Hur myndigheter kommunicerar under kristider spelar en avgörande roll för hur både samhälle och näringsliv hanterar en kris. Denna deskriptiva studie undersöker hur Folkhälsomyndigheten kommunicerat under två pandemier, Covid-19 och Ebola, för att beskriva hur en svensk myndighet kommunikativt hanterat allvarliga kriser. Studien har tillämpat en kvantitativ innehållsanalys för att granska en större mängd publikationer och mäta teoretiskt intressanta egenskaper i Folkhälsomyndighetens kommunikation. För att fylla vad vi menar är en forskningslucka, den kvantitativa retorikanalysen, har operationaliseringar av centrala retoriska begrepp gjorts. Två urval har gjorts från Folkhälsomyndighetens nyhetsarkiv; ett totalurval av Ebola-publikationer (N=12) och ett slumpmässigt urval av Covid-19-publikationer (n=83), vilket sammantaget resulterade i 95 analysenheter. Dataanalys av publikationerna genomfördes i dataanalysprogrammet SPSS. Vår studie fann att Folkhälsomyndighetens riskkommunikation var dynamisk och anpassades utefter hur allvarlig en kris var och hur den utvecklades. Exempelvis manifesterade myndigheten risker när utvecklingen av Covid-19 var oroväckande och tvärtom, när pandemin var mindre allvarlig under sommarmånaderna. Myndigheten axlar huvudsakligen en rådgivande roll i kristider, i närmare 9 av 10 fall framkommer en eller flera uppmaningar om hur samhället bör förhålla sig till Covid-19. Vidare visar analysen att myndigheten vilade sin argumentation på sakliga eller statistiska bevis (ex. dokument eller forskningsrapporter) i mer än 70 procent av fallen, vilket tyder på ett rationellt övertygande. Studien visar prov på hur en kvantitativ retorikanalys kan genomföras och fyller därmed en forskningslucka. Vidare diskuteras vilka för- och nackdelar som uppstår när teoretiska begrepp omvandlas (operationaliseras) till mätbara variabler. / How authorities communicate during times of crisis plays a crucial part in how society and commerce manages a crisis. This descriptive analysis examines how the Swedish public health authority Folkhälsomyndigheten has communicated during two pandemics, Covid-19 and Ebola, in goal of depicturing how a Swedish government agency has communicated whilst handling a serious risk to public health. The study has applied a quantitative content analysis to examine a large number of publications and measure theoretically interesting properties in Folkhälsomyndigheten’s communication. Central rhetorical concepts have been operationalized and measured in order to fill what we perceive to be a research method gap, the quantitative rhetorical analysis. Two samples have been drawn from Folkhälsomyndigheten’s news archive; a complete sample of Ebola publications (N=12), and a sample of Covid-19 publications (n=83), resulting in a total of 95 units. The data analysis of the publications was performed using the data analysis program SPSS. Our study found that Folkhälsomyndigheten’s risk communication was dynamic and adapted to how severe a crisis was and how it developed. For example, the agency manifested the risks when Covid-19’s development was alarming, and the other way around when the development was less alarming during summer months. The agency primarily holds an advisory role in times of crisis; in almost 9 out of 10 cases one or more appeals or guidelines to the general public is apparent, on how society should adapt to Covid-19. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the agency bases their arguments on facts and statistics evidence (e.g. documentation or research reports) in more than 70 percent of the cases. Which suggests a rational persuasion tactic. The study exemplifies how a quantitative rhetorical analysis can be executed, and thus fills a research gap. In addition, the study discusses the pros and cons of converting (operationalizing) theoretical concepts to measurable variables.

In the thesis we are going to focus on the topic of on-line political communication of 8 czech ballot leaders on the social network service Facebook during the 2019 European Parliament election campaign. On-line campaign is essential tool to gain the favor of the electorate in the 4th age of political communication. In long term perspective the European Parliament elections are suffering from the low interest of the electorate and from the trend of decreasing tournout in both pan-European and Czech political arenas. Our research is based on the theoretical concepts about main functions of on-line campaign in the 4th age of political communication. The mobilization of the electorate towards political participation is one of those functions. Next we base our research on the second order elections theory of Karlheinz Reif and Hermann Schmitt. The European Parliament elections are characterised by predominance of topics important to the local political system and by substituting as a referendum about the government of a member country. Last but not least, we base our research on the theory of Paul Taggart and Alexander Szczerbiak, who say that today, euroscepticism is an attractive mainstream topic, which can be found throughout the whole political spectrum. The goal of our research is to prove and...

