The purpose of this study is to examine Donald Trump's political communication regarding COVID-19 on Twitter during the time period 01-01-2020 to 30-09-2020. This study is motivated by the importance of analyzing Trump's power of definition regarding the situation surrounding the national crisis caused by COVID-19. The research questions include aspects of identifying frequent problem definitions, who is responsible for various crisis and whether Trump is motivating it, all provided through Trump’s tweets during the time period of the study.  The theoretical framework is constructed based on Entman (1993) as well as Matthes and Kohring (2008) to fulfill the purpose of the study and answer the research questions. The method is based on quantitative content analysis with qualitative elements. The method provided the ability to focus on the most frequent themes and topics. The analytical categories that have been used are: problem identification, problem definition, treatment recommendation, distribution of responsibility and whether it is motivated or not.  Findings of the most frequent societal crises were: Health crisis, Invisible Enemy-crisis and Information-crisis. Based on these three frames were identified: China is responsible for causing a Health crisis in the USA, China is responsible for causing the Invisible enemy-crisis in the USA and The spreading of disinformation by certain actors is harmful for the USA. With support of previous research of Donald Trump's political communication and usage of Twitter, this study highlights the importance of critically analyzing Trump, belonging to the political elite, how he uses his power to define COVID-19.

Diploma thesis named "The Evolution of Media Representation of Squatting Theme in Czech Mainstream and Alternative Print" is describing the changes and tendencies of media representation of squatting theme in czech printed media based on the most medialized cases in selected media titles. Theme is analysed with the method of quantitative content analysis (partly together with qualitative) of national daily newspapers Mladá fronta DNES and Právo, social magazines Respekt and Reflex and culture periodics A2 and Literární noviny. The results of analysis include the description of media surface dedicated to this topic as well as the frequency and opinion outcome. And especially, which topics were connected to squating the most.

The summer of 2018 has gone down in history as one of the hottest summers in Sweden of all time. The forest was on fire in several places around the country and in retrospect, the fires have been described as the most extensive forest fires in Sweden in modern times. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the framing of the forest fires in both local and national press. The method we chose to conduct the survey was a quantitative content analysis of a total of 116 articles about the forest fires, 74 from the local newspapers Ljusdals-Posten and Mora Tidning, and 41 from the national newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet.The results of the study showed that there were major differences in the reporting and framing of the forest fires between the local newspapers and the national newspapers. The local newspapers had a much greater focus on proximity in their reporting compared to the nationwide newspapers which focused much more on threats and conflicts. The result also showed that the local newspapers had a much more positive tonality in their reporting, unlike the nationwide newspapers which were predominantly negative. / Sommaren 2018 har gått till historien som en av de varmaste somrarna i Sverige genom tiderna. Det brann i skogarna på flera platser runt om i landet och i efterhand så har bränderna beskrivits som de mest omfattande skogsbränderna i Sverige i modern tid.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur gestaltningen av skogsbränderna såg ut i både lokalpress och rikstäckande press. Metoden vi valde för att genomföra undersökningen var en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Totalt analyserades 115 artiklar som handlade om skogsbränderna. 74 från lokaltidningarna Ljusdals-Posten och Mora Tidning samt 41 från de rikstäckande tidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet.Resultatet av studien visade att det fanns stora skillnader i rapporteringen om och gestaltningen av skogsbränderna mellan de lokala tidningarna och de rikstäckande tidningarna. De lokala tidningarna hade ett mycket större fokus på närhet i sin rapportering jämfört med de rikstäckande tidningarna som i mycket högre grad fokuserade på hot och konflikter. Resultatet visade även att de lokala tidningarna hade en mycket mer positiv tonalitet i sin rapportering till skillnad från de rikstäckande tidningarna som var övervägande negativa.

