Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lygia Maria Moreno Molina Henrique.pdf: 615418 bytes, checksum: c987b4fdb53a154420790f23c0ef6d1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This work has as its central point the study of the right to protection of personal data and how this right is related to the flow of personal data, driven by dynamic new Internet economy. Reflectively, we will analyze issues relevant to the topic and to the current moment, starting with a social approach, broader and more comprehensive, which unfolded form will culminate in the development of the protection of personal data, both in international law, as in Brazil. Also, it will be object of study the use of data as a raw material for the provision of the services offered by companys.com, in order to create innovation and increase competition between them. As well as, we will demonstrate which options of control and protection of personal data the consumer / user has to protect their privacy. Conclusively, by evaluation of brazilian legislative propositions about personal data protection, we will issue a critical-reflective judgment about the failures and successes of each one front to the topics relevant to the protection of personal data / Essa dissertação tem como ponto central o estudo do direito à proteção de dados pessoais e de que modo este direito se relaciona com a circulação de dados pessoais, impulsionada pela nova e dinâmica economia da Internet. De forma reflexiva, analisaremos questões pertinentes ao tema e ao momento atual, iniciando com uma abordagem social, mais ampla e abrangente, a qual de forma desdobrada culminará na evolução da tutela de dados pessoais, tanto na legislação internacional, como na brasileira. Será ainda, objeto de estudo a utilização dos dados como matéria-prima para prestação dos serviços das empresas.com, de modo a criar inovações e acirrar a concorrência entre estas. Assim como, vamos demonstrar quais as opções de controle e tutela em relação à circulação de dados pessoais o consumidor/usuário possui a resguardar sua privacidade. De modo conclusivo, mediante a avaliação das proposituras legislativas brasileiras acerca da proteção de dados pessoais, emitiremos um juízo crítico-reflexivo sobre as falhas e êxitos de cada propositura, frente aos temas relevantes à tutela de dados pessoais

This thesis undertakes a thorough exploration of business models for energy communities, specifically tailored to the unique requirements of the Swedish energy sector. Its objective is to identify and evaluate global business models for energy communities, focusing on their applicability within Sweden's regulatory, market, and socio-cultural contexts. Utilizing the Business Model Canvas as an analytical framework, the study initially identifies twelve distinct business model archetypes, ranging from community-based energy generation to models grounded in circular economy principles. Subsequently, it assesses their viability within Sweden's innovative and sustainability-focused energy landscape. The research is based on a qualitative methodology, incorporating a systematic literature review and comparative analysis to understand the complex dynamics of energy communities. By examining the structure of the Swedish energy system, the study pinpoints key factors influencing the success of energy- community models in Sweden, including regulatory frameworks, technological infrastructure, economic and financial viability, community engagement, and environmental sustainability. The findings emphasize six business models that closely align with Swedish values and objectives, highlighting the significance of community involvement, sustainability, and innovation in transforming Sweden's energy sector. These models include community-based energy generation, residential energy self-consumption, shared community energy generation, electric mobility cooperatives, collective financial initiatives, and circular economy-based approaches. In conclusion, the thesis proposes an Integrated Sustainable Energy Community Model (ISECM) as a comprehensive futuristic energy community model to guide Sweden's transition towards a more decentralized, participative, and sustainable energy future. This model integrates sustainable energy production, smart urban mobility, resource recovery, and digital integration. Further recommending strategic initiatives for implementation such as developing community platforms, forging strategic partnerships, and establishing environmental and social metrics. The research contributes to both academic and practical discussions on sustainable energy transitions, offering a strategic framework for leveraging community-based models to achieve Sweden's environmental and energy goals. It calls for active engagement from government, industry, academia, and communities to unlock the potential of innovative business models in advancing Sweden's energy sustainability agenda. / Denna avhandling genomför en omfattande utforskning av affärsmodeller för energigemenskaper, särskilt anpassade till de unika kraven i den svenska energisektorn. Syftet är att identifiera och utvärdera globala affärsmodeller för energigemenskaper med fokus på deras tillämplighet inom Sveriges regelverk, marknadsdynamik och sociokulturella sammanhang. Med hjälp av Business Model Canvas som analytiskt ramverk kartlägger studien tolv distinkta affärsmodellsarketyper, från gemenskapsbaserad energiproduktion till modeller baserade på cirkulär ekonomi, och bedömer deras livskraft i Sveriges innovativa och hållbarhetsinriktade energilandskap. Forskningen är grundad i en kvalitativ metodik, inkluderande en systematisk litteraturgenomgång och jämförande analys för att förstå de mångfacetterade dynamikerna inom energigemenskaper. Genom