The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the media image of the influential Czech businessman Zdenek Bakala who is also the owner of the company Economia, publisher of Hospodarske noviny. Bakala is a member of a small group of Czech billionaires who have completely taken control over the most important media groups and thus all national dailies over the last decade. Politician Andrej Babis is also concidered as one of them. His entry into the media market after the acquisition of the Mafra was the most significant moment for the rise of the so-called oligarchization of domestic media. Czech media ownership changes have raised suspicions that these modern media magnates have acquired the media in order to defend their economic and political interests. There are concerns mainly because they could influence the content of the media and thus disrupt editorial freedom and jeopardize the functioning of the entire media system. They can also use their media power to influence public opinion, which is largely shaped by the media. This thesis will therefore want to verify whether the owners use their influence in their media. This assumption will be demonstrated on the analysis of Zdenek Bakala's media image. Firstly, the research examines the way his own Hospodarske noviny informed about him and finds...

This diploma thesis discusses the image of menstruation in the mass media and in user generated content. Menstruation is a biological process that is essential for reproduction. It not only plays a specific role from the biological point of view, but also from the cultural aspect. Menstruation has remained a taboo and been stigmatised for many years. Today this topic is no longer completely taboo, but some stigma and stereotypes remain. This diploma thesis is based on the theory of social construction of reality, where the mass media is considered one element involved in the construction of this reality. The aim of this work is to analyse the image of menstruation in the mass media created by professionals and compare it with the image of this topic in user generated content created by the public on social networks. Two research methods are used to obtain a comprehensive view of the specific issue - a quantitative content analysis and qualitative framework analysis. The quantitative content analysis is used to establish the frequency and occurrence of the topic of menstruation within mass media. The framework analysis is used to establish how this topic is represented and framed in the mass media and in user generated content.

The purpose of this study was to examine if the criticism aimed at the Swedish media was justified or not. The Swedish media’s coverage of the EU is a heavily debated subject between scientists and politicians alike. The coverage has come under fire for being irregular and for only focusing on the national part of the European union. The study has it stand point in the following research questions: “How frequent is the coverage of the EU”, “what differs in the reporting from an election year and a regular year”, “How much space is the EU given in the newspapers”, “Who is behind the information” and “What subjects is the coverage about and who gets to talk”. The study aimed itself at Swedish local newspapers from three different regions of Sweden.    The study used a quantitative content analysis to identify the difference in the reporting during week 22 through the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. By doing this the study found that there was a major difference in the reporting from the election year, 2014, and the other two years where there were no elections. It also found that politics and economics where popular subjects to cover and that Swedish EU-politicians were the most popular persons in the articles. The study also aimed to see if the criticism the media got for only covering the national part of news in from the EU. This the study found was mostly true when it came to local newspapers and also that the EU news mostly took up a large piece of space in the papers because of all the information that had to be in the articles to explain the complexity of the European union. The conclusion of this study is that the Swedish local news media’s coverage of the EU is underwhelming but also hard to improve because the EU also has problems in its information flow and that the Swedish local media tends to use the national angle to sell the news.

