Dans un contexte d'interdépendance des États, le besoin d'une action commune pour sauvegarder l'environnement se fait ressentir au regard des risques qui pèsent sur la société internationale. Notion à dimension politique et morale, les responsabilités communes mais différenciées ont été conçues pour répondre à cette nécessité en aménageant une différenciation entre les États en fonction de leur niveau de développement. Bien qu'elles instaurent une dualité normative, elles se distinguent de la différenciation classique par leurs aspects développementaux et prospectifs. Depuis l'Accord de Paris du 12 décembre 2015, elles ont vu leur place renforcée dans le régime climat. Principe protéiforme, directeur et structurant, les responsabilités communes mais différenciées participent aux efforts d'humanisation du droit international. La présente thèse entend contribuer à l'étude de leur structuration comme principe général du droit international de l'environnement dont l'effectivité sera vérifiée dans le régime juridique applicable aux activités climatiques. / In a contexte of increasing interdependance among States, and regarding the risks for the international society, a joint action is required in order to protect the environment. Including both political and moral dimensions, the common but differentiated responsibilities have been designed to set a differentiation between States based on their level of development. Although they institute a normative duality, they are distinguished from classical differentiation due to their development and prospective aspects. The notion of common but differentiated responsibilities has been strengthened in the framework of the climate regime since the Paris Agreement 2015. As a protean, director and structuring principle, the common but differentiated responsibilities participates in humanising international law. This PhD dissertation aims to contribute to the structuration of the common but differentiated responsibilities as a general principle of international environmental law. Their scope will be examined through an assessment of their effectiveness within the climate regime framework.

Krympande kommuner har ett begränsat skatteunderlag som innebär att de måste göra prioriteringar mellan olika intressen. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed att undersöka vilka förutsättningar krympande kommuner har att genomföra klimatanpassningsarbete för att förstå hur de prioriterar sina resurser. Uppsatsen baseras primärt på en intervjustudie där vi har genomfört intervjuer med personer från Valdemarsviks och Ydre kommun, Länsstyrelsen Östergötland och SMHI. Vi utgick huvudsakligen från de teoretiska begreppen; tillväxtnorm, klimatanpassningsbehov, resurskoordinering och asymmetrisk ansvarsfördelning. Vi diskuterar hur det är ett problem att kommunerna har samma uppdrag men olika förutsättningar att genomföra dessa där det inte finns något system för att hantera denna skillnad. Vi presenterar asymmetrisk ansvarsfördelning som en potentiell lösning på detta problem. Vår främsta slutsats är hur kommunernas existensberättigande måste prioriteras framför satsningar inom klimatanpassning. / Due to shrinking municipalities having fewer resources they have to prioritise between interests. The aim of this thesis is to explore what opportunities shrinking municipalities have to implement climate adaptation in order to understand their resource prioritisation.We have conducted interviews with Valdemarsviks and Ydre municipality, Länsstyrelsen Östergötland, and SMHI. This study is based on the theoretical concepts; ‘growth norm’, ‘need for climate adaptation’, ‘resource coordination’, and ‘asymmetrical allocation of responsibilities’. We discuss the problem of municipalities having the same responsibilities but different amounts of resources to execute them. Together with a lack of system to manage this difference this creates a problem. We present asymmetrical allocation of responsibilities as a solution to this problem. Our main conclusions refer to municipalities’ strive to sustain a justification for their existence which leads to them prioritising this over climate adaptation.