Titel: Vilka likheter och skillnader finns mellan svenska och internationella skogsbruksföretags hållbarhetsrapportering? En kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 17 skogsbruksföretags hållbarhetsrapportering utifrån GRIs miljömässiga indikatorer. Nivå: C-uppsats 15hp inom Civilekonomprogrammet Författare: Enes Mamudi & Hannes König Handledare: Cristoffer Lokatt Examinator: Pia Nylinder Datum: 28/03-2022 - 05/06-2022    Syfte: Tidigare studier har visat att hur företag hållbarhetsrapporterar skiljer sig beroende på bransch och land (Holder-Webb, Cohen, Nath & Wood 2009; Tate, Ellram & Kirchoff 2010; Gamerschlag, Möller & Verbeeten 2010; Bouvain & Chen 2009). Ingen tidigare studie har jämfört hållbarhetsrapporter mellan svenska och internationella inom en och samma bransch, skogsbruksbranschen. Det forskningsgapet strävar denna studie fylla. Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan svenska och internationella skogsbruksföretags hållbarhetsrapportering för att se hur de institutionella mekanismerna styr över geografiska gränser. Studien söker även svar på huruvida skogsbruksföretagens miljömässiga hållbarhetsindikatorer efterliknar varandra som konsekvens av sin gemensamma branschtillhörighet för att se de institutionella mekanismernas roll inom branschen.  Metod: Studiens utgår från den positivistiska ståndpunkten med hypoteser som besvaras med en deduktiv linje. Forskningsstrategin är en kvantitativ innehållsanalys med replikerbarheten i fokus. Studien följer en tvärkulturell design i datainsamlingen. Datan analyseras med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik.  Slutsats: Studiens första forskningsfråga visade att det främst finns skillnader mellan hållbarhetsrapporteringen mellan de svenska och internationella skogsbruksföretagen. Studiens andra forskningsfråga gav inte ett lika tydligt svar där företagen efterliknade varandra inom branschen på vissa aspekter men andra inte. Utöver forskningsfrågorna drog författarna slutsatsen att landstillhörighet eventuellt väger tyngre än bransch ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Studiens bidrag: Studien ger ett praktiskt bidrag i form av att företag inom branschen kan använda informationen för att jämföra sin hållbarhetsrapportering med andra för att fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga. Tidigare forskning av Aras och Crowther (2009) visat att graden av hållbarhetsrapportering ger kommersiella fördelar på marknaden. Informationen är även användbar till företag för att locka investerare då en studie av Braam och Peeters (2018) visat att efterfrågan på hållbarhetsrapportering från dessa ökat. Genom att studera ett outforskat område skapade studien ett teoretiskt bidrag då ett forskningsgap fyllts. Studien visade skillnader i hållbarhetsrapporteringen mellan Sverige och internationellt samt att branschen till viss del efterliknar varandra men att variabeln landstillhörighet eventuellt väger tyngre än variabeln bransch ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Vidare forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att studera GRIs sociala och ekonomiska hållbarhetsindikatorer i en liknande studie då denna endast fokuserade på de miljömässiga. Även att granska hållbarhetsrapporter över en tidsperiod för att se förändringar i rapporteringen samt att studera en miljöfarlig bransch för att kunna se likheter och skillnader mot den miljöviktiga skogsindustrin. / Title: What similarities and differences are there between Swedish and international forestry companies sustainability reports? A quantitative content analysis of 17 forestry companies sustainability reporting based on GRI's environmental indicators. Level: C-essay 15 credits in Business Administration Authors: Enes Mamudi & Hannes König Supervisor: Cristoffer Lokatt Examinator: Pia Nylinder Date: 28/03-2022 - 05/06-2022    Aim: Previous studies have shown that how companies report sustainability differs depending on the industry and country (Holder-Webb, Cohen, Nath & Wood 2009; Tate, Ellram & Kirchoff 2010; Gamerschlag, Möller & Verbeeten 2010; Bouvain & Chen 2009). No previous study has compared sustainability reports between Swedish and international companies in the same industry, the forestry industry. This research gap seeks this study to fill. The purpose of this study is to investigate the similarities and differences that exist between Swedish and international forestry companies sustainability reporting to see how the institutional mechanisms govern over geographical boundaries. The study also seeks to answer whether the forestry companies environmental sustainability indicators mimic each other as a result of their common industry affiliation in order to see the institutional mechanisms role in the industry.  Method: The study is based on the positivist research philosophy with hypotheses that are answered with a deductive line. The research strategy is a quantitative content analysis with focus on replicability. The study follows a cross-cultural design in the data collection. The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics.  Conclusion: The study's first research question showed that there are mainly differences in the sustainability reporting between the Swedish and international forestry companies. The study's second research question did not provide an equally clear answer where companies mimicked each other in the industry on certain aspects but others not. In addition to the research questions the authors concluded that country affiliation may outweigh industry from a theoretical perspective. Contribution: The study makes a practical contribution to companies in the industry that can use the information to compare their sustainability reporting with others to remain competitive. Previous research by Aras and Crowther (2009) has shown that the degree of sustainability reporting provides commercial advantages in the market. The information is also useful for companies to attract investors as a study by Braam and Peeters (2018) showed that the demand for sustainability reporting from these have increased. By studying an unexplored area, the study created a theoretical contribution when a research gap was filled. The study showed differences in sustainability reporting between Sweden and internationally and that the industry to some extent mimics each other, but that the variable country affiliation may weigh heavier than the variable industry from a theoretical perspective. Further research: It would be interesting to study GRI's social and economic sustainability indicators in a similar study as this paper only focused on the environmental indicators. Also to review sustainability reports over a longer time period to see changes in the reporting and to study an environmentally hazardous industry to see similarities and differences with the environmentally important forestry industry.