The study aimed to investigate how female and male athletes are framed on Sportbladet and SVT Sport’s Instagram pictures. The study also examines and compares Sportbladet and SVT Sport to see if there are any differences between their coverage, since Sportbladet is commercial media and SVT Sport is public service. We have conducted a quantitative content analysis where we analyzed 655 Instagram pictures in total, 280 were from Sportbladet and 375 from SVT Sport. The Instagram pictures that were used were from the months of February, May, August, and November in 2022. The results showed that men dominated Sportbladet, while women and men were equally represented on SVT Sport. Although the results also showed that women and men are framed differently on both Sportbladet and SVT Sport. Women are generally framed as passive, happy, and intimate, while men are active, cocky, and formal. The results also showed that Sportbladet and SVT Sport have different agendas, which could be based on what possibly sells the most. Sportbladet, which is a commercial, posts more Instagram pictures of sportsmen. Simultaneously, SVT Sport posts an equal number of pictures of both genders.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att analysera hur svenska medier skildrar automatisering och robotisering inom biståndshandläggning. I denna studie analyseras 60 olika artiklar från olika svenska dagstidningar. Artiklarna har publicerats mellan april 2017 och februari 2021, ett urval som representerar hur diskussionerna gick efter den nya lag som tillåter automatiserade beslutsstöd i den offentliga sektorn.  Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur robotar, som RPA, konstrueras i artiklarna, vilka diskurser som kan urskiljas och vilka aktörer som formar diskurserna. Studiens teoretiska grund är ett socialkonstruktionistiskt- och diskursteoretiskt perspektiv som brukas för analys och tolkning av det empiriska materialet. Den valda metoden utgår från Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och hans tredimensionella metod. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys används som ett komplement till den kvalitativa utgångspunkten för att kvantifiera hur ofta aktörer uttalar sig och om vad de yttrar och därmed bidra till en större kontext. Genom att analysera ord, koncept, teman och innehåll generellt, har det hittats fem olika diskurser rörande automatisering i försörjningsstöd i Sverige. Studiens resultat av analyserad empiri visar att de fem dominerande diskurserna av RPA i artiklarna, enligt storleksordning från störst till minst förekommande, var effektivisering, laglighet, profession, bemötande och kontroll. I och med att effektiviseringdiskursen överlägset var störst kan den enligt socialkonstruktionismen ses motsvara den sociala verkligheten. Majoriteten av de aktörer som i störst utsträckning uttrycker sig och därav formar diskurser i de studerade artiklarna är olika typer av chefer inom socialtjänsten och ordföranden i nämnder. Handläggares och utvecklares utrymme är synnerligen begränsat, likaså klienter och brukare av försörjningsstöd. / The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to examine how the Swedish media portray automation and robotization in subsistence allowance. In this study, 60 different articles from various Swedish newspapers are analyzed. The articles have been published between April 2017 and February 2021, a selection that represents how the discussions went after a new law was passed which allows automated decision support in the public sector. The essay focuses on how robots, such as RPA, are constructed in the articles, which discourses can be discerned and which actors shape the discourses. The study's theoretical basis is a social constructionist- and discourse theory perspective that is used for analysis and interpretation of the empirical material. The chosen method is based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and his three-dimensional method. A quantitative content analysis is used as a complement to the qualitative starting point to quantify how often actors express themselves and about what they express and thereby contribute to a larger context. By analyzing words, concepts, themes and content in general, five different discourses have been found regarding automation in subsistence allowance in Sweden. The study's results of analyzed empirical evidence show that the five dominant discourses of RPA in the articles, in order of magnitude from largest to least occurring, were Efficiency, Legality, Profession, Client interaction and Control. As the Efficiency discourse was by far the largest, according to social constructionism it can be seen as corresponding to social reality.  The majority of the actors who express themselves to the greatest extent and thereby shape discourses in the studied news articles are various types of managers in social services and the chairmen of municipal committees. The  visibility of social workers working with subsistence allowance and developers of the RPA-algorithms are extremely limited, as are the users of subsistence allowance.

