Human enhancement (HE) is the field of research aiming to improve and overcome the biological limitations of the physical and mental performance of humans. The implications of HE might especially prove relevant within high-intensity environments, such as the working environment of police and fire and rescue services. The aim of this thesis is to identify the needs of personnel within these domains and to highlight potential HE solutions that could aid to improve responder performance in the setting of an active emergency. Interviews conducted with representatives for the Swedish police and fire and rescue service highlighted the need for support of mental performance in the form of destressing during highintensity situations as well as an improvement of creating situational awareness and making adequate decisions in a short amount of time. The results imply a potential of implementing HE solutions that aid emergency responders by keeping them alert and open for information gathering or minimizing the experienced level of stress while providing vital information for a proper response. The thesis alsoconcluded a generally positive attitude towards implementation of HE solutions.

Bakgrund. För att tillgodose ett tryggt patientomhändertagande krävs god kommunikation mellan olika vårdande yrkesgrupper. Vägen dit är full av utmaningar. När kommunikationen brister är det oftast på grund av oförståelse av respektive roller mellan yrkesgrupper och störningar i miljön där kommunikationen utförs. För ett väl fungerande samarbete mellan personal på ambulans och räddningstjänst är god kommunikation av högsta vikt.  Syfte. Syftet med studien var att undersöka erfarenheten sjuksköterskor inom ambulansverksamheten har av kommunikation med räddningstjänstpersonal under samverkan.  Metod. En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats genomfördes med elva sjuksköterskor verksamma i södra delen av Sverige. Genom användandet av Critical Incident Technique togs sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet och hanteringen av specifika händelser i samband med kommunikation med räddningstjänstpersonal fram. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat. Två huvudteman framkom i resultatet: Kännetecken på god kommunikation under samverkan och kännetecken på bristande kommunikation under samverkan. Skapandet av huvudteman gjordes utifrån åtta teman som formades utifrån deltagarnas beskrivningar av de Kritiska Incidenterna och deras hantering och beteende kring dessa incidenter. Slutsats. Det finns fördelar när ambulanspersonal och räddningstjänstpersonal arbetar på samma station. Fördelen med att känna varandra till namn ökar även förståelsen för varandras arbete och samverkan blir lättare. En väl fungerande kommunikation bidrar till ett effektivt teamarbete. I samband med större händelser ökar risken att kommunikationen fallerar. Det kan möjligtvis påverka patientomhändertagande. Att ha gemensamma utbildningsdagar där de olika yrkesgrupperna lär sig av varandra rekommenderas. Då det även tycks saknas forskning på området rekommenderas det. / Background. To provide safe care for patients, good communication between different professional caring groups is essential. Lack of communication is usually due to misunderstanding of the respective roles between involved professionals and disturbances in the environment where the communication is carried out. For a well-functioning collaboration between personnel in the ambulance and rescue services, good communication is of utmost importance.  Purpose. The purpose of the study was to investigate the experience nurses in the ambulance service have of communication with the rescue service during collaboration.  Method. A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach with eleven nurses active in the southern part of Sweden was conducted. By using the Critical Incident Technique, the nurses' experience and the handling of specific incidents related to communication with the emergency services were defined. The interviews were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis with the aim of creating categories and themes of the experiences. Results. Two main themes emerged: Characteristics of good communication during collaboration and characteristics of lack of communication during collaboration. The two main themes contained eight themes based on the participants' descriptions of the Critical Incidents and their handling and behavior around these incidents.  Conclusion. There are benefits when ambulance personnel and emergency services personnel work at the same station. The advantage of knowing each other by name also increases the understanding of each other's work and collaboration becomes easier. A well-functioning communication contributes to effective teamwork. In connection with major events, the risk of failure during communication increases. This may affect patient care. It is recommended to have joint practice where the different professional groups learn from each other. Further research in the field is recommended.