The aim of this research project is to investigate the roles and responsibilities of foundation phase heads of departments (HoDs) in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was used to assess the perceptions of the foundation phase HoDs. Questionnaires were distributed to 274 foundation phase HoDs in Mpumalanga and SPSS 20 was used to analyse the data. The findings show that HoDs perceive that they are overworked, whereas in reality, the amount of time they spend in school is not as expected in the Personnel Administrative Measures (PAM) document. It emerged that most educators leave school earlier than normal and thus experience a lack of time for supervision and administration, which then becomes a stress factor in the completion of their roles and responsibilities. Twenty two percent of the respondents indicated that they are not familiar with the HoD duties as outlined in the PAM document. Furthermore, the study uncovered issues such as lack of support and training for HoDs, the role of parents as motivators in terms of learner achievement, and the importance of evaluating and developing teachers to provide quality education in the 21st century. This research project utilises instructional leadership as a conceptual framework and maps out the roles and responsibilities of the HoD as outlined in the PAM document. Due to the low Annual National Assessment (ANA) results in literacy and numeracy, the research focuses on the challenges that HoDs in the foundation phase face regarding fulfilling their roles and responsibilities towards ensuring a quality education. On Tuesday 28 June 2011, the Minister of Basic Education, Angie Motshekga, revealed the results of the February 2011 ANA. In excess of 6.5 million learners from Grades 2 to 7 and a sample of G10s wrote tests in literacy/language and numeracy/mathematics. According to the statistics released by the Department of Basic Education (DBE), the average mark for literacy for G3 learners was a mere 35%. Grade 3 learners scored an average of 28% in numeracy. Amongst the Grade 3 learners, the Western Cape performed the best in both literacy and numeracy with 43% for literacy and 36% for numeracy. In Mpumalanga, Grade 3 learners scored 27% in literacy and only managed to score 19% for numeracy (DBE Report 40). If learners can’t read, write, spell and calculate at Grade 3 level, surely there is something wrong. Where are the foundation phase managers and how do they spend their time? Internationally, teachers responsible for supervising Grade R-3 are called middle managers. In South Africa, middle managers are called heads of departments (HoDs). The duties and roles of middle managers (or HoDs) in the foundation phase might be the cause of poor performance of learners in numeracy and literacy, due to insufficient support being provided to educators and learners. The role of HoDs in schools is not widely understood (Turner, 1996; Blandford, 1997; McLendon&Crowther, 1998). As a consequence, the literature relating to their role and functions is sparse. What is apparent, however, is the dual role that HoDs play, namely an administrative role within the school, as well as a teaching responsibility. A great deal of the work in managing the teaching-learning process operates at the middle management level in schools. However, management development often occurs at the senior management level, and HoDs remain the forgotten tier in schools. HoDs co-ordinate all educational activities between the top management of the school and the educators. Gold (1998:1) describes the role of HoDs as the most exciting and probably the most influential position in a well-organised school. Given the dual roles of HoDs, it is evident that they are exposed to a dilemma in executing duties carrying competing demands namely managing a department and being a class teacher at the same time (Blandford, 1997:13). This dual role becomes a particular challenge in the foundation phase, depending on the type of school, e.g. private school, former model C school, township or rural schools (which normally fall under Quintile 1-3), and lastly farm schools. It is challenging, especially in township and farm schools, to manage teaching, supervise educators, ensure learners cooperate positively in a class, and to be responsible for all the classes in a phase, including the own HOD’s class. Educators are experiencing overcrowding in their classrooms and schools are under staffed. A thorough study needed to be conducted to ensure that HoDs in the foundation phase are operating as effectively as those in the intermediate, senior and FET phases. It is critical to formulate strategies to ensure that learners progress positively in the foundation phase, especially in terms of their literacy and numeracy. HoDs must be able to perform their roles and responsibilities to ensure that learners can read and write at Grade 3 level. The PAM document clearly spells out the roles and responsibilities of the HoD; however when an HoD has 90% of their time allocated for teaching, one wonders if it is fair to expect them to carry out their administrative role in the remaining 10% of their time. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Background: About 17 million people die of cardiovascular disease in the world each year, of which almost 25% are sudden cardiac death. Cardiovascular disease deaths are a global public health problem. Although cardiovascular disease mortality has decreased in recent years, cardiovascular disease is still the dominant cause of death in Europe for both men and women. Coronary heart disease is one of the common types of Cardiovascular diseases that can in some untreated cases lead to heart attack. Changes in mortality are explained by changes in lifestyle such increased physical activity, healthy diet and improvement in treatment strategies. Physical inactivity is one of the many risk factors for coronary heart disease. The disease can be prevented by för instance engaging in physical activities. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe what factors affect nurses' work in motivating cardiac and coronary heart disease patients to physical activity. Method /Design: A literature review was conducted based on both qualitative and quantitative articles. Results: Three main themes and seven sub themes were identified; Nurses 'approach, nurses' knowledge and external factors. Increasing the nurse's knowledge and skills, communication and attitudes, person-centred work, health education, use of various tools as well as lack of time and resources in the behaviour change process played an important role in nurses health promotion work in motivating patients with cardiac and coronary heart disease to physical activity. Conclusion: Nurses' encourage health promotion by motivating patients with coronary heart disease to physical activity and lifestyle change on various factors. It has been found that these factors have both positive and negative effects on the patient's behaviour change process. Nurses' knowledge, nurses’ approach and other external factors are of great importance for directly affecting the patient's process of lifestyle change. / Cirka 17 miljoner personer dör i hjärt-kärlsjukdomar i världen varje år, varav nästan 25% är plötslig hjärtdöd. Dödsfall i hjärt-kärlsjukdomar är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. Trots att dödlighet i hjärt-kärlsjukdomar har minskat de senaste åren är hjärt-kärlsjukdomar fortfarande den dominerande dödsorsaken i Europa för både män och kvinnor. Kranskärlsjukdomar är en av de vanliga typerna av hjärt-kärlsjukdomar som kan vid obehandlade fall leda till hjärtinfarkt. Förändringar i dödlighet förklaras av förändringar i levnadsvanor såsom ökad fysisk aktivitet, hälsosam kost och förbättring i behandlingsstrategier. Fysisk inaktivitet är en av många riskfaktorer för kranskärlssjukdomar. Den är relaterade till livsstil som går att påverka.

Infrastrukturen är en förutsättning för att människor och gods ska kunna förflytta sig i samhället och förutsätts därför fungera på ett tillfredsställande sätt. För att t.ex. en väg ska vara meningsfull och   effektiv  behöver  den   dessutom  ingå   i   ett   större   nät   med   olika   transportnoder. Transportinfrastrukturen i Sverige kan vara statligt, kommunalt eller enskilt och varje part är ansvarig för att den egna delen ska samverka med de övriga till en helhet. Det medför också att en aktör sällan kan göra ingrepp i sina egna anläggningar utan att påverka de andras användning. Det  betyder  att  om  staten  gör  åtgärder  på  den  statliga  vägen  eller  järnvägen  medför  det konsekvenser för kommunens anläggningar. Därmed kan anpassning av anslutande anläggningar bli nödvändigt i samband med om- eller nybyggnad av statlig transportinfrastruktur. I anknytning till detta kan kommunen önska olika former av tillägg, t.ex. ökad kapacitet och standard, i förhållande till grundutförandet. Kommunen ska då svara för de merkostnader som tillägget genererar. För att klargöra ansvarsfördelningen mellan parterna bör projektets grundutförande bestämmas. Syftet  med  examensarbetet  är  att  klargöra  gränserna  mellan  grundutförande,  tillägg  och anpassning. Målet är att ge en tydligare bild av vad som kan ingå i grundutförande, tillägg respektive anpassning. Undersökningen har begränsats till att enbart se till relationen mellan staten och kommunen inom väg- och järnvägsprojekt. Arbetet innehåller en undersökning av relevant lagstiftning, regeringens propositioner  och  utredningar.  För att belysa Trafikverkets ståndpunkter har undersökning gjorts av dokument författade av Trafikverket, granskning av avtal för väg- och järnvägsprojekt samt intervjuer med Trafikverkets handläggare. Av  propositionen  2012/13:25  Investeringar  för  ett  starkt  och  hållbart  transportsystem  framgår  att Trafikverket ska ta ställning till grundutförande i varje enskilt fall. Det bör utgå ifrån det som staten är förpliktigad att anlägga, vara ändamålsenligt och fungerade redan utan tillägg eller förändring. Exempel på tillägg är standard- eller kapacitetshöjning och annan utformning eller lokalisering. Gränsen mellan grundutförande, tillägg och anpassning beror främst på om det är ett väg-   eller   järnvägsprojekt,   om   projektet   ska   utföras   i   storstadsregionen   eller   i   en landsortskommun, vem som är initiativtagaren till åtgärden och slutligen hur förhandlingarna ser ut. Det kan finnas fördelar för Trafikverket i att skapa generella riktlinjer för vilka åtgärder som bör  ingå  i  ett  grundutförande  samt  