The purpose of this essay is to examine and compare the news covering of Swedens three biggest cities (the metropolitan areas) and their surrounding areas with the covering of the rest of the country (the provincial areas) in two daily national newspapers, Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The aim has been to answer the following questions:- What amount of the news coverage in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter concern the metropolitan areas compared to the provincial areas, and how do these two newspapers differ in the news covering of these areas?- Is there a difference in the news articles size and content, depending on weather they concern the metropolitan or the provincial areas?- How has the balance between news concerning metropolitan and provincial areas changed over the recent 20 years?The theories used in this study are News values, the media commercialization and Popular Journalism, and The Agenda Setting Theory. The method that has been used is a Quantitative Content Analysis.Despite the essays hypothesis, that the news coverage in the two newspapers would be dominated by material from the metropolitan areas, the result showed that a majority of the examined articles concern the provincial areas. It also showed that Aftonbladet has a bigger percentage of provincial news than Dagens Nyheter. The result also pointed towards the conclusion that the metropolitan areas and the provincial areas are similarly represented in the news, regarding the articles’ sizes and content.The overall conclusion in this study is that the fact that the provincial areas are being overrepresented in the examined newspapers news coverage ought to mean that the consumers of these papers are probable to get a wide, true image of what is Sweden, considering the Agenda setting theory and it’s view on how the media’s priorities will become important to the public.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how media has followed the Parken Zoo incident and analyse how media convey the issue about the Parken Zoo incident. The different results have been compared. To answer the purpose of the study three issues has been formulated:  how do the different media relate to the ideal of objectivity? Who come across and get to speak in the different media? What differences and similarities are in the media?    The theories that have been used in this study are mainly McCombs theory of agenda setting, Strömbäck’s theory of framing and theory of media logic, Kovach & Rosenstiel theories of journalism and Manning’s theory of objectivity. The methods that have been used are a combination of a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic analysis. The material that has been observed in this study is newspaper articles, television news reports and television programs.   The results of the quantitative analysis showed that articles of Eskiltuna Kuriren, news reports of SVT1 and the program Debatt had most objectivity in there reporting. The news reports of TV4 and program Kalla Fakta had most biased reporting of the incident. The qualitative analysis showed that SVT1 news broadcast was more objective and TV4 news broadcast was more biased. The mainly sources in the media that has been used was the other media, the president to Parken Zoo and veterinaries. The newspapers used sources from other media, like the program Kalla Fakta, then also former employees from Parken Zoo and veterinaries. SVT1 and program Debatt used more other sources, more sources from Parken Zoo. In the qualitative analysis the result showed that the news broadcast from TV4 had the focus on how the Parken Zoo takes care of the animals, that they have put to death pumas and that Helena Olsson had lied to TV4. The broadcast from SVT1 focused on the mistakes Parken Zoo had done but also how they are going to fix the problems that they have. The news broadcasts gave different kind of framing effects to the viewers.

The purpose of this study is to compare and investigate how three nationwide sports media report on the same Allsvenskan football matches through push notifications, headlines and pull downs. In the study, the analyzed media included Sportbladet, Expressen and SVT Sport. By comparing and analyzing the media coverage of these pseudo events, the study aims to identify differences in news aspects, tonality and use of visual elements. The study further attempts to illustrate how different media convey and shape football news to their readers and how this can affect the interpretation and perception of events in Swedish football. We examined 69 headlines and 69 pull downs in total – 24 each from Expressen and Sportbladet and 21 from SVT Sport. 72 push notifications in total were also examined – 33 from Sportbladet, 31 from Expressen and eight from SVT Sport.  The study has been made with a qualitative and quantitative content analysis where the authors have been working with separate analyses with push notifications on one hand, and headlines and pull downs on the other hand. The qualitative analysis (critical discourse analysis) consisted of four different themes to cover the result. The quantitative analysis was made by six diagrams – all to shed light on the actual result. The theoretical framework is based on theories of framing, pseudo events and news evaluation, combined with previous research on headlines and push notifications, the medialization of elite sports, the commercialization of journalism, the meaning of Swedish sports journalism and the reporting on Allsvenskan. The study’s result shows that there are both differences and similarities in their strategy when it comes to headlines, pull downs and push notifications. The biggest difference, however, is between the commercial media (Sportbladet and Expressen) and publicly funded  SVT Sport. The commercial media is more keen on using sensational language and often hides information in the headlines. They also find different ways of making a headline rather than the result of the football game more often than SVT. The three media also like to represent big losers and winners and also scapegoats and heroes. Conceptual metaphors are also widely used. SVT Sport were also more informative in their headlines, but at the same time they also used a more varied language. Many of the headlines seem also to be written on pure routine. When it comes to push notifications the language and strategy was similar – but the commercial media sent out significantly more push notifications regarding Allsvenskan than SVT Sport.