Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Leaf-cutting ants of Atta and Acromyrmex genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are common insects in the Neotropics region and an important pests in agricultural environments. These organisms are often controlled using organosintetics insecticides, however, mostly products are inefficient. This problem has generated a growing demand for environmentally safe products to control these pests. Thus, in order to contribute with new methods of control, the aim of this work was to evaluate the ant activity of essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds on cutting ants Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex balzani. Initially, it was performed toxicity bioassays by two different routes of exposure - contact and fumigation. Once determined the exposure way with the best ant activity, this route was choosed to performe the next experiments, bioassay toxicity (lethal concentration and time), effects of binary mixtures (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) of major compounds, repellency and irritability. The essential oil of A. trilobata was obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried stem and the identification / quantification of compounds was performed by GC/MS/FID. Twenty Five compounds were identified in the essential oil of A. trilobata, that are mostly composed of monoterpenes. The major constituents were the monoterpenes: sulcatyl acetate (25.64%), limonene (24.80%), p-cymene (10.41%) and linalool (9.51%). The essential oil of A. trilobata and their major compounds were effective against workers of A. balzani and A. sexdens when the route of exposure was fumigation. These compounds have demonstrated efficient activity on ant species A. balzani and A. sexdens, with LCs50 ranging from 2.18 to 6.73 uL mL-1. The monoterpenes linalool and sulcatyl acetate when applied alone were 1.6 and 1.7 times more toxic than the essential oil against A. balzani. As for A. sexdens, p-cymene was 1.6 times more toxic than the essential oil of A. trilobata. Workers of A. sexdens were more tolerant to the essential oil, linalool and sulcatyl acetate. The essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds acted faster on A. sexdens compared to A. balzani. On average, these compounds took 29.3 and 11.3 hours to cause mortality in half population of A. balzani and A. sexdens, respectively. The major compounds of the essential oil of A. trilobata acted synergistically in toxicity of A. balzani. As for A. sexdens most combinations of the compounds exhibited an additive effect. The essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds were repellent and caused great irritability to workers of A. balzani and A. sexdens. Thus, our results show a great potential of the essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds for develop new insecticides. / As formigas cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) são insetos comuns na região neotropical e importantes pragas em ambientes agrícolas. Estes organismos são frequentemente controlados com o uso de inseticidas organossintéticos, no entanto, este método de controle é muitas vezes ineficiente. Isso tem gerado uma demanda crescente na busca de alternativas de controle que sejam ambientalmente sustentáveis. Assim, com o intuito de contribuir no controle, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a atividade formicida do óleo essencial de Aristolochia trilobata e de seus compostos majoritários sobre as formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens e Acromyrmex balzani. Para isso, foram realizados inicialmente bioensaios de toxicidade por duas diferentes vias de exposição - contato e fumigação. Uma vez determinada a via de exposição com melhor atividade formicida foram realizados, por esta via de exposição, bioensaios de toxicidade (concentração e tempo letal), efeitos das misturas binárias (sinergismo, aditismo e antagonismo) dos compostos majoritários, repelência e irritabilidade. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata foi obtido por hidrodestilação do caule seco e a identificação/quantificação dos compostos foi realizada por CG/EM/DIC. Foram identificados 25 compostos no óleo essencial de A. trilobata, sendo a sua maioria formada por monoterpenos. Os constituintes em maiores proporções foram os monoterpenos: acetato de sulcatila (25,64%), limoneno (24,80%), p-cimeno (10,41%) e linalol (9,51%). O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários isolados foram eficientes contra operárias de A. balzani e A. sexdens quando a via de exposição foi fumigação. Estes compostos demonstraram eficiente atividade formicida sobre as espécies, com CLs50 variando de 2,18 a 6,73 μL mL-1. Os monoterpenos linalol e acetato de sulcatila quando aplicados isoladamente foram 1,6 e 1,7 vezes mais tóxicos do que o óleo essencial de A. trilobata para A. balzani. Já para A. sexdens, o composto p-cimeno foi 1,6 vezes mais tóxico do que o óleo essencial. Operárias de A. sexdens foram mais tolerantes ao óleo essencial de A. trilobata e aos compostos linalol e acetato de sulcatila. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários atuaram de forma mais rápida sobre A. sexdens em comparação a A. balzani. Na média, estes compostos demoraram 29,3 e 11,3 horas para causar mortalidade na metade das populações de A. balzani e A. sexdens, respectivamente. Os compostos majoritários do óleo essencial de A. trilobata atuaram de forma sinérgica na toxicidade sobre A. balzani. Já para a espécie A. sexdens a maioria das combinações entre os compostos exibiu efeito aditivo. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários foram repelentes e causaram grande irritabilidade às operárias de A. balzani e A. sexdens. Assim, nossos resultados mostram o grande potencial do óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários para o desenvolvimento de novos formicidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Tese_Tatiani_Alano_Modolon.pdf: 1381280 bytes, checksum: 030e95c78878a1de4045f816336a2a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current system of corn production, provide high productivity while favoring pest outbreaks, such as the stink bug Dicheplos melacanthus and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Conventional control strategies have been ineffective so far. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of homeopathic preparations on the development of S. frugiperda and D. melacanthus in corn plants. To study the consumption of fall armyworm S. frugiperda seeds were treated before planting by soaking in distilled water and homeopathic preparations at a dose of 1 mL.L-1. After soaking, the seeds were sown in pots. In experiments with fall armyworm in addition to the seed treatment (a), the dynamizations 12, 36, 60 and 84CH (centesimal hahnemaniana) of Silicea were applied in spraying (b) or irrigation (c), with an first application was made just after emergence, the second in V2 stage, and the third application in V3 stage of corn plants. Leaf sections of plants at V6 stage derived from the respective treatment were provided daily to caterpillars in individualized test tubes and maintained in the development room at 25 ± 3 °C and 14 hours photoperiod. Were evaluated consumption of leaves, formation and sex ratio of pupae and adults, fertility, fecundity, longevity of adult and food preference in free choice test. For the experiment with green-belly stink bug, D. melacanthus, homeopathic preparations Nux vomica was also applied as seed treatment (a) the dynamizations 12, 36, 60 and 84DH (decimal order of Hering) and combined with spraying (b) or irrigation (c), and started ten days after sowing and followed within three days until the 22th day after sowing, totaling five applications. Five days after the last application, fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots, root volume, primary root length, height and stem diameter of corn plants were evaluated. On the sixth day after the last treatment, the plots replicas were subjected to stress by the insect. Corn plants were infested with a D. melacanthus bug for 36 hours. Ten days after removal of the bug, the classification of attacked plants was performed through a rating scale of damage. Data analysis showed that corn plants sprayed or irrigated with 36CH Silicea interfered in the consumption and utilization of food. In addition, it provided greater amount of pupae and adults of deformed S. frugiperda. Plants sprayed or irrigated on soil with 36CH Silicea also interfered with fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda, providing shorter oviposition and post-reproductive periods, as well as fewer egg masses, eggs per ovoposition and eggs per female. The results suggest that larvae of S. frugiperda have difficulty while feeding on corn plants sprayed or irrigated with 36CH Silicea. Corn plants treated with 36CH Silicea homeopathic preparation, applied by spraying the shoots or by irrigating the soil, interfered with the feeding and, therefore, with fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda, reducing insect population. The method of application of homeopathic preparations Nux vomica more suitable for the corn crop was in the through irrigation on soil. Nux vomica at 33, 36 and 38DH irrigated to soil favored the early development of shoots and roots of corn plants. Corn plants irrigated Nux vomica 36 and 38DH were not damaged by green-belly stink bug D. melacanthus, showing the effect of repellency or not food preference / O sistema atual de produção de milho, proporcionam elevada produtividade ao mesmo tempo que favorece a surtos epidêmicos pragas, como o percevejo Dichelops melacanthus e a lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda. Estratégias de controle convencionais têm sido ineficazes até o momento. O presente estudo teve o objetivo avaliar o impacto de preparados homeopáticos no desenvolvimento de S. frugiperda e D. melacanthus em plantas de milho. Para estudo do consumo da lagarta S. frugiperda sementes foram tratadas antes do plantio por imersão em água destilada e nos preparados homeopáticos na dose de 1 mL.L-1. Após a embebição, as sementes foram semeadas nos vasos. Nos experimentos com a lagarta-do-cartucho, além do tratamento de semente (a), as dinamizações 12, 36, 60 e 84CH (ordem centesimal hahnemaniana) de Silicea foram aplicadas em pulverização (b) ou irrigação (c), sendo a primeira aplicação logo após a emergência, a segunda no estádio V2 e a terceira no estádio V3 das plantas. Secções foliares das plantas em estágio V6 oriundas do respectivo tratamento foram diariamente fornecidas às lagartas individualizadas em tubos de ensaio e mantidas em sala de desenvolvimento em 25 ± 3 °C e fotoperíodo 14 horas. Foram avaliados o consumo das folhas, formação e razão sexual de pupas e adultos, fertilidade, fecundidade, longevidade de adultos e preferência alimentar em ensaio de livre escolha. Para experimentos com o percevejo barriga-verde, D. melacanthus, preparado homeopático Nux vomica também foi aplicado via tratamento de semente (a) nas dinamizações 12, 36, 60 e 84DH (ordem decimal de Hering) e combinado com pulverização (b) ou irrigação (c), sendo iniciados dez dias após a semeadura e seguidas no intervalo de três dias até o 22° dia após a semeadura, totalizando cinco aplicações. Cinco dias após a última aplicação dos tratamentos foram avaliados massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e de raízes, volume das raízes, comprimento da raiz primária, altura e diâmetro do colmo das plantas de milho. No sexto dia após a última aplicação dos tratamentos, as parcelas réplicas foram submetidas ao estresse pelo inseto. As plantas de milho foram infestadas com um percevejo D. melacanthus por 36 horas. Dez dias após a retirada do percevejo foi realizada a classificação plantas atacadas através de escala de notas de dano. A análise dos dados mostrou que plantas de milho pulverizadas ou irrigadas com Silicea 36CH interferiram no consumo e utilização do alimento, além de proporcionarem maior quantidade de pupas e adultos de S. frugiperda deformados. Plantas pulverizadas ou irrigadas no solo com Silicea 36CH também interferiram na fertilidade e fecundidade de S. frugiperda proporcionando menor período de oviposição e pós-reprodutivo, menor número de massas de ovos, ovos por postura e ovos por fêmea. Os resultados sugerem que lagartas de S. frugiperda têm dificuldade ao se alimentarem de plantas de milho