This thesis deals with the development of the media image of Miloš Zeman in the two terms in which he held the most significant political functions, namely the prime minister and the president. The aim is to find out whether the media image of Miloš Zeman at a time when he served as prime minister differs from the current media image that he now has as president. The theoretical part is defined by the role of the media in society and politics. Furthermore, the approaches of objectivity in media are described and finally the basic theories that are applied in the construction of the media image are presented. The methodological part of the research covers the method of quantitative content analysis and how this research was conducted. The necessary data was obtained through the Anopress database, selecting relevant articles of the two national newspapers (Mladá fronta Dnes, Právo) and the two most-watched national television networks (Nova, Česká televize). The conclusion of this thesis is analytical and presents the results.

Titel: Motivet bakom frivillig redovisning: En kvantitativ studie om samvariationen mellanägarkoncentration och hållbarhetsredovisning.Författare: Maria Hellsten och Lina StrandBakgrund: Under de två senaste decennierna har stort fokus och ansvar riktats mot företagavseende deras agerande för att främja en hållbar utveckling. Vissa bolag är förpliktigade attrapportera om dess miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska påverkan på samhället i en årligenutgiven hållbarhetsredovisning. Till viss del innehåller regleringen avseendehållbarhetsredovisning stort utrymme för fria redovisningsval. Bland annat saknas regleringavseende hur mycket information som skall kommuniceras till bolagets intressenter, ochdärmed varierar innehållet i bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar. Frågan blir då, vilka är bolagensmotiv till att rapportera mer information i en hållbarhetsredovisning än vad som är lagstadgat?Syfte: Denna studie ägnas åt att studera möjliga förklarande faktorer som bidrar till rapporteringav hållbarhetsredovisning. Vidare är syftet med denna studie att undersöka om det föreliggeren samvariation mellan svenska bolags rapporterade hållbarhetsredovisning och dessägarkoncentration.Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har kvantitativ innehållsanalys tillämpats för att analyseraoch kvantifiera den rapporterade informationen i bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar. Enupprättad kodmall, som baserats på Global Reporting Initiatives standarder förhållbarhetsredovisning, samt ett binärt poängsättningssystem har använts för att ta framstudiens empiriska data. För att analysera den empiriska datan har tre olika statistiskaanalysmetoder använts; Pearsons korrelationskoefficient, oberoende t-test samt upprättandet avett spridningsdiagram.Slutsats: Baserat på studiens resultat, som påvisat en samvariation mellanhållbarhetsredovisning och ägarkoncentration, har vi funnit att frivillig redovisning kanförklaras och förstås utifrån behovet av att hantera informationsasymmetri mellan bolagetsledning och dess aktieägare. / Title: The incentive behind voluntary reporting: A quantitative study of the covariance betweenownership concentration and sustainability reporting.Authors: Maria Hellsten and Lina StrandBackground: During the last two decades a major focus and responsibility has been directedtowards companies regarding their measures to support sustainable development. Somecompanies are required to report about their environment, social and economic impacts in anannual sustainability report. Partially, the regulation regarding sustainability accountingcontains a lot of voluntary accounting choices. For instance, there is no regulation regardinghow much information that should be communicated to the companies’ stakeholders, thus thecontent of the companies’ sustainability reports varies. Therefore we ask, what are thecompanies’ motives for reporting voluntary disclosures in a sustainability report in addition towhat is required by law?Purpose: This study is dedicated to study possible explanatory factors that contributes to thereporting of sustainability disclosures. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to examine if thereexist a covariance between the ownership concentration of Swedish enterprises and theirsustainability reports.Method: In order to answer the purpose of this study we have applied a quantitative contentanalysis. A coding template, based on the Global Reporting Initiatives standards, wasestablished and used along a binary scoring system to produce the empirical data of the study.Three different statistical analysis methods have been used (Pearson’s correlation coefficient,independent t-test and a scatterplot diagram) in order to analyze the empirical data.Conclusion: Based on the results of the survey, which showed a covariance betweensustainability reporting and ownership concentration, we have found that voluntary reportingcan be explained and understood based on the need to manage information asymmetry betweenthe company’s management and it’s shareholders.