vilka  åtgärder  som  bör  räknas  som  tillägg  respektive anpassning. Riktlinjerna kan fungera som stöd och utgångspunkter i en förhandling med annan part och förenkla vid bestämmandet av ett grundutförande. / Transport infrastructure in  Sweden can be under  state, public or  private  responsibility and ownership. Those are all a part of a transport network and each operator is responsible that their part  is  working  properly,  so  the  overall  network  can  function accordingly to  its  demands. Therefore operators rarely can make changes in their own facilities without affecting the overall network. Changes on a state road or railway construction often have consequences for the municipal facilities. Adjustments of the connecting infrastructure might be required in a smaller or lager extent. In addition the municipality can wish for different forms of supplement when the state is initiating new projects on state infrastructure. Example of a supplement is increased capacity or standards  in relation to the basic design. The municipality will bear the additional costs the supplements generate for the project. A basic design of the project should be defined in order to determine the extension of the supplements. The purpose of this study is to clarify the interface between basic design, supplements and adjustments. The aim is to provide example of what can be included in basic design, supplements and additions. The study examines the relationship between the state and the municipality and their responsibilities towards each other. It contains a study of legislations and government investigations; documents  authored  by  the  Swedish  Transport  Administration;  a  review  of contracts and agreements for road and railway projects and interviews with employees at the Swedish Transport Administration. The basic execution and design should be an appropriate and sustainable transport solution which has adequate function excluding supplements or modification. It is the task of the Swedish Transport  Administration  to  decide  on  the  basic  design  of  each  project.  Examples  of supplements are standard or capacity enhancement and different design or location. The general conclusion  of  the  study  is  that  the  relationship  between  basic  design,  supplements  and adjustments can vary depending on different aspects. It depends mainly on whether it is a road or railway projects, if the project is carried out in the metropolitan area or in a rural municipality, which party initiates the project and finally how the negotiations are carried out. In order to make projects more consistent there could be benefits in establishing general guidelines and basic principles on what should be included in a basic design and what should be considered as supplements or adjustments. The guidelines could work as general standpoints in negotiations and as a support in deciding on the basic design of a project.

Syftet med rapporten var att undersöka hur företag kan beräknaleveranssäkerhet inom produktion på ett korrekt sätt. Arbetet utförs påElitfönster i Lenhovda AB. De primära frågeställningarna som ämnar attbesvaras i arbetet är:- Vad är det som påverkar leveranssäkerhet?- Vilka metoder finns för att mäta leveranssäkerhet?För att svara på dessa frågeställningar genomfördes en kvalitativ studie.Resultatet med rapporten blev att leveranssäkerhet kan beräknas genom attberäkna andelen korrekta ordrar jämfört med de som inte levereradeskorrekt. Vidare belyses svårigheten i att göra detta i praktiken samt att detfinns många parametrar som påverkar detta som, bland annatkommunikation, ägare av problem samt strukturer och standarder.Betydelsen av dessa resultat är att industrier kan tillämpaberäkningsmetoden för leveranssäkerhet i sin egen produktion. Detta ska geett tydligare sätt att ställa krav, samt att det blir tydligare vart det finnsflaskhalsar i en produktionscykel.Rekommendationer: För att skapa en högre leveranssäkerhet krävs tydligareansvarsfördelning, tillämpning av beräkningsmetoder samt tydligarekommunikation internt. / The purpose of the report was to investigate how companies can calculatedelivery precision in production in a correct way. The work was carried outat Elitfönster i Lenhovda AB. The primary questions that are intended to beanswered in the report are:- What parameters affect delivery precision?- What methods are available for measuring delivery precision?To answer these questions, a qualitative study was conducted. The result ofthe report was that delivery precision can be calculated by calculating theproportion of correct orders in comparison with those that were notdelivered correctly. Furthermore, the difficulty of doing this in practice isdiscussed and that there are many parameters that affect this, including:Communication, owners of problems and structure and standards. Thesignificance of these results is that industries can apply calculation methodsfor delivery security in their own production. This will provide a clearer wayof setting requirements, and that it will be clearer where there arebottlenecks in a production cycle.Recommendations: In order to create a higher delivery security, a clearerdivision of responsibilities, application of calculation methods and clearercommunication internally are required.