att utforska strukturen i det svenska energisystemet identifierar studien nyckelfaktorer som påverkar framgången för modeller av energigemenskaper i Sverige, inklusive regelverk, teknologisk infrastruktur, ekonomisk och finansiell livskraft, gemenskapsengagemang och miljömässig hållbarhet. Resultaten belyser sex affärsmodeller som ligger i linje med svenska värderingar och mål, och betonar vikten av gemenskapsinvolvering, hållbarhet och innovation i omvandlingen av Sveriges energisektor. Dessa modeller inkluderar gemenskapsbaserad energiproduktion, självkonsumtion av energi i bostäder, delad gemenskapsenergiproduktion, kooperativ för elektrisk mobilitet, kollektiva finansiella initiativoch modeller baserade på cirkulär ekonomi. Som avslutning föreslår avhandlingen en Integrerad Hållbar Energi Gemenskaps Modell (ISEGM) som ett holistiskt framtida energigemenskap för att vägleda Sveriges övergång mot en mer decentraliserad, deltagande och hållbar energiframtid. Denna modell inkluderar hållbar energiproduktion, smart stadsrörlighet, återvinning av resurser och digital integration. Som vidare rekommenderar strategiska initiativ för implementering, såsom utveckling av gemenskapsplattformar, skapande av strategiska partnerskap och etablering av miljö- och sociala mätvärden. Forskningen bidrar till akademiska och praktiska diskussioner om hållbara energiövergångar, och erbjuder ett strategiskt ramverk för att utnyttja gemenskapsbaserade modeller för att uppnå Sveriges miljö- och energimål. Den uppmanar till aktivt engagemang från regeringen, industrin, akademin och gemenskaper för att förverkliga potentialen i innovativa affärsmodeller för att främja Sveriges hållbarhetsagenda inom energi.

Over the past decade, technologies that facilitate household electricity production and storage have seen a rapid development along with a significant cost reduction. Research points to an increased share of household-produced electricity within the existing national grids across the globe. In some cases, self-sufficiency is possible where households are able to decouple from the grid and become independent on their electricity, in other words, go off-grid. Furthermore, this change puts additional pressure on how the electricity system is set up, which, challenges prevailing incumbents to adapt. Depending on the geographical location, circumstances for selfsufficiency varies. Sweden is a country with high seasonal variations with its Northern position, which raises the question of how off-grid households are feasible and, how they can receive traction. To investigate possible changes within large technical systems such as the electricity system, which is a vital part of the society, theories within socio-technical systems have shown much promise. However, these theories often lack the more techno-economic aspect of concrete and future investment costs from a consumer perspective, suggesting an existing research gap. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide further knowledge regarding off-grid applications in the Swedish Context. This is done by investigating what circumstances could trigger existing electricity consumers to go off-grid. The research process and structure of the report can be interpreted as indiscriminate, however, the study has focused on combining theories surrounding socio-technical changes whilst applying techno-economic modelling to strengthen the work, similar to a dual paper study. Data was collected in the form of a literature review and interviews to provide a holistic representation of off-grid and its nexus to the electricity system. In addition to this, complementing modelling of grid-connected-, prosumer-, and off-grid households were performed. Results point towards a scene where off-grid reaches grid parity within the coming two decades, which, will increase the economic rationale of investing in an off-grid. Opposingly, there is currently no economic rationale in off-grid applications considering the relatively low electricity costs in Sweden as of today. Moreover, conditions show promise if the adopters see beyond economics and, possesses a strong will towards independence. However, implications suggest that the high reliability and low costs of the Swedish electricity grid impedes the ability of new radical innovations to receive traction. Furthermore, this study has contributed by filling the research gap between socio-technical changes and techno-economic projects in regards to electricity systems. Consequently, contributing to the academic field of socio-technical change, it has been shown that the combination of socio-technical change and techno-economic projections is applicable and beneficial. Additionally, it can be argued that the results of this study highlight that the consumer have a greater role in the development of off-grid applications than what the theories suggest. Lastly, the electricity system is a complex mechanism and, to further strengthen the perception of how a relatively new application, as in the case of off-grid, will impact the system, appurtenant suggestions for possible future research within the area are proposed. / Under det senaste decenniet har teknik som underlättar hushållens elproduktion och lagring haft en hastig utveckling tillsammans med en betydande kostnadsminskning. Forskning pekar på en ökad andel hushållsproducerad el inom de befintliga nationella elnäten över hela världen. I vissa fall är självförsörjning möjligt där hushållen kan koppla bort sig från nätet och bli oberoende av sin elförsörjning, med andra ord gå off-grid. Vidare leder en potentiell förändring mot offgrid till ytterligare påtryckningar på hur elsystemet är uppbyggt, vilket utmanar många aktörers sätt att agera. Beroende på geografisk plats så varierar