Background: Mental illness among the current refugees is a global problem. With more than 34 million refugee children or adolescents leaving everything behind to survive or find a better life. Several of these young refugees are forced to endure traumatic experiences of the war, the loss of loved ones, from escaping and the uncertainty of the asylum process. To increase the understanding of nursing needs for these young people, it is important that health care professionals can be aware and provided help with better cultural awareness.  Purpose: To describe the mental illness and nursing needs of refugee children and adolescents.Method: A literature overview with descriptive design has been conducted, 10 articles based on qualitative analysis were included. The articles were reviewed and analyzed with keywords that are presented into themes. Result: Findings show that these young refugees are suffering from different forms of mental illness. The result has been gathered into 6 categories: “stigmatization”, “fear, worrying and uncertainty”, “positive factors on mental health”, “emotional factors and trauma” and “psychosomatic symptoms”. Conclusion: Mental illness is common among refugee children and make them vulnerable in society. Various mental disorders such as PTSD, depression and anxiety is frequently described by refugee children and adolescents. Negative views and perception on mental illness from society and themselves forces these young refugees to be in denial about their mental health and not accept the help they need. If the health professionals had better transcultural awareness and a broader understanding of the unmet needs of these young refugees, a greater probability of being able to give the right help follows.  Keywords: refugee children and adolescents, mental illness, nursing needs.

Abstract      Refugee children living in refugee camps are a vulnerable population at a high risk of developing mental health problems, behavioural issues, and being exposed to violence or trauma. However, not all children that experience these stressors of displacement develop negative outcomes. Some children adapt to the circumstances and build resilience against the challenges. Because the number of refugee children has risen, the importance of studying the subject and finding protective factors are critical. Therefore the aim of this study was to look into circumstances and interventions that promote mental well-being and resilience in refugee children in the context of a refugee camp, from a holistic perspective. Considering UN global goals the results of this study can be used in expanding resilience-building interventions in order to promote mental well-being around the world, particularly in developing countries.  A qualitative approach was taken through semi-structured interviews to gather data. Two participants working as practitioners in a resilience-building project in the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan were selected through a snowball selection. Through the theories of ecology of child development and the model of the seven Cs of resilience, this study identified resilience-building in several levels, including personal, family and community. Having knowledge about the strengths and development potential of oneself, close family relations, a supportive community and peer groups help children to  build resilience and overcome challenges. The study also found that in order to understand resilience-building in children a holistic approach is required. There are strong links between children, their families, their communities, and their psychosocial well-being. / Abstrakt  Flyktingbarn som bor i flyktingläger är en utsatt grupp som löper stor risk att utveckla psykiska störningar, beteendeproblem och utsättas för våld eller trauma. Trots alla stressorer med att vara flykting anpassar sig en del barn till omständigheterna och visar motståndskraft. Eftersom antalet flyktingbarn har ökat runt om i världen är vikten av att studera ämnet och hitta skyddsfaktorer som leder till motståndskraft avgörande för barnens välmående. Därför var syftet med denna studie att fokusera på omständigheter och interventioner som främjar flyktingbarns psykiska välbefinnande och motståndskraft i kontexten av ett flyktingläger, ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. Med tanke på FN:s globala mål kan resultaten av denna studie användas för att utöka motståndsbyggande interventioner för att främja mentalt välbefinnande hos barn runt om i världen, särskilt i utvecklingsländerna.  En kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att samla in data. Två deltagare som arbetade i ett motståndsbyggande projekt (resilience-building project) i flyktinglägret Al-Zaatari i Jordanien valdes ut genom ett snöbollsurval. Genom teorierna om socialekologi för barnens utveckling och modellen sju C om motståndskraft identifierade denna studie att motståndsbyggande hos barn sker på flera nivåer, inklusive personlig, familj och i samhällsnivå. Att ha kunskap om sina styrkor och utvecklingspotentialer, att ha nära familjerelationer och stödjande samhällen och kamratgrupper hjälper barnen att bygga motståndskraft och övervinna utmaningar. Studien fann också att för att förstå motståndsbyggande hos barn krävs ett holistiskt förhållningssätt. Det finns starka kopplingar mellan barn, deras familjer och deras samhällen, och psykosocialt välbefinnande. För att hjälpa barn bygga motståndskraft är därför en dynamisk process nödvändig. / خلاصه کودکان پناهنده ای که در کمپ های پناهندگان زندگی می کنند، جمعیتی آسیب پذیر هستند که در معرض خطر بالای ابتلا به مشکلات سلامت روانی، مسائل رفتاری، و قرار گرفتن در معرض خشونت یا تروما قرار دارند. با این حال، همه کودکانی که این عوامل استرس زای جابجایی را تجربه می کنند، پیامدهای منفی ندارند. برخی از کودکان با شرایط سازگار می شوند و در برابر چالش ها انعطاف پذیری می کنند. از آنجا که تعداد کودکان پناهنده افزایش یافته است، اهمیت تحقیق کردن موضوع و یافتن عوامل محافظتی بسیار مهم است. بنابراین هدف این تحقیق بررسی شرایط و مداخلاتی بود که بهزیستی روانی و تاب‌آوری را در کودکان پناهنده در چارچوب یک اردوگاه پناهندگان، از منظر کل نگر ارتقا می‌دهد. با توجه به اهداف جهانی سازمان ملل، نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند در گسترش مداخلات تاب‌آوری به  منظور ارتقای بهزیستی روانی در سراسر جهان به‌ ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه استفاده شود. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، روش کیفی از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته اتخاذ شده  است. دو شرکت کننده که به عنوان کارآموز در یک پروژه انعطاف پذیری در اردوگاه پناهندگان زعتری در اردن کار می کردند از طریق نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. این مطالعه از طریق تئوری‌های بوم‌شناسی رشد کودک و مدل هفت C تاب‌آوری، تاب‌آوری‌ سازی را در سطوح مختلفی از جمله فردی، خانوادگی و اجتماعی شناسایی کرده است .داشتن دانش در مورد نقاط قوت و محتمل رشد خود، روابط نزدیک خانوادگی، جامعه حامی و گروه های همسالان به کودکان کمک می کند تا تاب آوری را ایجاد کنند و بر چالش ها غلبه کنند. این تحقیق همچنین نشان داد که برای تاب‌آوری در کودکان به یک رویکرد جامع نگر نیاز است. پیوندهای محکمی بین کودکان، خانواده‌ها، جوامع و رفاه روانی اجتماعی آنها وجود دارد.

