Cette thèse explore les conséquences des guerres libanaises de 1975-1989 et de l’amnistie (1991) sur la production artistique de deux générations d’artistes libanais. Durant les premières années de l’après-guerre, l’amnistie institutionnelle a imposé un silence tacite chez la population libanaise, ce que les artistes de la première génération, ceux qui étaient adolescents pendant les guerres, ont contourné en interrogeant leur passé proche (celui des guerres) ainsi que leur présent, à travers leurs œuvres. Ils ont sondé leur mémoire, celle de leur pays et de ses habitants afin de déjouer les vérités officielles du pouvoir étatique. La particularité de leurs œuvres réside dans leur approche critique où les deux régimes esthétiques, celui du réel et celui du fictif, avoisinent. La deuxième génération d’artistes, qui étaient enfants pendant les guerres et dont je fais partie, ont quant à eux suivi les pas de leurs aînés en abordant dans leurs œuvres les mêmes problématiques, afin de tenter d’élucider leur passé fragmentaire, mais également pour s’en affranchir. Les œuvres des artistes de la première et deuxième génération de l’après-guerre questionnent l’histoire du Liban à travers l’utilisation de la forme du témoignage, celle du documentaire, de la narration, mais également par la fiction ou par des documents d'archives inventées. L’approche des artistes consiste à semer le doute chez leurs spectateurs par les intrusions du réel dans le fictif ou celles du fictif dans le réel. / This thesis explores the consequences of the 1975-1989 Lebanese wars and the 1991 amnesty on the artistic production of two generations of Lebanese artists. In the post-war early years, institutional amnesty imposed a tacit silence on the Lebanese population. Artists of the so-called first generation, those who were teenagers during the wars, bypassed this silence by questioning their recent past (the one of war) and their present through their art. They probed their memory, that of their country and its people, to foil official truths of state power. The peculiarity of their work is their critical approach where both the aesthetic regimes of the real and the fictitious are proximate. Meanwhile, the second generation of artists, those who were children during the wars, including myself, have followed the footsteps of their elders addressing the same issues, in an attempt to unravel their fragmentary past, but also in order to emancipate from it. The art of both the first and the second generation artists questions the Libanon’s history through different forms of testimony, namely the documentary, the narrative, but also fiction or by invented archival documents. In order to encourage their audience to grasp Lebanon’s incomplete history, these artists’ approaches consist to sow doubt among viewers by intrusions of reality into the fictional or fiction into the real.

Glass beads comprise the most frequently found evidence of trade between southern Africa and the greater Indian Oceanbetween the 7th and 16th centuries AD.  In this thesis beads recovered from southern African archaeological sites are organized into series, based on morphology and chemical composition determined by LA-ICP-MS analysis.  The results are used to interpret the trade patterns and partners that linked eastern Africa to the rest of the Indian Ocean world, as well as interconnections between southern Africa andEast Africa.   Comprehensive reports on bead assemblages from several archaeological sites are presented, including: Mapungubwe, K2 and Schroda in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin; Chibuene in southern Mozambique; Hlamba Mlonga in eastern Zimbabwe; Sibudu Cave in KwaZulu-Natal, Kaole Ruins in Tanzania and Mahilaka in northwest Madagascar.  The conclusions reached show that trade relationships and socio-political development in the south were different from those on the East Coast and that changes in bead series in the south demonstrate it was fully integrated into the cycles of the Eurasian and African world-system.

I first became enamoured with vampire Gothic after reading Bram Stoker's Dracula in high school, but gradually became dissatisfied with the Australian adaptations of the sub-genre. In looking for examples of Australian vampire Gothic, a survey of more than 50 short stories, 23 novels and five movies made by Australians reveals fewer than half were set in an identifiably Australian setting. Even fewer make use of three key, landscape-related tropes of vampire Gothic - darkness, earth and ruins. Why are so few Australian vampire stories set in Australia? In what ways can the metaphorical elements of vampire Gothic be applied to the Sunburnt Country? This paper seeks to answer these questions by examining examples of Australian vampire narratives, including film. Particular attention is given to Mudrooroo's Master of the Ghost Dreaming series which, more than any other Australian novel, succeeds in manipulating and subverting the tropes of vampire Gothic. The process of adaptation of vampire Gothic to the Australian environment, both natural and man-made, is also a core concern of my own novel, Vampires' Bane, which uses earth, darkness and a modern permutation of ruins to explore its metaphorical intentions. Through examining previous works and through my own creative process, Vampires' Bane, I argue that Australia's growing urbanisation can be juxtaposed against the vampire-hostile natural environment to enhance the tropes of vampire Gothic, and make Australia a suitable home for narratives that explore the ongoing evolution of Count Dracula and his many-faceted descendants.