förutsättningarna för självförsörjning. Sverige är ett land med stora säsongsvariationer i och med sin nordliga position, vilket väcker frågan om off-grid hushåll är genomförbara i Sverige och hur de kan skulle kunna etableras. För att undersöka möjliga förändringar inom stora tekniska system som elsystemet, som är en viktig del av samhället, har teorier inom socio-tekniska system visat vara till stor nytta. Däremot saknar dessa teorier emellertid den mer tekno-ekonomiska aspekten av konkreta och framtida investeringskostnader ur ett konsumentperspektiv, vilket antyder ett befintligt forskningsgap. Följaktligen är syftet med den här studien att ge ytterligare inblick om off-grid-applikationer i svenska sammanhang. Vilket har gjorts genom att undersöka vilka omständigheter som kan leda till att befintliga elkonsumenter går off-grid. Forskningsprocessen och strukturen i rapporten kan vara svårtolkat, men studien har fokuserat på att kombinera teorier kring socio-tekniska förändringar samtidigt som man använder teknoekonomisk modellering för att stärka arbetet. Data samlades in i form av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer för att ge en holistisk representation av off-grid och dess koppling till elsystemet. Utöver litteraturstudie utfördes kompletterande modellering av hushållsanslutna, prosumeroch off-gridhushåll. Resultaten pekar mot scenarion där off-grid når nätparitet under de kommande två decennierna, vilket kommer att öka den ekonomiska rationaliteten för att investera i ett off-grid. Det finns det för närvarande inga ekonomiska skäl till att investera off-grid-applikationer med tanke på de relativt låga elkostnaderna i Sverige idag. Förhållandena visar dessutom löfte om att potentiella användare ser förbi ekonomin och har istället en stark vilja mot självständighet. Implikationer tyder emellertid på att det svenska elnätets höga tillförlitlighet och låga pris hindrar nya radikala innovationers förmåga att ta få fäste. Det är argumenterbart att den här studien har bidragit med att fylla forskningsgapet mellan socio-tekniska förändringar och tekno-ekonomiska projektioner inom elsystem. Samtidigt har studien bidragit till det vetenskapliga området kring socio-tekniska visat på möjligheten och fördelen i att kombinera teorier kring socio-teknisk förändring och tekno-ekonomiska förändringar. Dessutom kan det hävdas att resultaten av den här studie visar att konsumenten har en större roll i utvecklingen av applikationer utanför nätet än vad teorierna föreslår. Slutligen är elsystemet en komplex mekanism, och för att ytterligare stärka uppfattningen om hur en relativt ny applikation, som i fallet utanför nätet, kommer att påverka systemet föreslås lämpliga förslag för eventuell framtida forskning inom området.

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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo mostrar las oportunidades que otorgan las narrativas transmedia frente a la publicidad tradicional. Para ello, analizaremos la importancia del prosumidor en la narrativa transmedia elaborada por la Marca Perú en su campaña publicitaria Intercambiados, y nos centraremos en uno de los principios propuestos por Henry Jenkins: la “inmersión”. Esto se debe a que la publicidad tradicional es considerada como invasiva y la mayoría de los consumidores la rechaza, por lo cual la inmersión del prosumidor en la narrativa transmedia ayuda a pasar desapercibida a la publicidad dentro de una historia. En tal sentido, nuestro análisis se desarrollará a través de un enfoque de tipo cualitativo. Asimismo, el método que se utilizará es el de la teoría fundamentada, y se realizarán entrevistas semiestructuradas a jóvenes de 20 a 25 años, que residen en Lima Metropolitana y que sean seguidores del fan page de la Marca Perú. / This research aims to show the opportunities that transmedia narratives offer compared to traditional advertising. During the study we will analyze the importance of the prosumer in the transmedia narrative elaborated by Marca Perú in its advertising campaign Intercambiados, and we will focus on one of the principles proposed by Henry Jenkins: “immersion”. This is because traditional advertising is considered invasive and most consumers reject it, which is why the immersion of the prosumer in the transmedia narrative helps to go unnoticed in the advertising of a story. In this sense, our analysis will be developed through a qualitative approach. Likewise, the method to be used is that of grounded theory, and semi-structured interviews will be carried out with young people between 20 and 25 years of age, who reside in Lima Metropolitana and who are followers of Marca Perú fan page. / Trabajo de investigación

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[pt] As mudanças recentes nas matrizes elétricas mundiais são geralmente motivadas pela busca de fontes de energia mais limpas e pela dificuldade na construção de novas gerações centralizadas. Como resultado, este estímulo altera não apenas a tecnologia da fonte de energia, mas também a sua localização, que agora passa a ser mais próximas aos centros consumidores ou até mesmo conectadas à rede de distribuição, como a Geração Distribuída (GD). No Brasil, a GD possui um arcabouço regulatório que permite aos seus adeptos, chamados de prosumidores, terem um papel ativo na rede de distribuição, injetando e consumindo eletricidade consoante o seu balanço elétrico. Esse comportamento traz novos desafios para as companhias de distribuição, e, embora alguns benefícios da GD possam ser obtidos para essas companhias, a perda de mercado e diminuição de suas receitas fixas podem acarretar em transferência de custos estruturais, dos prosumidores para os consumidores sem este tipo de instalação. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho realiza uma análise técnico-econômico, para novos empreendimentos residenciais de GD fotovoltaica, parcela mais significativa de GD no Brasil. Essa análise considera todas as opções propostas de revisão da regulação de GD pelo órgão regulador e aborda tanto o impacto no retorno do investimento pelos prosumidores, quanto o impacto nas receitas em todas as distribuidoras do país. Para isto, no âmbito do investidor, serão avaliados três diferentes fatores econômicos: LCOE, payback descontado e benefício-custo; já no âmbito da distribuidora, será avaliado o impacto do aumento das GD na receita da empresa e na tarifa de energia elétrica imposta pela mesma, para tanto será realizado uma previsão de mercado para os próximos dez anos, considerando o modelo baseado em Bass. Os estudos realizados apontaram que qualquer uma das opções propostas pelo órgão regulador causará uma redução do mercado aderente a instalação da GD, o que consequentemente levará a uma redução dos prejuízos das distribuidoras e cenários menos favoráveis ao investimento pelo lado do prosumidor. / [en] Recent changes in the world s electrical mix are generally motivated by the search for cleaner energy sources and by the difficulty in building new centralized power plants. As a result, this stimulus changes not only the energy source technology, but also its location, which is now closer to consumer centers or even connected to the distribution network, such as Distributed Generation (DG). In Brazil, DG has a regulatory framework that allows its supporters, called prosumers, to play an active role in the distribution network, injecting and consuming electricity according to their own electrical balance. This behavior brings new challenges for distribution companies, and although some benefits of DG can be obtained for these companies, the loss of market and reduction of their fixed revenues can result in the transfer of structural costs, from prosumers to consumers without this type of installation. In this context, this work performs a technical-economic analysis for new residential projects of photovoltaic DG, the most significant portion of DG in Brazil. This analysis considers all proposed options for reviewing DG regulation by the regulatory body and addresses both the impact on return on investment by prosumers and the impact on revenues in all distribution companies in the country. For this, within the investor, three different economic factors are evaluated: LCOE, discounted payback and benefit-cost; within the scope of the distribution companies, the impact of the increase in DG on the company s revenue and on their electricity tariff are also evaluated, for which a market forecast will be made for the next ten years, considering the model based on Bass. The obtained results indicate that any of the options proposed by the regulatory agency will cause a reduction in the market adherent to the installation of the DG, which will consequently lead to a reduction in the revenue losses for distribution companies and less favorable scenarios for investment on the prosumer side.

Solar energy is resourceful for many purposes, for example, harvesting renewable electricity with photovoltaic (PV) technology. The number of new grid connections of PV is continuously increasing, and the Swedish PV market for residential prosumers is growing. Providing accurate information about PV’s benefits and the installation’s technical details is essential to attract more prosumers to the PV market. One outlet for such information is providers of PV, who are also responsible for the technical details. From a technical perspective, how much of the produced electricity the prosumer can self-consume impacts the profitability of the investment. Higher self-consumption is associated with more savings, and a battery storage system has the potential to increase self-consumption. Two different approaches were used to carry out this thesis. Communication was studied with a qualitative approach, and the technical term self-consumption was analysed quantitatively. A discourse analysis with a pragmatic approach was performed to study what meanings are created when retailers communicate about the two genres within the discourse of PV: the benefits and the technical specifications. Qualitative data used for this part was collected from the websites of PV retailers. The quantitative part involved calculations of self-consumption levels and simulations of a battery storage system in MATLAB using an extensive data set over households with real PV systems. The identified research gap indicates no previous studies on how PV retailers communicate and few studies of self-consumption using data from real systems. The results from the discourse analysis of the benefits showed that some of the central meanings were: “a prosumer's roof is worth money if they can afford the investment”, “PV has a positive environmental impact”, and “adoption of PV is a trend that prosumers should follow”. The central meaning from the analysis of the technical specifications was that “a prosumer does not need to be concerned about the technical aspect of the installation because the company takes care of it”. The results from the quantitative study showed that from the available data, self-consumption was dependent on how the PV system size is matched to the consumption of the household. Depending on the ALR groups, the households had different mean values of self-consumption, whereas the most common group ALR=6 had a mean self-consumption level of 38%. The simulations with battery storage showed that systems with lower initial self-consumption (below 40%) could increase self-consumption faster with increasing battery capacity but could not reach maximum self-consumption values.