pulverizadas ou irrigadas com Silicea 36CH. Plantas de milho tratadas com o preparado homeopático Silicea em 36CH aplicado através de pulverização na parte aérea ou por irrigação no solo interferiram na alimentação e, conseqüentemente, na fertilidade e fecundidade de S. frugiperda, reduzindo assim, a população do inseto. O método de aplicação do preparado homeopático Nux vomica mais adequado para a cultura do milho foi através da irrigação no solo. Nux vomica na 33, 36 e 38DH irrigado ao solo favoreceu o desenvolvimento inicial de parte aérea e raízes de plantas de milho. Plantas de milho irrigadas com Nux vomica 36 e 38DH não foram danificadas pelo percevejo barriga-verde D. melacanthus, evidenciando o efeito de repelência ou não preferência alimentar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ciciane_fernandes.pdf: 1291718 bytes, checksum: 7919ec746c53767068a313c9fd4b16f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-08 / The aim was to evaluate the healing of open cutaneous wounds of Wistar rats treated with Carapa guianensis (andiroba) and Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. (Jucá) and their repellent action against flies of the Calliphoridae family. It were studied 160 Wistar rats with open wounds in the back that were treated daily with Carapa guianensis at concentrations of 20% (A20) and 50% (A50), Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. concentrations at 20% (J20) and 50% (J50) and Vaseline (control group). Clinical, histological and morphometric studies were carried out after four, seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment, as well as a tensiometric study after 21 days. In order to study the repellency, W.O.T traps (Wind Oriented Trap) containing deteriorated bovine liver and cream with the herbal medicine Carapa guianensis and Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. at concentrations of 20% and 50% were used to catch flies. Clinically, after four days of treatment, the wounds of the control group presented exudate, differing statistically from the other groups (p=0.0065). In the morphometric study, J50 and J20 groups had higher average area (p=0.0001) after seven days of treatment, whereas after 14 days, the wounds of the control group had higher average area (p=0.0000) compared with the other groups. In the histopathological study, the differences between groups were seen after four days of treatment, with the A20 group showing a greater number of wounds in the proliferative phase (p=0.0000). In the tensiometric study, the control group showed better results (3.52MPa) in tension when compared to other groups (p=0.0055). In the repellency study, the traps containing J50 (p<= 0.010) and D20 (p<= 0.010) showed a higher repellency 97% and 100%, respectively, followed by the A50 group (p<= 0.010) with 93.4% and the A20 group with 56.5%. The results led to the following conclusions: Carapa guianensis at a concentration of 20% accelerates the phases of the healing process in the first days after tissue injury, whereas Carapa guianensis at 50% and Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. at concentrations of 20% and 50% do not show satisfactory results as a cicatrizant. As repellent action, Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. at concentrations of 50% and 20% and Carapa guianensis at 50% have repellent effect against Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata and Sarconesia chlorogaster flies, species of the Calliphoridae family, while the Carapa guianensis at 20% has less repellent action. / Objetivou-se avaliar a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas abertas de ratos Wistar tratadas com Carapa guianensis (andiroba) e Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. (jucá) e, suas ações repelentes frente a moscas da família Calliphoridae. Foram estudados 160 ratos da linhagem Wistar, com realização de feridas cutâneas abertas no dorso, tratadas diariamente com Carapa guianensis nas concentrações de 20% (A20) e 50% (A50), Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. nas concentrações de 20% (J20) e 50% (J50) e vaselina (grupo controle), sendo realizadas avaliações clínicas, morfométricas e histológicas aos quatro, sete , 14 e 21 dias de tratamento e estudo tensiométrico aos 21 dias. Para estudo da repelência, foram utilizadas armadilhas W.O.T. (Wind Oriented Trap) para captura de moscas contendo fígado bovino deteriorado e creme contendo os fitoterápicos Carapa guianensis e Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. nas concentrações de 20% e 50%. Clinicamente, aos quatro dias de tratamento, as feridas tratadas apresentaram formação de crosta, diferindo estatisticamente do grupo controle que ainda apresentava exsudato nas feridas (p=0,0065). No estudo morfométrico, aos sete dias de tratamento, os grupos J50 e J20 apresentaram maior média de área (p=0,0001), enquanto que aos 14 dias, as feridas do grupo controle apresentaram maior média de área (p=0,0000) comparada com os demais grupos. Na histopatologia foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos aos quatro dias de tratamento, com o grupo A20 apresentando maior número de feridas na fase proliferativa (p=0,0000). No estudo tensiométrico, o grupo controle apresentou melhor resultado (3.52MPa) na tensão comparado aos demais grupos (p=0,0055). No estudo sobre repelência, as armadilhas contendo J50 (p<= 0,010) e J20 (p<= 0,010) apresentaram maior repelência respectivamente 97 e 100%, seguida do grupo A50 (p<= 0,010) com 93,4% e grupo A20 com 56,5%. Os resultados levaram as seguintes conclusões: Carapa guianensis na concentração de 20% acelera o processo cicatricial nos primeiros dias após injúria tecidual, enquanto que Carapa guianensis a 50% e Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. nas concentrações de 20% e 50% não apresentam resultados satisfatórios como cicatrizante. Como ação repelente, Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. nas concentrações de 50% e 20% e Carapa guianensis na concentração de 50% apresentam efeito repelente frente às moscas Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata e Sarconesia chlorogaster, espécies da família Calliphoridae, enquanto que Carapa guianensis a 20% apresenta menor ação repelente.