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LLM / Department of Criminal and Procedural Law

The aim of this study is to create understanding for how employees perceive their skills at HVB in relation to their work with unaccompanied minors.The study is based on a qualitative method and were carried out with nine semi-structured interviews with staff from three different HVB. With the help of Bourdieu’s theoretical frame field, capital, and habitus we analyzed our materials.The study shows us among others that there is a lack of knowledge with the staff within the areas mental health and the pedagogic field. Furthermore, the result showed us that the staff experienced difficulties in how to refute the children’s needs. We find that the staff creates different strategies to cope with the children’s needs. Two prominent strategies emerged in our result. The staff contacted external help and took great support in the strength of the working group.

The purpose of this study was to interview seven preschool teachers' experiences of meeting refugee children in six Swedish preschools. We wanted to find out the conditions underlying the meeting between the preschool teachers' and the refugee children. From an intercultural perspective, we have investigated how preschool teachers', more or less, address the children in relation to their past experiences and cultural background. In this study, we have applied a hermeneutical approach as a method that has allowed us to interpret the preschool teachers' stories of this phenomenon; the meeting between preschool teachers' and refugee children. Based on these interpretations, we’ve acquired a result that shows that children with a refugee background are received in different ways in Swedish preschool. Secondly, our readings show that there is a variation in how the preschool teachers' choose to highlight the child's previous experiences or not. We can also see a difference in what is regarded as important in the reception of the children. There is a difference in how preschool teachers' meeting with refugee children is conditioned by how they relate to the child’s refugee status and cultural background. Our result shows that the conditions underlying the preschool teachers' meeting with the refugee children is either assimilation into existing preschool frameworks, or accommodation to the child’s present situation with regard to their cultural background.