The study, from a prosumer perspective, has examined the activities of parents on Facebook, as well as how the City of Malmö can proactively work to prevent trust crises and the spread of rumors. Using method triangulation, the study was conducted through five qualitative individual interviews, a focus group and a document analysis of Malmö city's communication policy. The results presented in the study highlight the need for mutual relationship building to meet the communication and information needs of parents in today's digital landscape. The study concludes that for the City of Malmö to meet people's needs and expectations, there is a requirement for adaptation and adjustment to both digital and societal developments. Likewise, it is necessary for parents to adapt and change within the modern era. / Studien har, utifrån ett prosumentperspektiv, undersökt vårdnadshavares aktiviteter på Facebook, samt hur Malmö stad kan arbeta förebyggande för att förhindra förtroendekriser samt ryktesspridning. Studien har med hjälp av metodtriangulering utförts genom fem kvalitativa individuella intervjuer, en fokusgrupp och en dokumentanalys av Malmö stads kommunikationspolicy. Resultatet som presenteras i studien är behovet av ömsesidigt relationsskapande för att tillgodose vårdnadshavares kommunikations- och informationsbehov i dagens digitala landskap. Studiens slutsats är, för att Malmö stad ska kunna möta människors behov och förväntningar krävs en förändring och anpassning till såväl den digitala utvecklingen som den samhälleliga utvecklingen. Likaså är det nödvändigt för vårdnadshavare att anpassa sig till och förändra sig i takt med den moderna eran.

Despite its benefits, online peer-to-peer lending bears the risks associated with traditional forms of institutionalised lending. However, because individuals have taken over the role of the institutional lender, and the institutional participant in this form of lending takes a step back by acting only as an intermediary between the borrowers and lenders, ordinary individuals are left to bear the type of risks that institutions have traditionally borne, but without the same means of doing so. There has been little academic analysis of the role and form that regulation should take in the regulation of peer-to-peer lending and most discussions centre on the American regulatory experience. This thesis sets out to examine the theoretical classification of online peer-to-peer lending and the theoretical and practical justifications for regulating it. The aim is to ascertain the most appropriate way to regulate peer-to-peer lending, taking into account the underlying conceptual model which underpins it. The study adopts a theoretical analysis of P2PL participants and regulation based on the concepts of consumer protection and paternalism. It includes a doctrinal analysis of the UK peer-to-peer lending legislation and regulation to identify, describe and explain the rules pertaining to the industry. It also uses a comparative approach to compare P2PL with existing forms of financial lending and similar (dis)intermediated forms of transacting between individuals to show that online peer-to-peer lending is a unique form of intermediated transaction. The thesis argues that it is important that regulation displays an understanding of the underlying conceptual framework of the business model it aims to regulate. In doing so, it also argues that the peer-to-peer lending users are more than just ‘consumers’. They demonstrate a shift in the conception of individuals from consumers to prosumers because they participate in the production side of the services they receive. It goes further than existing discussions of prosumption by positing the concept of the ‘lendsumer’ to give a more accurate account of the role and experiences of peer-to-peer lenders and the effect this has on their transactional relationships and the risks they face because of this role. Based on this analysis, the thesis shows that the UK regulatory regime has limited suitability because it lacks awareness of the underlying prosumption model of peer-to-peer lending, focusing only on the business-to-consumer aspects. Consequently, it does not resolve all the issues resulting from the tripartite, participatory nature of the peer-to-peer lending transaction. In light of these findings, the thesis proposes the regulatory use of two main concepts and highlights their implications for peer-to-peer lending regulation. The first is the ‘lendsumer’ as a new paradigm of the consumer which has implications for the regulatory protections afforded to the P2P lenders. The second is the use of gatekeeper liability, adapted to online peer-to-peer lending, as a way to affect these protections in light of the particular vulnerabilities and risks experienced by the peer-to-peer lender.