Skaljackor är ett praktiskt plagg för att reglera komforten för användaren. Detta gör de genom att skaltyger kan hålla vind och väta ute samtidigt som de är genomsläppliga för vattenånga. Det är känt att funktionaliteten i skaltyger försämras med tiden men det finns fortfarande en osäkerhet om hur olika åldringsfaktorer påverkar den. Det arbete som denna rapport redovisar har utsatt fem olika tyger för mekanisk nötning och UV-exponering för att ta reda på dess påverkan på skaltygets funktionalitet. Arbetet har gjorts i syfte att öka kompetensen om hur skaltyger åldras för att kunna utveckla mer hållbara skaljackor i framtiden. Åldringen via mekanisk nötning genomfördes med 30 000 cykler tyg mot tyg i en Martindale M235 Abrasion tester. Åldring med UV-ljus genomfördes under 250h enligt ISO 105-B04:1994 i väderkammare. Därefter testades de åldrade tygerna i vattentäthet, vattenavvisning, andningsförmåga och luftgenomsläpplighet. Testerna utvärderades på icke åldrat tyg samt åldrat tyg. Resultatet visar att både UV och mekanisk nötning har en tydlig påverkan på skaltygernas funktionalitet. Det krävs dock vidare forskning för att undersöka åldringsgrad och hur de påverkar varandra. / Shell jackets are a practical garment for regulating user comfort. This is due to the fabric that keep wind and water out while still allowing moisture vapor to permeate. It is known that the functionality of the fabrics deterioate over time, but there is still an uncertainty about the impact of various aging factors. The work presented in this report subjected five different shell fabrics to abrasion and UV exposure to determine their impact on the functionality. This was done with the aim of increasing knowledge about the aging of shell fabrics in order to develop more sustainable shell jackets in the future. Aging was performed through 30 000 cycles of fabric-to-fabric abrasion using a Martindale M235 Abrasion tester, and for 250h of UV-exposure in a weather chamber according to ISO 105-B04:1994. Subsequently the aged fabrics were tested for water penetration resistance, water repellency, breathability and air permeability. The tests were evaluated on new fabrics and aged fabrics. The results indicate that both UV and abrasion have an impact on the funtionality of shell fabrics. However,further research is required to investigate the degree of aging and how they mutually affect each other. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-07</p>

Dynamic soil water repellency is an important soil phenomenon in the vadose zone as it is now recognised that most soils in the world are likely to express some degree of reduced wettability and/or long term hydrophobicity. Fractional wettability and contact angles are, however, rarely discussed or quantified for natural systems. This is particularly the case in the presence of dynamic contact angles. Soil water repellency remains a persistent impediment and challenge to accurate conceptual and numerical models of flow and storage in the vadose zone. This dissertation addresses the opportunity and pressing need for contributions that develop better quantifiable definitions, descriptions, and understanding of soil water repellency. Using materials collected from post wildfire sites, this work employs water and ethanol to identify, isolate, and quantify contact angle dynamics and fractional wettability effects during infiltration. Varied concentrations of water and ethanol solutions were applied to soils and observed through X-ray microtomography, tension infiltration experiments, and moisture content measurements in the laboratory and field. Several analyses from lab and field investigations showed that applications of ethanol and specifically, water-ethanol aqueous solutions provide unique additional insights into proportions of media that remain non-wettable and how those proportions affect overall hydrologic processes, which are not readily observable through water infiltrations alone. Observations include the wetting up of microporous structures, reduced storage, and changes in unsaturated hydraulic conductivities. Challenges which develop as a consequence of variable fluid properties including changes to operational pore assemblages, slow down of wetting fronts, and non-uniqueness relative to infiltration responses are addressed. Important insights and contributions were developed through this approach and water-ethanol mixtures are valuable tools for developing greater quantification and mechanistic data to better inform our models and understanding of dynamic soil water repellency. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Quantifying fluid behaviours in soils is important for a host of environmental, social, and economic reasons. Over the last 25+ years, one soil phenomenon has garnered increased attention because it interferes with our ability to carry out this work. Soils that are or become water repellent develop all over the world and where hydrophobic or non-wetting substances can enter soil and remain in pore spaces or as coatings on particles. To assist in the tracking and management of its complex effects on water storage and infiltration, the goals of this work were to develop fundamental insights into the manifestation and effects of this variable soil property on key hydrologic properties and processes. This work tests a new conceptual model for understanding these systems through both field and laboratory work and using a number of different technologies. These include X-ray microtomography (μXCT), tension infiltrometry, and more regularly applied techniques which are sensitive to changes in repellency. The works shows how combining fractional wettability and contact angle dynamics generates a stereoscopic conceptual framework which facilitates increased capacity for quantifying and understanding of soil systems expressing dynamic soil water repellency.