I denna uppsats är syftet att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för unga afghanska ensamkommande mäns livssituation genom intervjuer som analyserats utifrån begreppen habitus, kapital och fält. De flesta av respondenterna har visat sig vara beredda att slita hårt för att förverkliga sina ambitioner och strävan mot ett liv med stabila levnadsförhållanden. Vad denna strävan gett för resultat skiljer sig åt i gruppen. De som lyckas med att förvärva det kapital som fungerar som inträdesbiljett på arbetsmarknaden eller till högre utbildning, hyser ett stort mått av framtidstro. För ett par av de unga männen har inte stödet från samhället varit tillräckligt och de upplever en osäkerhet inför framtiden. I flera av de unga männens berättelser framträder tecken på solidaritet, i första hand mot familjen, men även gentemot samhället samt den egna gruppen landsmän. Det verkar som om flera av de unga männen finner en livsstil utifrån habitus som fungerar både i det svenska samhället och i det afghanska även om det traditionella livsmönstret i hög grad består. En högre grad av interaktion med andra i samhället utifrån gemensamma intressen skulle kunna bidra till förändring av traditionella mönster och en ökad integration. / In this paper the aim is to create an indepth understanding of young Afghan unaccompanied men's life situations through interviews analysed with the concepts of habitus, capital and field. Most of the respondents have shown a willingness to toil hard to realize their ambitions and aspirations towards a life with stable living conditions. What results this endeavour has given differ within the group. Those who have manage to acquire capital that serves as the admission ticket to the labour market or to higher education, have a high degree of hope for the future. For a few of the young men the support from society has not been sufficient and they experience an uncertainty about the future. In several of the young men's stories signs of solidarity emerge, primarily towards family, but also towards society and their own compatriots. It appears that several of the young men find a lifestyle based on habitus that works both in the Swedish society and amongst Afghans although the traditional pattern of life to a great extent is maintained. A higher degree of interaction with others in the community on the basis of shared interests could lead to a change in traditional patterns and more integration.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-19T12:21:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Rocha Sponton.pdf: 1056007 bytes, checksum: 6ff1f8546a64760e1fb287ad4e3b49cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T12:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Rocha Sponton.pdf: 1056007 bytes, checksum: 6ff1f8546a64760e1fb287ad4e3b49cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / The present research aims to address the issue of child refugee and how to implement the principle of integral protection and the guarantee of their fundamental rights. The 21st century has experienced an explosion of refugees around the world, as it has not been seen since the end of World War II. There is no doubt that the children are among the most affected people by the forced exit of their homes. Traumas suffered by a child are visualized in a deeper way and with far more serious and devastating consequences when compared to adults. The situation is even more complicated when this child enters another country unaccompanied or separated from their parents. In addition to absence, the lack of documentation and legal representation often leads to the abandonment of the most basic fundamental rights, such as health, education and work. Throughout this paper we intend to present the historical evolution of international refugee law and the relationship with the children’s rights, as well as the work of international organizations such as UNHCR in the protection of this population, especially children. In addition, this paper aims to discuss the reasons for persecution that justify the recognition of refugee status, always bringing, of course, the child's perspective. Furthermore, apart from the general reasons for persecution, there are some forms that are specific applied to children, such as forced recruitment, child trafficking, sexual exploitation and female genital mutilation, among other practices. We also deal with the legal protection of the child refugee in Brazil and the legislative gaps on the subject and finally we present the issues that most affect child refugee when they enter Brazil and how the State and society must act in order to protect fundamental rights to these children. We understand that Brazil is a country with extensive legislation on the subject of refugees; however, when we specifically address children, we realize that there is still a long way to go, not only in terms of legislation but also in the awareness of society, which still sees the refugee with great prejudice, which makes integration and the enforcement of rights difficult. Thus, the present study pursued to present the difficulties experienced by child refugees when they entered Brazil, as well as to offer alternatives to guarantee the effective protection of these children / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo tratar sobre a questão da criança refugiada e como efetivar o princípio da proteção integral e a garantia de seus direitos fundamentais. O século XXI tem vivenciado uma explosão de pessoas refugiadas ao redor do mundo como não se via desde o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Não há dúvidas de que, entre as pessoas mais atingidas pela saída forçada de suas residências está a criança. Os traumas sofridos por uma criança se apresentam de forma mais profunda e com consequências muito mais sérias e devastadoras do que se comparadas com um adulto. A situação se mostra ainda mais complicada quando esta criança ingressa em outro país desacompanhada ou separada de seus pais. Para além da ausência, a falta de documentação e de representação legal faz com que muitas vezes essas crianças acabem alijadas dos mais básicos direitos fundamentais, como saúde, educação, trabalho. Ao longo do trabalho procuramos apresentar a evolução histórica do direito internacional dos refugiados e a relação com o direito da criança, bem como a atuação de organismos internacionais, como o ACNUR na proteção dessa população, principalmente a criança. Para além disso, apresentamos as razões de perseguição que justificam o reconhecimento do status de refugiado, sempre trazendo, por óbvio, a ótica da criança. Soma-se às razões gerais de perseguição algumas formas que são específicas de crianças, como o recrutamento forçado, o tráfico de crianças, exploração sexual e mutilação genital feminina, entre outras formas. Tratamos, também da proteção jurídica da criança refugiada no Brasil e as lacunas legislativas acerca do tema e por fim apresentamos as questões que mais atingem as crianças refugiadas quando ingressam no Brasil e como o Estado e a sociedade devem atuar de modo a efetivar os direitos fundamentais garantidos a estas crianças. Entendemos que o Brasil é um país com ampla legislação acerca do tema dos refugiados; porém, quando tratamos especificamente de crianças, percebemos que ainda há muito o que avançar, não apenas em matéria legislativa mas também na sensibilização da sociedade, que ainda vê o refugiado com grande preconceito, o que dificulta a integração e a efetivação de direitos. Assim, o presente estudo procurou apresentar as dificuldades sofridas pelas crianças refugiadas ao ingressarem no Brasil, bem como trazer alternativas para garantir a efetiva proteção dessas crianças

This project was funded by the Department for Families and Communities A collaboration between Ibrahim Sefer, newly arrived boys and girls aged between 4 and 14 years from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds and the Migrant Health Service (Adelaide Central Community Health Service).