descriptive statements and prescriptive statements all corresponded to two ideal types. Swedish security policy can therefore be seen as incoherent.

I takt med den ökade globaliseringen har konkurrensen tilltagit på marknaden och påverkat förutsättningarna för de traditionella tillverkningsföretagen. Att utöver produkter sälja tjänster har blivit ett vanligt sätt att differentiera sig från andra aktörer och höja det värde som erbjuds mot kunderna. Denna lösning kallas tjänstefiering och är en växande trend inom tillverkningsindustrin.  Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera vad som är av vikt att fokusera på för företag som tillverkar konsumtionsvaror vid utformning av tjänstefierade erbjudanden till restauranger. Genom att samla in material har vi utformat praktiska rekommendationer till företag som tillverkar konsumtionsvaror kring vad som är av vikt att tänka på vid tjänstefiering. Tidigare forskning inom tjänstefiering har utförts främst i en kapitalvarukontext, detta trots att det visat sig både i praktik och teori att tjänstefiering är lönsamt även för andra typer av tillverkningsföretag. Forskningen har även främst utförts ur ett företagsperspektiv, trots att kundens viktiga roll i tjänstefiering är vida känt. Litteraturområdet som belyser tjänstefiering kopplat till konsumtionsvaror ur ett kundperspektiv anses därav vara begränsat. Studien har därför utförts i en restaurangkontext då restauranger köper in olika typer av konsumtionsvaror vilket ansågs bidra till en bredd i studien. För att undersöka detta område har studien därför haft för avsikt att besvara frågeställningen: Vad värdesätter restauranger vid utformning av tjänstefierade erbjudanden av konsumtionsvaror? För att besvara denna fråga har vi genomfört sju kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som arbetar på olika restauranger med en sådan position att de har insyn kring köp av tjänstefierade erbjudanden. Inför intervjuerna skapade vi en teoretisk referensram med relevant forskning för vår studie gällande tjänstefiering och kundvärde. Referensramen har sedan använts som stöd vid utformning av intervjuguiden som använts vid genomförandet av intervjuerna samt använts vid analys av den insamlade datan.  Resultatet från studien visar att restauranger värdesätter flera faktorer vid utformning av tjänstefierade erbjudanden av konsumtionsvaror från alla dimensioner av kundvärdet. Relationer och den personliga kontakten, möjlighet till att påverka erbjudandet och delta i utvecklingen samt ekonomi visade sig vara värdeskapande aspekter där den personliga kontakten var något som visade sig vara en avgörande faktor för restaurangerna.

The topic of this thesis is the didactics of mathematical analysis. The thesis describes selected observations from the reeducation in an individual tutoring environment of for- mal knowledge of university students in the field of calculus. The aim of the thesis is to describe what formal knowledge appeared, to describe and evaluate selected reeducation interventions and on this basis formulate appropriate methodological recommendation. In the first chapter we deal with the contradiction between definition and concept concept of students, we outline how to convey to students the purpose of definitions and we suggest how to teach students to work with definitions properly, including understanding quan- tified propositions. In the second chapter we present the theory of process and concept together with the generic model theory. In the third chapter we explain the methods of work with students and the methods of the analysis of videos from tutoring. In the fourth chapter we analyze cognitive processes of the concept of sequence limits. KEYWORDS reeducation, individual tutoring, mechanical knowledge, calculus, definitions, quantified proposition, infinity, sequence, limit 1