Bakgrund Klimakteriet är en hormonell förändring som alla kvinnor går igenom och är ett resultat av kvinnans fertila år. Den hormonella förändringen påverkar alla kvinnor men på olika sätt och upplevelsen av dess påverkan kan skilja sig mellan olika kvinnor. Symtomen som kvinnan upplever kan vara både fysiska och psykiska och kan komma att påverka kroppsbilden och den sexuella hälsan. Att uppmärksamma kvinnans upplevelse av klimakteriet, ge henne utrymme för sina tankar och erbjuda möjlighet att få stöd i detta kan styrka hennes egenmakt i livsstilsförändringen. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser och erfarenheter kring sin sexuella hälsa under klimakteriet. Metod Metod för studien var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Litteraturöversikten presenterar resultat från 16 vetenskapliga originalartiklar inhämtade från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo. De vetenskapliga artiklarna är av blandad design och har kvalitetsgranskats i enlighet med Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag och analyserat enligt en integrerad dataanalys. Resultat Litteraturöversikten resulterade i tre olika kategorier och tillhörande underkategorier baserat på huvudfynden i kvinnornas upplevelser. Följande kategorier har identifierats; Upplevelsen av menopausala symtoms inverkan på den sexuella funktionen, Effekter på den sexuella hälsan och Behov av behandling och stöd för ökad sexuell hälsa. Slutsats Litteraturöversikten påvisade att majoriteten av kvinnorna som genomgår klimakteriet upplever en negativ förändring i sin sexuella hälsa. Den förändrade kroppsbilden i kombination med menopausala symtom påverkade kvinnans sexuella funktion negativt. Många kvinnor beskrev en önskan om att få stöd och rådgivning av sjuksköterskan kring hur hon ska kunna återta egenmakt över sin sexualitet. För att kunna stödja kvinnan i den hormonella förändringen är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap kring klimakteriet och hur kvinnan kan komma att påverkas för att främja hälsa och välbefinnande. / Background Menopause is a hormonal change that women go through and represent the ending of women's fertile years. The hormonal change affects women but in different ways and the experience of its impact can differ between women. The symptoms that women experiences can be both physical and psychological and can affect the body image and the sexual health. Paying attention to a woman's experience of menopause, giving her space for her thoughts and offering the opportunity to receive support can strengthen her autonomy in this lifestyle change. Aim The purpose of this literature review was to describe women's experiences surrounding sexual health during menopause. Method The method used for the study was a literature review. The literature review presents results from 16 original scientific articles obtained from the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycInfo. The scientific articles are of mixed designs and have been quality reviewed in accordance with Sophiahemmet University's assessment data and analyzed according to an integrated data analysis method. Results The literature review resulted in three different categories and associated subcategories based on the main findings from women's experiences. The following categories have been identified; The experience of menopausal symptoms and it’s effect on the sexual function, Effects on sexual health and Need for treatment and support for increased sexual health. Conclusions This literature review showed that the majority of women who undergo menopause experience a negative change in their sexual health. Many women described a desire to receive support and advice from the nurse on how she can be able to regain autonomy over her sexual health. To be able to support the woman during menopause it is important that the nurse has knowledge of how the woman may be affected to promote health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of, and the perceived responsibilities of chief financial officers in California single and multi-district community colleges. This study sought to answer questions about how current CFOs in California Community Colleges perceive the necessary skills and the value of job and professional development to do their job. This study focused on three research questions: 1) What do current California Community College CFOs perceive to be necessary preparation and skills and 2) How do current California Community College CFOs acquire the skills they believe necessary to be a California Community College CFO? 3) What are the demographic characteristics of California Community College CFOs? A survey with both structured closed and open-ended questions was used to identify what 110 California Community College CFOs perceive to be the necessary preparation, skills, and professional preparation is needed to be an effective community college CFO. The majority of the community college CFOs of California are white males between the age of 50 and 59 who are likely to retire within the next ten years. Women constitute 33 percent of the CFOs; 17 percent are African American; 8.5 percent Asians; and Hispanics, the fastest growing minority group in California, made up only 1.7% of the respondents. In this study, the data showed that California's current CFOs are highly educated and bring an average of 12 years of experience to their position. They tend to work in urban, ethnically diverse Hispanic serving community colleges with average student enrollments of 15 to 20 thousand unduplicated student head count. These seasoned CFOs identified skills and on the job experiences they felt were important to being a community college CFO. The identified skills and experiences provide data that can support the development of a comprehensive mentoring, training and professional development program that closely aligns with the needs of California's community college CFOs.