BACKGROUND: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used as durable water and oil repellent treatments in clothing for more than 50 years. The reason for its popularity is related to the chemical structure, which also makes these compounds persistent in the environment. Numerous studies have shown negative environmental and health effects related to high concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in blood serum. Due to these studies, this paper aimed to find out if perfluorinated compounds could be replaced by non-perfluorinated without compromising performance related to water and oil repellency. METHODOLOGY: A reference sample impregnated with fluorocarbons was compared with the following non-perfluorinated treatments, aliphatic polyurethane (comb polymer) organic silicone and acid (comb polymer) and hydrocarbon (dendrimer). Impregnations were subjected to abrasion, UV-radiation and washing and after each destructive treatment; oil and water repellency tests were conducted. The environmental and health effect of all treatments were examined in a theoretical study. RESULTS: Due to difficulties with the impregnation process, comparable results could only be concluded with the perfluorinated and the hydrocarbon compound. The hydrocarbon was superior the perfluorinated compound to abrasion but for usage simulation methods that allowed chemical reactions, hence UV-radiation and washing, the fluorocarbons showed better resistance. CONCLUSION: Results show that the hydrocarbon treatment could replace perfluorinated treatments commercially when only water and not oil repellency is required. The alternative treatments in this study are not yet sufficiently examined with respect to environmental and health and can therefore not be called greener with certainty. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 754859 bytes, checksum: b3501a3bf9aa715323fdceb139bc976d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Beans are the major source of protein in developing countries, and still the storage losses are estimated in 30% as a result of pests attack including Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Although chemical pesticides are effective to control these pests, their overuse can compromise the quality of food. Essential oils of vegetable origin are presented as an attractive alternative for the synthetic chemical insecticides to pest control, because they have little or no effect on grain quality, human health and environment. This study aimed evaluate the toxicity of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) or clove and Cinnamomun zeylanicum (Laureaceae) known as cinnamon on A. obtectus in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). We evaluated the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) of these insects exposed to time-lethal, developmental rate, repellency, persistence and loss of mass of the beans. The toxicity of the oils was evaluated by preliminary tests to estimate the lethal dose to 50 and 95% (DL50 and DL95) of adult insects. The experimental unit consisted of 0.8 L bottles containing 200 g of beans (Queen variety) treated with doses of 2,80; 5,54; 8,88; 14,22; 28,09 &#956;L of clove oil, and 4,26; 6,93; 9,70; 13,60; 22,17 &#956;L of cinnamon oil. Later were added 25 adult insects per vial (four replicates per dose), and insect mortality was assessed after 24 h. The instantaneous rate of increase (ri) of the oils of clove and cinnamon was determined using lethal doses (LD10, LD30, LD50, LD70 and LD90), obtained in the toxicity bioassay. After 45 days, the adult progeny was recorded; bottles with 200 g of beans and 25 adult insects, non-sexed 1-3 days old, and four replicates were used for LD. A similar procedure was done to assess the rate of development, with the difference that in this test the insects were removed from the flasks after 15 days they were introduced, and counting was performed every two days after the emergence of the first adult. The persistence was evaluated in beans treated with LD100 oils. The repellent activity of oils was tested with the LD10, LD50, LD90 doses for each oil. The results indicate that the toxicity LD50 and LD95 were 8.88 &#61549;L and 38.94 &#61549;L for clove essential oil, and 9.71 &#61549;L and 27.97 &#61549;L for cinnamon essential oil, respectively. Furthermore, with increased doses of essential oils and ri, development rate decreases significantly. Regarding the persistence of oil, was observed mortality reduction of A. obtectus with increasing time between the treatments of treated grains, keeping a higher mortality at 50% of the insects within 7 days after exposure. However, repellency of essential oil of cinnamon to this insect was observed only when using LD90; clove essential oil showed no repellency against A. obtectus at the tested doses. The loss of grain weight during 48 days was directly proportional to the number of emerged insects in each test. For beans treated with clove essential oil the average of mass loss was 6.6%, and 9.6% in the control, whereas for tests with essential oil of cinnamon the average of loss was 6.8% and 9.2% for the treatment and control, respectively. Thus, with the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the essential oils of clove and cinnamon have effect on mortality of A. obtectus by contact, as an alternative to the use of traditional insecticides. / O feijão representa uma das principais fontes de proteínas em países em desenvolvimento, ainda