I denna uppsats har vi studerat hur kommuner i svenska Lappland arbetar med marknadsföring och värdeerbjudanden kopplat till turism. Vi har intervjuat en representant vardera från nio av kommunerna. Samtliga respondenter har ett bärande ansvar över marknadsföring av kommunens turismutbud. Deras ansvarsområden och titlar varierar dock, då sättet de olika kommunerna organiserar sin turismmarknadsföring skiljer sig åt: ibland arbetar man exempelvis i kommunhuset, ibland i en mer fristående verksamhet. Vi kunde tidigt konstatera att flertalet lappländska kommuner idag samarbetar över kommungränserna, främst inom ramen för tre större samarbetsregioner, även om graden av samarbete varierar. Vi har velat ta reda på hur kommunerna ställer sig till innebörden av begreppet ”tourism coopetition”, utifrån engelskas ”cooperation” (samarbete) och ”competition” (konkurrens), för att tydliggöra sina respektive värdeerbjudanden och nå ut med dessa genom marknadsföringsinsatser. Före denna studie existerade inte mycket forskning kring tourism coopetition i en nordisk kontext, särskilt inte kopplat till den demografi, natur och kultur som kännetecknar Lappland. Tidigare forskning var kopplad till framförallt företag inom turismnäringen och/eller inom städer, vilka i sig har andra grundförutsättningar. Vår forskning har istället tagit ett helhetsgrepp för att undersöka hur kommunerna agerar för att stärka sin marknadsföring och sina turistiska värdeerbjudanden. Därtill har vi velat klargöra när samverkan respektive konkurrens föredras, med målet att kunna presentera handfasta rekommendationer till de berörda kommunerna. Samtliga deltagande kommuner önskade mer eller samma mängd samverkan som idag. Man har upplevt att kommunens värdeerbjudande kan uppfattas starkare om man paketerar det ihop med grannkommunernas, särskilt för att attrahera långväga turister. Marknadsföring i sociala och digitala kanaler sköts helst framförallt på egen hand, för en lokal prägel, medan fysiska marknadsföringsinsatser, liksom administration och kompetensutveckling gärna utförs gemensamt. En förutsättning för samverkan är god kommunikation och gemensamma mål som följs upp kontinuerligt. En utmaning kopplas till ekonomiska förutsättningar, där vissa kommuner haft svårt att satsa både på gemensamma och egna marknadsföringsinsatser. Överlag uppfattades inbördes konkurrens bidra till inspiration och vässade värdeerbjudanden, men man betonade vikten att inom samverkan måste alla kommuner både gynnas och synas. Datainsamling har skett genom kvalitativa, semi-strukturerade intervjuer, för att fånga upp kommunrepresentanternas subjektiva bedömningar. Vi har strävat efter en teoretisk sensitivitet och agnosticism, där vi inte fastställde teorier och hypoteser på förväg utan tillät respondenterna att tala fritt kring givna ämnen som marknadsföring, samverkan och konkurrens. Därefter har vi narrativt skildrat resultaten och de mönster som framträtt. Vi har utgått från fenomenalism och en positivistisk epistemologisk utgångspunkt. / In this thesis, we have studied how municipalities in Lapland, Sweden are working with marketing and value propositions linked to tourism. We have interviewed one representative each, from nine of the municipalities. All respondents have responsibilities in marketing the municipality's tourism. However, their areas of responsibility and titles vary, since the way different municipalities organize their place marketing differs: sometimes they work within the town hall and close to politicians, sometimes they work in a more independent organization. We could tell that most municipalities already cooperated across municipal borders, mainly within the framework of three major cooperation regions.  We’ve wanted to find out how the municipalities approach the meaning of the term "tourism coopetition", based on cooperation and competition, to differentiate their respective value propositions and promote them. Prior to this study, there wasn’t much research on tourism cooperation in a Nordic context, especially not linked to the demographics, nature and culture that characterize Lapland. Previous research was linked primarily to companies within the tourism industry and/or in cities, which bear other preconditions. We’ve instead taken an overall approach to examine how the municipalities act to strengthen their marketing and their tourism value propositions. In addition, we wanted to clarify when collaboration or competition were preferred, with the aim to present recommendations to the concerned municipalities.  All participating municipalities wanted more or the same amount of collaboration as today. They’ve experienced that the municipality's value proposition can be perceived as more attractive when promoted together with the neighboring municipalities'. Marketing in social and digital channels was preferred to be managed every municipality by themselves, while physical marketing events, administration and competence development was preferred to be executed more jointly. Some requirements for cooperation are good communication and shared goals, with continuous follow-ups. A major challenge was linked to financial conditions, where some municipalities have had difficulties investing in both joint and separate marketing. In general, mutual competition was perceived as contributing to inspiration and sharpened value propositions. But it was emphasized that within collaboration, all municipalities must both benefit and be seen.  Data collection has taken place through qualitative, semi-structured interviews, to capture the municipal representatives' subjective assessments. We’ve strived for a theoretical sensitivity and agnosticism, where we didn’t establish hypotheses in advance but allowed the respondents to speak freely about given topics, then we narratively described the results. Our research approach has been positivistic with a focus on phenomenalism.

Purpose - Macroalgae has sprung up and become one of the most promising new food sources. With its high nutritional value and sustainable cultivation process, it holds a crucial part in sustainable transformation. By examining the industry from a business perspective, the purpose of this report is to identify key success factors for companies seeking to construct or improve their business model. Method - Data were collected in four phases to provide answers to the purpose, where a qualitative exploratory approach was used to conduct the study. During the first phase, the previous literature was reviewed to formulate a theoretical background. This was followed by three steps of empirical data collection in the form of interviews. Findings - The findings provide seven overarching success factors related to the complete business model. The report provides a framework that aims to guide new entrants in their quest to capitalize on the immense potential of the macroalgae industry. It is developed upon the key success factors, which, to a large extent, are generic and can be transferred to other new food sources. Implications - This report contributes to the widening understanding of the macroalgae industry and how new food sources, in general, can develop competitive business models in emerging markets. The seven key success factors and the framework provide valuable insights for both new entrants and established companies. Additionally, this report serves as a stepping stone, providing a good overview of the industry and the challenges individual companies face. It intends to fill the previously identified gap between the business model and the macroalgae industry. Limitations and future research – The interviews were held in multiple languages. This was a source of uncertainty and might have impacted the findings negatively. Additionally, some respondents were reluctant to share certain information, which limited full transparency throughout the report. Lastly, future research is recommended to be conducted on the limitations of environmental laws e.g., permissions needed for macroalgae cultivation.