The volume of sales, amount of revenue and profit of any enterprise depends on the result of interaction between employees and potential consumers. Both quality and efficiency of interaction are governed by employee’s emotional intelligence level. The purpose of the master thesis lies in formulation of methodological approach to distribution of employee’s responsibilities based on the level of emotional intelligence. In this thesis the consideration is given to the conceptions of emotional intelligence and issues of correlations between emotional intelligence and performance efficiency of both employees and enterprises. Educational and research literature, corporate statistics data as well as self-conducted empiric research were used as basis for the study. In the master thesis was formulated the algorithm based on suggested classification of enterprises and employees that takes into consideration the level of emotional intelligence. This represented approach is suitable for any organization and designed to synchronize direction and enterprise’s development program in order to effect growth of economic results. / От взаимоотношений с потенциальными потребителями зависит итог взаимодействия, который выражается в объеме продаж, размере выручки и прибыли любого предприятия. На эффективность и качество коммуникации влияет эмоциональный интеллект. Целью магистерской диссертации является Разработка методических подходов к распределению функциональных обязанностей сотрудников на основе уровня эмоционального интеллекта. В работе рассматривается генезис понятия эмоциональный интеллект и вопросы взаимосвязи эмоционального интеллекта с деятельностью сотрудников и предприятия. В качестве источников использовалась учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, результаты эмпирических исследований автора и данные корпоративной статистики. В магистерской диссертации был разработан алгоритм управления эффективностью деятельности предприятия, в основу которого положена предложенная классификация видов предприятия и типов работника, который позволяет синхронизировать направление и программу развития предприятия, способствуя росту экономических показателей.

This paper investigates the Swedish emergency readiness and how it acts in a state of war forgovernmental archival institutes. The purpose of this study is to examine how the archivalinstitutes of the government act during war time, to further give an insight of how preparedthe Swedish National Archives and The Royal Library are in regarding to emergency of war,to preserve the archive itself. A qualitative textual analysis and survey results have been takenin use to answer the purpose of the study and its question at issue, through a context analysisof the empirical material gathered from both institutes. The method of use is based on textualanalysis and the theoretical approach applied is the theory of political contingency in regardsto division of responsibility. The content analysis of the gathered information consists of threedifferent types of source material: general knowledge of archival/library/museum institutes,scriptures from The National Archives and The Royal Library, as well as survey results.The result of the study demonstrates an inconsistency in the form of vague or scantformulations with regards to the responsibility of the archival institutes and the manner oftheir resource allocation. In this paper a theory emerges that with a rather great probability theresources within archival/library/museum institutes are scarce in regards to readiness, whichmost likely is due to the theory that the readiness during peacetime has been severely lackingfor decades.In conclusion it has been demonstrated that the need for concrete information regardingreadiness for emergencies or war is highly required from governmental agencies. All in all,this study has identified the need of additional research with focus on archival institutes in theevent of war.