assim as perdas estimadas no armazenamento são de 30% em consequência do ataque de pragas, entre elas Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Embora os pesticidas químicos sejam eficazes para controlar essas pragas, seu uso excessivo pode comprometer a qualidade dos alimentos. Óleos essenciais de origem vegetal são apresentados como uma alternativa atrativa aos inseticidas químicos sintéticos para o controle de pragas, porque apresentam pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre a qualidade dos grãos, saúde humana e meio ambiente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade dos óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) ou cravo e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Laureaceae) conhecida como canela sobre A. obtectus em grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Avaliou-se a taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri) desses insetos expostos a tempos- letais, taxa de desenvolvimento, repelência, persistência e perda de massa do feijão. A toxicidade dos óleos foi avaliada através de testes preliminares para estimar a dose letal para 50 e 95% (DL50 e DL95) dos insetos adultos. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por frascos de 0,8 L contendo 200 g de feijão (variedade rainha) tratados com doses de 2,80; 5,54; 8,88; 14,22; 28,09 &#956;L de óleo de cravo, e 4,26; 6,93; 9,70; 13,60; 22,17 &#956;L de óleo de canela. Posteriormente, foram acrescentados 25 insetos adultos em cada frasco (quatro repetições por dose), e a mortalidade dos insetos foi avaliada após 24 h. A taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri) dos insetos na presença dos óleos de cravo e canela foi determinada utilizando as doses letais (DL10, DL30, DL50, DL70 e DL90), obtidas no bioensaio de toxicidade. Foram utilizados frascos com 200 g de feijão e 25 insetos adultos, não-sexados com idade de 1-3 dias, e quatro repetições por DL; após 45 dias, a progênie adulta foi contabilizada. Procedimento similar foi feito para avaliar a taxa de desenvolvimento, com a diferença de, que neste teste, os insetos foram retirados dos frascos depois de 15 dias de terem sido introduzidos, e a contagem foi realizada a cada dois dias após a emergência do primeiro adulto. A persistência foi avaliada em grãos de feijão tratados com a DL100 dos óleos. A atividade repelente dos óleos foi testada com as doses DL10, DL50, DL90 para cada óleo. Os resultados de toxicidade indicaram que as DL50 e DL95 foram 8,88 &#61549;L e 38,94 &#61549;L para o óleo essencial de cravo, e 9,70 &#61549;L e 27,97 &#61549;L para o óleo essencial de canela, respectivamente. Além disso, com o aumento das doses dos óleos essenciais, a ri e a taxa de desenvolvimento decrescem significativamente. Com relação à persistência dos óleos, observou-se a redução na mortalidade de A. obtectus com o aumento do tempo entre o tratamento dos grãos tratados; mantendo uma mortalidade superior ao 50% dos insetos até 7 dias após a exposição. Entretanto, foi observada repelência do óleo essencial de canela para este inseto somente ao utilizar-se a DL90; o óleo essencial de cravo não apresentou repelência contra A. obtectus nas doses testadas. A perda de massa dos grãos no período de 48 dias foi diretamente proporcional ao número de insetos emergidos em cada teste. Para o feijão tratado com óleo essencial de cravo, a perda média da massa foi de 6,6%, e no controle de 9,6%; nos ensaios com óleo essencial de canela, a perda média foi de 6,8% e 9,2% para os tratamentos e controle, respetivamente. Assim, com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, pode-se concluir que os óleos essenciais de cravo e de canela têm efeito por contato na mortalidade de A. obtectus, sendo uma alternativa ao uso de inseticidas tradicionais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is one of the stored grain pests of major importance in the world. The indiscriminate use of conventional insecticides has led to the selection of populations of resistant S. zeamais. Although the essential oils (EO) of plants are considered an alternative to conventional insecticides, their range of use due to insect populations with different capacities resistance has not been determined. We examined the toxicity of the EO of Pogostemon cablin and its nanoemulsion on nine populations of S. zeamais from different regions of Brazil. For that were performed bioassays topical application, contact, fumigation, and repellency effects on population growth. Fifteen compounds were identified the EO of P. cablin, and patchoulol was major component (55.04%). The EO of P. cablin showed average activity against the nine populations of S. zeamais when applied topically. The time required to cause 50% mortality of the population was 33.4 hours. The nine populations of S. zeamais responded similarly to EO of P. cablin. The lethal dose to kill 50% of the population resulted in low toxicity index (<2). The population of Viçosa-MG was more susceptible the EO of P. cablin, with LD50 of 9.17 and 8.01 μg mg-1 after 48 and 72 hours exposure respectively. The greater tolerance of EO P. cablin was detected in the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, which increased the LD50 of 1.77 and 1.53 times. The concentration the EO of P. cablin required to cause 50% mortality of the population by contact and fumigation ranged from 0.34 to 0.43 μl ml-1 and from 28.6 to 33.5 μl l-1, respectively. Already the nanoemulsion P. cablin showed LC50 