Recent advancements in machine learning have started to put their mark on educational technology. Technology is evolving fast and, as people adopt it, schools and universities must also keep up (nearly 70% of primary and secondary schools in the UK are now using tablets for various purposes). As these numbers are likely going to follow the same increasing trend, it is imperative for schools to adapt and benefit from the advantages offered by technology: real-time processing of data, availability of different resources through connectivity, efficiency, and many others. To this end, this work contributes to the growth of educational technology by developing several algorithms and models that are meant to ease several tasks for the instructors, engage students in deep discussions and ultimately, increase their learning gains. First, a novel, fine-grained knowledge representation is introduced that splits phrases into their constituent propositions that are both meaningful and minimal. An automated extraction algorithm of the propositions is also introduced. Compared with other fine-grained representations, the extraction model does not require any human labor after it is trained, while the results show considerable improvement over two meaningful baselines. Second, a proposition alignment model is created that relies on even finer-grained units of text while also outperforming several alternative systems. Third, a detailed machine learning based analysis of students' unrestricted natural language responses to questions asked in classrooms is made by leveraging the proposition extraction algorithm to make computational predictions of textual assessment. Two computational approaches are introduced that use and compare manually engineered machine learning features with word embeddings input into a two-hidden layers neural network. Both methods achieve notable improvements over two alternative approaches, a recent short answer grading system and DiSAN – a recent, pre-trained, light-weight neural network that obtained state-of-the-art performance on multiple NLP tasks and corpora. Fourth, a clustering algorithm is introduced in order to bring structure to the feedback offered to instructors in classrooms. The algorithm organizes student responses based on three important aspects: propositional importance classifications, computational textual understanding of student understanding and algorithm similarity metrics between student responses. Moreover, a dynamic cluster selection algorithm is designed to decide which are the best groups of responses resulting from the cluster hierarchy. The algorithm achieves a performance that is 86.3% of the performance achieved by humans on the same task and dataset. Fifth, a deep neural network is built to predict, for each cluster, an engagement response that is meant to help generate insightful classroom discussion. This is the first ever computational model to predict how engaging student responses will be in classroom discussion. Its performance reaches 86.8% of the performance obtained by humans on the same task and dataset. Moreover, I also demonstrate the effectiveness of a dynamic algorithm that can self-improve with minimal help from the teachers, in order to reduce its relative error by up to 32%.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats studien är att få djupare förståelse för och kunskap om hur organisationen vi undersökt, hädanefter benämnt som Organisation X kommunicerar internt för att stärka/upprätthålla sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke och hur detta implementeras och i sin tur uppfattas av medarbetarna.  Metod: Studien är en fallstudie som tillämpar en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en tolkande ansats. Den första delen av empirin samlades in genom två stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar med kommunikation och HR inom Organisation X. Den andra delen var en kompletterande enkät riktad till medarbetarna som utformades utifrån studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter tillsammans med resultat från intervjuerna.  Resultat och slutsats: Organisation X använder sig av medarbetarna som kommunikationsstrategi såväl internt som externt för att stärka sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke. Majoriteten av medarbetarna har en positiv inställning till X som arbetsgivare. Organisation X arbetsgivarvarumärke kan betraktas som unikt och kanske de allra viktigaste ur ett employer branding perspektiv - majoriteten av organisationens medlemmar uppfattar arbetsgivarvarumärke på ett liknande sätt.  Bidrag: Studien bidrar med djupare förståelse för och kunskap om hur Organisation X kommunicerar internt för att stärka/upprätthålla sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke och hur detta implementeras och i sin tur uppfattas av medarbetarna.  Förslag på framtida forskning: Vidare forskning föreslås studera huruvida chefskapet lever kvar inom en organisation som gjort en liknande omorganisation. Förslag till frågor som vidare studier kan ställa skulle kunna vara: existerar chefskap fortfarande inom organisationen? Om ja, på vilket sätt? / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding and knowledge of how the organization we study, hereinafter referred to as Organization X communicates internally to strengthen/maintain its employer brand and how this is implemented and in turn how this is perceived by the employees.  Method: The study is a case study that applies a qualitative research method with an interpretive approach. The first part of the empirical data was collected through two semi-structured interviews with people who work with communication and HR within Organization X. The second part was a supplementary questionnaire aimed at employees that was designed based on the study’s theoretical starting points together with results from the interviews.   Result and conclusions: Organization X uses employees as communication strategy both internally and externally to strengthen its employer brand. The majority of employees have a positive attitude towards X as an employer. Organization X employer brand can be considered unique and perhaps the most important from an employer branding perspective - the majority of the organization’s members perceive employer brand in a similar way.  Contribution: The study contributes to a deeper understanding of and knowledge of how Organization X communicates internally to strengthen/maintain its employer brand and how this is implemented and in turn perceived by employees. Suggestion for future research: Further research is proposed to study whether leadership survives within an organization that has made a similar reorganization. Suggestions for questions that further studies may ask could be: does leadership still exist within the organization? If so, in what way?