Background: Within the rescue service, a varied background is needed to increase the possibility of delivering equal service to the citizens. At present, there is a skewed gender distribution within the municipal rescue services, with only a couple of percent of the firefighters being women. Many women find it difficult to meet the physical limit values on recruitment tests. The standing long jump (SLJ) is used as a part of recruitment tests on many rescue services, to assess leg power. It is not clear though whether SLJ is the most appropriate field-test to assess leg power in firefighter trainees, with men and women mixed in the same group, as it has been argued that anthropometric factors, such as body height (BH), affects the result. Thereby we wanted to study the relationship between BH and SLJ, and compere SLJ with another field-test for measuring leg power, one that omits the variable BH. Aim: The aim was to study the strength of the relationship between body height and the jump length at standing long jump, for firefighter trainees. A second aim was to study the strength of the relationship between firefighter trainees' jump results of the two tests: standing long jump and vertical jump. Methods: The study was executed as an observational cross-sectional study. Three different measurements were carried out: BH, vertical jump (VJ) and SLJ. Correlation analyzes, with Pearson's correlation coefficient, were performed on BH in relation to SLJ, and VJ in relation to SLJ. Results: Fourteen (n = 14) firefighter trainees (women n = 5, men n = 9) met the inclusion criteria and participated in the study. Subjects' age, body mass index (BMI) and number of workouts per week were 29 ± 7 years old, 25 ± 2 kg/m2 and 4 ± 1 workouts (at least 30 minutes) per week. Results showed a significant moderate correlation between BH and SLJ (r = 0.572). Between the variables VJ and SLJ there were a significant strong correlation (r = 0.862). However, the results changed substantially when the analyzes were performed separately for men and women, with a very low correlation level (r = 0.106 respective r = 0.166) between BH and SLJ. For VJ and SLJ there were a moderate correlation level for men and low for women (r = 0.414 respective r = 0.387). Conclusion: The result from this study is in line with aforementioned work and supports the hypothesis that BH to some extent can affect the jump result at SLJ. Our study complements earlier work and indicates that these results are also applicable to firefighter trainees. The findings in this study indicates VJ could possibly be an alternative field test for SLJ, to assess leg power when recruiting new firefighters. Additional studies are required to investigate the correlation between SLJ and VJ with ad- ditional confounders, such as actual leg power, and also the correlation between VJ and fire- fighters heaviest among most common work tasks.

Title: Evaluation of the number drowned people in the Czech Republic in the years 1998-2018 Objective: Evaluation of the number of drowned people in the Czech Republic, depending on age, sex and cause of drowning in the years 1998-2018. Methods: Search of available resources. Collecting data from the Czech Statistical Office and information portals. Results: The group 50-64 years of age in the terms of drowning is the most risky age group. The age group 10-14 years is the least risky. The ratio of all drowned men and women is 2,7:1. The most common cause of drowning is unspecified drowning. In many cases, it is not possible to determine the cause of the drowning. Keywords: Drowning, International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Water Rescue Service, Accidental drowning and submersion

This essay aims to study which competencies, motives, and conditions that volunteer rescuers in the Aland Islands Sea Rescue Society consider important. An underlying aim is to investigate the importance of volunteer maritime rescue for the members themselves and for the local community from a maritime rescue and safety perspective. This is accomplished by examining qualitative ethnographic interviews through Discourse Theory. The essay explores what work tasks and competencies (such as knowledge and skills) volunteer maritime rescuers consider important and what strategies they use to acquire competencies. It even explores what motives they indicate as important for becoming involved as a volunteer rescuer and what conditions enable or limit their participation in the Sea Rescue Society The essay even explores why voluntary lifeguards need to exist in society and how com it exists.    The results show that each volunteer rescuer has an individual motive that keeps them engaged. The volunteer rescuers need a general competence but may also have special competence in maritime rescue practices. The living, health, work, and family situation of the volunteer rescuers are conditions that enable or limit their participation in the Sea Rescue Society. The finances of the maritime rescue service may also be a condition enabling or limiting.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the role of the Water Rescue Service of the Czech Red Cross as a component of the Integrated Rescue System, and also to analyze and compare its activities with activities, skills and the material-technical equipment with other three randomly selected Water Rescue Services in Europe (Slovak Red Cross - Water Rescue Service, Irish Water Safety, The Royal Life Saving Society UK). One of the major benefits of the diploma thesis was a proposal how to improve the activities of the Water Rescue Service of the Czech Red Cross.

Fire Rescue Service of Capital of Prague is the subject of this thesis. Generally, Fire Rescue Service is the fundamental element of Integrated Rescue System. FRS of Capital of Prague's primary objective is to protect life, health and property in the case of fire and other emergency events. Area of Capital of Prague is markedly specific in comparison to other regions of the Czech Republic. It puts increased requirements on the labour of Prague's fire fighters. The main aim of this thesis is to obtain integral look in the function of Fire Rescue Service of Capital of Prague and to propose steps that could eventually help to improve conditions for the provided service.

Title of a document: Floody analysis of Czech republic between 1997 - 2007. Aim of a document: Characterize kinds of extraordinary events and assign to them some cases from CR with concentraining on floods. The legislature before and after acceptance of crisis laws. The economic incidence and loses of lives in effect of floods. Method: An analysis of obtained information oriented to a question of extraordinary events with concentraining on floods. Interview with the specialist of joint rescue service. Results: Complexed summary of extraordinary events, their characterizations and cases reffered to CR with concentraining on floods. Floody analysis of CR between 1997 - 2007 from aspekt of rise, progress and their results. Key words: Joint rescue service, an extraordinary event, crisis situation, rescue and liquidation works, flood, crisis kontrol, economic steps, crisis laws.