The aim of this study is to examine how the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter reports about the environment. Through a quantitative content analysis 335 news articles from the first half of 2018 and 2021 have been examined, with the Swedish environmental goals as base. The Swedish environmental goals were agreed on by the Swedish government in 1999 and have been a part of the sustainability work ever since. Only one of the 16 goals have been achieved so far. This study examines what environmental goals Dagens Nyheter prioritizes in their agenda and shows how the articles are presented and contextualized. Climate impact is a dominant topic during both time periods, based on several aspects. At the same time, several of the other environmental goals receive minimal reporting even though they have not been fulfilled yet. With the agenda setting as a theoretical framework this will affect the citizens' image of the reality, which they later will act upon. The readers will believe that the climate is the most important topic to put effort into, at the same time as many of the other goals don't need their attention. To contribute to the field, the study’s focus on the environmental goals brings new aspects to the discussion about environmental journalism, in comparison to earlier studies that mostly focus on the climate alone.

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This diploma thesis "Media image of Andreje Babiš in the following newspapers: Mladá fronta DNES, Právo Hospodářské noviny and Lidové noviny in the connotation with the affair of a stork's nest" focuses on issue of the media image of an important public figure, politician and head representative of the most popular party in our republic in the time periods chosen for the purpose of this diploma thesis (May 2016, August 2017 and March 2018). It is a well known fact, that Andrej Babiš purchased, through his company Agrofert certain media, for example Mladá fronta DNES and Lidové noviny, in the year 2013. This diploma thesis is an attempt to portray if a fact of this acquisition had any influence on media image of Andrej Babiš in those newspapers, meaning Mladá fronta DNES and Lidové noviny. This media image is going to be compared with the media image of Andrej Babiš in the same time periods in the newspapers Právo and Hospodářské noviny. Newspapers that are exempt of any and all influence of Andrej Babiš. This diploma thesis presents concept, that desribes how media construct reality, which enables the very existence of media image. It also presents as its core concepts: an agenda setting and a media ownership. Attention to Andrej Babiš and to our chosen newspapers is of course also paid. The quantitative...

This study has examined how the celebrities Paolo Roberto and Margaux Dietz were portrayed in the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen in connection with their scandals in 2020 and 2022. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are gender stereotypes in the way Roberto and Dietz are portrayed in newspapers, and to see what similarities and differences can be observed in the representation of the celebrities in text and image. The theoretical framework of the study is based on framing, theories of gender, theories about scandals and media logic. The method used in the study is a quantitative content analysis. The results show that Dietz was portrayed in a more negative way than Roberto, who was portrayed more neutral. The results also showed that Roberto was primarily discussed from a professional perspective, while Dietz was more often discussed from a private perspective. When the celebrities were represented in images, the results showed that Dietz was more frequently shown smiling and looking into the camera. Based on the results, we can conclude that Roberto and Dietz are portrayed differently in the reporting of their scandals in newspapers, both in text and image. We see that these gender stereotypes that have emerged in previous research largely agree with this study. Through a gender perspective, many of the differences can be linked to the gender stereotypes and structures of masculinity and femininity that have long existed in our society.