ranging from 1.28 to 8.84 μl ml-1 and from 32.7 to 39.5 μl l-1. There was an increase in toxicity by contact and fumigation (LC50) of the nanoemulsion of P. cablin from 48 to 72 hours of exposure. Toxicity (LC50) for contact and fumigation on populations of Viçosa-MG and Sete Lagoas-MG after 48 and 72 hours of exposure to EO P. cablin was in most cases greater than the toxicity caused by nanoemulsion of P. cablin. The EO and the nanoemulsion of P. cablin were LC50 and LC70 repellents in at all times of exposure for the population of Viçosa-MG. The same occurred with the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, except for LC50 after 4, 6 and 8 hours of exposure and the LC70 after 24 hours of exposure to nanoemulsion of P. cablin. For the population of Viçosa-MG, there was no difference in repellency caused by EO and nanoemulsion of P. cablin. As for the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, EO P. cablin caused greater repellency to this population compared to this oil nanoemulsion. Increasing concentrations of nanoemulsion of P. cablin resulted in reduction and consumption of grains of the two populations. Populations of Viçosa-MG and Sete Lagoas-MG entered decline (ri <0) using concentrations of 50.15 and 67.29 μl kg-1, respectively. / O gorgulho do milho (Sitophilus zeamais) e uma das pragas de graos armazenados de maior importancia no mundo. O uso indiscriminado de inseticidas convencionais tem levado a selecao de populacoes de S. zeamais resistentes. Apesar dos oleos essenciais (OE) de plantas serem considerados uma alternativa ao uso de inseticidas convencionais, sua amplitude de utilizacao frente as populacoes de insetos com capacidades distintas de resistencia ainda nao foi determinada. Neste trabalho analisamos a toxicidade do OE de Pogostemon cablin e da nanoemulsao a base desse OE sobre nove populacoes de S. zeamais provenientes de diferentes regioes do Brasil. Para isso foram realizados bioensaios de aplicacao topica, contato, fumigacao, repelencia e efeitos sobre o crescimento populacional. Foram identificados quinze compostos no OE de P. cablin, sendo o patchoulol o componente majoritario (55,04%). O OE de P. cablin demonstrou atividade inseticida sobre as nove populacoes de S. zeamais quando aplicado topicamente. O tempo necessario para causar 50% de mortalidade das populacoes foi em media 33,4 horas. As nove populacoes de S. zeamais responderam de modo semelhante ao OE de P. cablin. As doses letais para matar 50% das populacoes resultaram em baixas razoes de toxicidade (<2). A populacao de Vicosa-MG foi a mais susceptivel ao OE de P. cablin, com DL50 de 9,17 e 8,01 Êg mg-1 apos 48 e 72 horas de exposicao, respectivamente. A maior tolerancia ao OE de P. cablin foi detectada na populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, que apresentou aumento na DL50 de 1,77 e 1,53 vezes. A concentracao do OE de P. cablin necessaria para causar 50% de mortalidade das populacoes por contato e fumigacao variou de 0,34 a 0,43 Êl ml-1 e 28,6 a 33,5 Êl l-1, respectivamente. Ja a nanoemulsao de P. cablin apresentou CL50 que variaram de 1,28 a 8,84 Êl ml-1 e 32,7 a 39,5 Êl l-1. Houve aumento da toxicidade por contato e fumigacao (CL50) da nanoemulsao de P. cablin de 48 para 72 horas de exposicao. A toxicidade (CL50) por contato e fumigacao sobre as populacoes de Vicosa-MG e Sete Lagoas-MG apos 48 e 72 horas de exposicao ao OE de P. cablin foi, na maioria das vezes, maior do que a toxicidade causada pela nanoemulsao de P. cablin. O OE e a nanoemulsao de P. cablin foram repelentes nas CL50 e CL70 em todos os tempos de exposicao para a populacao de Vicosa-MG. O mesmo ocorreu com a populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, excecao para a CL50 apos 4, 6 e 8 horas de exposicao e para a CL70 apos 24 horas de exposicao a nanoemulsao de P. cablin. Para a populacao de Vicosa-MG, nao houve diferenca na repelencia causada pelo OE e nanoemulsao de P. cablin. Ja para a populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, o OE de P. cablin causou maior repelencia a esta populacao se comparado a nanoemulsao deste OE. Concentracoes crescentes da nanoemulsao de P. cablin resultaram em reducao do ri e do consumo de graos das duas populacoes. As populacoes de Vicosa-MG e Sete Lagoas-MG entraram em declinio (ri<0) a partir das concentracoes de 50,15 e 67,29 Êl kg-1, respectivamente.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Aceria guerreronis keifer is one of the main coconut pests in Brazil, its attack causes a premature fall, reduction of fruit size, water weight and volume, as well as stetic esthetic damages (necrosis) depreciating the product. Currently, there are five pesticides registered for the control of the coconut-necrotic mite. However, there is no specificity to A. guerreronis. The Lamiaceae family stands out with some specimens with notable insecticidal activity, among them the Vitex genus, known to have ecdysteroids and iridoids as markers of the genus. However, there is a shortage of specific chemotaxonomic studies for volatile compounds. The objective of this work was to identify the volatile compounds present in the essential oils of the species of Vitex gardneriana Schauer, Vitex capitata Vahl., Vitex rufescens A. Juss., Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenk and to evaluate possible effects of toxicity and repellence against A. guerreronis. In addition to analyzing the genetic diversity of species of the genus Vitex using ISSR markers, verifying the occurrence of statistical correlations between the genetic diversity and the chemical profiles of the essential oils. Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (GC-MS / FID) were used for the detection of volatile compounds, and the molecular markers of ISSR for the genetic characterization of the species, as well as toxicity and repellency tests against necrotic necrosis. The results showed 46, 45, 41 and 37 constituents for V. capitata, V. megapotamica, V. gardneriana and V. rufences respectively, among which, -copaene, (E)-caryophyllene, -elemene, -humulene, trans-cadine-1(6)4-diene, viridiflorene and -cadinene were the main components of V. capitata and V. megapotamica. 6,9-guaiadiene, caryophyllene oxide, L-calamenene for V. gardneriana and (E)-cariophylene, ledol, germacrene D, -humulene, allo-aromadendrene, viridiflorene and -elemene for V. rufences. The results of molecular markers of ISSR generated a total of 90 fragments, of which 100% were polymorphic. The genotypes of the four Vitex species selected for this study were pooled using the Jaccard coefficient (JC). The mean similarity was 0.21 JC (0.08-0.45 JC). A clear separation of two groups was observed, with V. gardneriana being the most isolated of the four species, and V. capitata and V. megapotamica more closely related to each other. The acaricide activity of the four oils was also evaluated by means of toxicity and repellency tests against A. guerreronis. The essential oil of V. gardneriana showed acaricidal activity against A. guerreronis with a LC50 of 0.85 mg.mL-1, whereas the oils of V. capitata, V. megapotamica and V. rufecens were not toxic to this pest up to 2.3 mg. Ml-1 when tested through the toxicity bioassay. In general, essential oils distilled from the Vitex species repelled A. guerreronis after 24 hours at a concentration of 1.8 mg.mL-1 using abamectin as a control in the two-choice disc repellency assay, however, the essential oil of V. gardneriana presented a statistically significant acaricidal activity against the coconut mite necrosis. Introducing himself as a potential candidate for the development of an acaricide product. / O ácaro-da-necrose-de-coqueiro Aceria guerreronis keifer é uma das principais pragas de coqueiro do Brasil, seu ataque causa queda prematura, redução no tamanho e peso dos frutos e volume de água, além dos danos estéticos (necroses) na casca que diminui o valor comercial do produto. Atualmente, existem cinco agrotóxicos registrados para o controle dessa praga. No entanto, não há especificidade ao A. guerreronis. A família Lamiaceae se destaca com alguns exemplares com notória atividade inseticida, dentre eles, o gênero Vitex, conhecido por possuir dentre seus constituintes os ecdisteroides e iridoides como marcadores do gênero, todavia, há uma escassez de estudo quimiotaxonômicos específicos para compostos voláteis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os compostos voláteis presentes nos óleos essenciais das espécies de Vitex gardneriana Schauer, Vitex capitata Vahl., Vitex rufescens A. Juss., Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenk e avaliar possíveis efeitos de toxicidade e repelência frente ao A. guerreronis, além de analisar a diversidade genética de espécies do gênero Vitex. Técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas (CG-MS/FID) foram utilizadas para detecção dos compostos voláteis, e os marcadores moleculares de ISSR foram empregados para a caracterização genética das espécies, além de testes de toxicidade e repelência contra ao àcaro-da-necrose. Os resultados mostraram 46, 45, 41 e 37 constituintes para V. capitata, V. megapotamica, V. gardneriana e V. rufences respectivamente, dentre os quais, -copaeno, (E)-cariofileno, -elemeno, -humuleno, trans-cadina-1(6),4-dieno, viridiflorene e -cadineno foram os principais componentes de V. capitata e V. megapotamica. 6,9- guaiadieno, óxido de cariofileno, L-calameneno para V. gardneriana e (E)-cariofileno, ledol, germacreno D, -humuleno, allo-aromadendreno, viridifloreno e -elemene para V. rufences. Os resultados dos marcadores moleculares de ISSR geraram um total de 90 fragmentos, dos quais 100% foram polimórficos. Os genótipos das quatro espécies de Vitex selecionadas para este estudo foram agrupados utilizando o coeficiente Jaccard (JC). A média de similaridade foi de 0,21 JC (0,08-0,45 JC). Observou-se uma clara separação de dois grupos, sendo V. gardneriana a mais isolada das quatro espécies, e V. capitata e V. megapotamica mais próxima geneticamente entre si. A atividade acaricida dos quatro óleos também foi avaliada por meio de ensaios de toxicidade e repelência contra o àcaro-da-necrose. O óleo essencial de V. gardneriana mostrou atividade acaricida ao A. guerreronis com uma CL50 de 0,85 mg.mL-1, enquanto que os óleos de V. capitata, V. megapotamica e V. rufecens não foram tóxicos para esta praga até 2,3 mg.ml-1, quando testados através do bioensaio de toxicidade. Em geral, os óleos essenciais destilados a partir das espécies de Vitex repeliram o A. guerreronis após 24 horas a uma concentração de 1.8 mg.mL-1 utilizando abamectina como controle no ensaio de repelência disco de duas escolha, no entanto, o óleo essencial de V. gardneriana apresentou atividade acaricida estatisticamente significativa frente ao ácaro-da-necrose-do-coqueiro. Apresentando-se como potencial candidato para o desenvolvimento de um produto acaricida. / São Cristóvão, SE

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