Fire Rescue Service is territorialized in each region, which means that Fire Rescue Service is present in each region of the Czech Republic as an individual accounting entity. Each accounting entity is obliged to prepare own budget estimate for next year which serves for covering costs related to interventions. Therefore it is beneficial to have an overview about the number of interventions expected in following year. The prediction of the expected interventions should be based utmost on real data from the the last period. Fire Rescue Service units' interventions in traffic accidents are covered from the state budget as well as other performances. The thesis is concerning the statistic survey related to Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents. Specified goals of the thesis: G1) The survey of the development in time of the number of traffic accidents associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents within one month as the unit of time during the last 5 years. It is considered as the survey of the first of selected parameters concerning Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. G2) The survey of the development in time of costs associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents within one month as the unit of time during the last 5 years. It is considered as the survey of the second of selected parameters related to Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. G3) The comparison of the number of interventions and costs, the investigation of the apportionment of the number of interventions and costs in terms of a proper theoretical apportionment. It is considered as the survey concerning the dependence of selected parameters of Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. With regard to a relativelly high number of primary data (entries from about 8 000 traffic accidents in the time period between 7/2010 and 6/2015 in the South Bohemia region, where was always present at least one unit of the South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service), mathematical statistic tools were needed to create a survey of selected parameters of the data file. Determining intervals for individual statistic features is to some extent carried out "by feeling". With regard to it, there was done the sensitivity analysis within which was investigated the influence of minor changes in the number of intervals on apportionment of percent occurrences of monitored statistical features (intervals were determined "by feeling" and based on recommendation from technical literature). For investigation of statistical features were used description statistics and also methods of statistical induction. The information used from technical literature and the interpretation of partial results and conclusions concerning individual sections of the thesis are provided in the section Discussion. The thesis demonstrated that the empirical apportionment of the number of traffic accidents and costs on South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents can be considered as standard. Therefore it is correct to use theoretical findings associated with standard apportionment to work with those data. Also the thesis demonstrated that the number of traffic accidents and costs associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions not only does not decrease but on the contrary increases. It was demonstrated that there is present very high positive correlation between numbers of the traffic accidents and the costs related to South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in single months of the monitored time period. This brings us to a conclusion that the increase of costs related to interventions is caused mainly by the increase of the number of traffic accidents where the units of Fire Rescue Service intervene.

This thesis is dealing with the issues of stress and stress factors found at the 112 emergency call operators. Citizens call the emergency number 112 in case of notification of an extraordinary situation. However, in some cases the emergency call is being misused. The call is then marked as spiteful. The ECC runs in a 24-hour shift operation and the operators change after a 12-hour shift. Each new operator is accepted in the service based on his knowledge, physical, health and above all psychological examination. He is obliged to attend the entrance training and courses in lenght of overall nine weeks. There he gets to know the issues of FRS CR, operational management and he has to pass a language course as well. It is very psychologically demanding for every operator to receive emergency calls. The operator needs to be able to listen, empathize and react adequatly. He deals with calls concerning accidents, injuries, foreigners and spiteful calls. An operator should recognize its gravity and devote to its resolution. However, he has his own personal life along with its joys and problems. It is vital that he is able to separate issues of his work and those of personal nature. This and many other indicators may cause stress reactions to the operator. Many psychologists have attempted to define stress. Each has, however, a different opinion and it is complicated to reach a an accurate definition. One thing is for sure - and that is stress shows itself in different ways and everyone is affected by it differently. In case of an emergency call operator, the stress factors are mainly time to execute the call, character of the notification, as well as the working group, personal life and emotional challenge. Multiple questions have been formulated for this thesis. Both current and former emergency call operators in Ceske Budejovice have been asked these question, which were then processed. The questions were divided into five fields concerning the interviewees' characteristics, collective and family, prevention a one last field was designated for the former operators. The interviews were anonymous, recorded and summarized. Two objectives were defined for this thesis: an analysis of the stressful situations of the emergency call operators and also of the impulses causing the formation of the stress factors, aw well as drafting a solution to stressful situations, possibility of the psycho-training, motivation and relaxation. The answer to the research question 'Which stress factors restrict the operators while performing service and how do they come into being' was determined from the carried-out interviews. There are situations which can make the operators insecure, such as a suicidal call, or when the call is unintelligible, or in case the incident cannot be correctly and quickly localized. Another problem can be the spiteful calls, in which case the telephone just rings and the caller hangs up right away. Another answer has also been extracted from the respondents: 'Which possibilities to handle stress do the operators have, which way to get rid of stress is satisfactory for them'. In the area of FRS of the South Bohemian Region there is a sports ground for every member to use. They would gladly welcome an opportunity to visit the firefighters's intervention in person. They are interested in psychology education, working with a suicidal call and periodic language courses. There are some proposals and ways to prevent stress of the 112 emergency call operators stated in the conclusion of the thesis. The system of training, possibilities to exchange workplaces, periodic language courses and interviews with the regional psychologist of the FRS of the South Bohemian Region. There are relaxation methods introduced, which would enable the operators to reduce stress and thus prevent illnesses, psychic exhaustion and eventually even a burnout. The results of this thesis can be used for all 112 EECs in the Czech republic.