Cette thèse consiste en une recherche sur la représentation du paysage dans les arts poétique et visuel, à partir d’un éclairage réciproque entre cultures occidentale (principalement française et antique) et chinoise. Notre recherche est inspirée par la définition canonique du paysage: le paysage est une portion de l'espace terrestre, représentée ou observée à l'horizontale comme à la verticale par un observateur. En conséquence, pour les chercheurs de la littérature moderne, c’est le surgissement de la notion de « sujet » qui engendre la notion du paysage dans son sens étymologique. En revanche, dans la poésie chinoise ancienne dont la syntaxe est nominale, l’être, comme prédicat dominant qui structure la vision du sujet vis-à-vis du paysage, est souvent absent. Le langage chinois reflète une perspective non-anthropocentrique du paysage en Chine ancienne. Une deuxième étude significative conduit à la révision de la conception canonique du paysage: Celle de l’art visuel et poétique ancien, qui permet d’écrire une préhistoire du paysage (les éléments naturels) et de proposer une théorie de l’émergence du paysage dans l’Antiquité. Cette tentative proposant la naissance du paysage dans l’Antiquité se distingue dès lors de celle qui la fait naître à la Renaissance. Je m’efforce d’esquiver « le grand récit » proclamant une vérité universellement valable, pour préconiser « les petits récits » qui précisent « les représentations localisées du domaine restreint ». J’ai choisi un certain nombre de thèmes fondamentaux concernant le paysage - le sublime, la Stimmung, les ruines et le vide -, que j’interroge sur des problématiques comme celle du lien entre sujet et objet, la conscience de l’histoire et le lieu de mémoire, etc. / This dissertation focuses on the representation of landscape in poetry and visual arts, with the reciprocal illumination of Western (mainly French and Antiquity) and Chinese culture. This research is inspired by the canonical definition of landscape that the landscape is a portion of space represented or observed horizontally or vertically by an observer. Accordingly, for researchers of modern literature, the emergence of the concept of "subject" generates the notion of landscape in the etymological sense. However, in ancient China, “be” as a predicate is often absent in poetry, especially in the nominal syntax. The Chinese language reflects a non-anthropocentric perspective of landscape, about which Stimmung and Qingjing (the emotion-landscape) deconstruct the notion of landscape structured by the “subject“. The Approach to the revision of the canonical landscape concept is to introduce the ancient visual art and poetry so as to write a prehistory as well as a history of landscape (natural elements) and to propose about the emergence of the landscape in Antiquity, even if I can not find a term corresponding exactly to the modern landscape. This attempt, proposing the birth of the landscape in ancient times, is different from the well-known claim that the landscape was born in the Renaissance. In this research, I try to dodge the "grand narrative" proclaiming a universally valid truth, but to advocate "small stories" that specify "localized representations of the restricted area." Thus, I chose four fundamental themes such as sublime, Stimmung, ruins and vide, so as to discuss the relationship between subject and object, consciousness of history and place of memory, etc.

L’image des ruines est quasi absente dans l’art traditionnel en Chine. Mais l’usine abandonnée et le bâtiment démoli sont régulièrement présents dans le cinéma chinois contemporain depuis la des années 90. À plusieurs reprises, Jia Zhang-ke s’est inspiré du champ de ruines tandis que Wang Bing a exprimé la nostalgie pour le vieux quartier à Shenyang dans une interview à propos d’À l’Ouest des rails. De leur côté, Wang Quan’an, Wang Chao, Lou Ye, Zhang Yang racontent souvent les histoires dans le contexte de la grande vague d’urbanisation du pays. L’image des ruines, comme symptôme, est surdéterminée dans leurs films.Ce travail tente d’analyser l’esthétique des ruines par la pensée de l’anachronisme. Dans l’image filmique, le champ de ruines et le chantier ne sont ni les simples fétiches intemporels, ni les simples chroniques figuratives. Ils sont des montages de temporalités différentes par lesquels on peut entrevoir l’écheveau de notions hétérogènes, des symptômes qui font apparaître le pouvoir impérial de la Chine ancienne, des désirs de la fuite hors du monde quotidien. / The image of the ruins is almost absent in the traditional Chinese art. But the demolished building and the abandoned factory have become the most important urban landscape in the contemporary Chinese cinema since the late 1990s. The field of ruins inspired Jia Zhang-ke to write screenplays for films and Wang Bing expressed nostalgia about the old district of Shenyang during an interview. On their side, lots of filmmakers are interested in social realty in the context of urbanization. So the image of the ruins is overdetermined as a symptom in their films. This thesis is trying to analyse the esthetic value of the ruins by using the idea of anachronism. In the image of film, the field of ruins and the construction site are neither the timeless simple fetishes nor the figurative chronicles. They are some montages of different time zones, through which a mixture of ideas can be seen. They are some symptoms which can show the imperial power of the old China. They are finally some desires for escape from the concrete life-world.

nÃo hà / Desde que foi erguida dentro dâÃgua, na ponta da orla marÃtima, a edificaÃÃo do ALAGOAS IATE CLUBE â o Alagoinha â referenciou de tal forma a junÃÃo das praias da Ponta Verde e da PajuÃara que a presenÃa da sua ruÃna passou a pairar sobre a paisagem urbana de Maceià como um Ãcone cultural e uma verruga indesejada. Unidos pelo tempo, nÃo se pode pensar sobre o antigo clube na cidade sem que os escombros do edifÃcio venham à tona como uma sombra, precisamente impressa sobre os arrecifes que lhe servem de terreno. Esta à sobretudo a viga mais resistente da sua arquitetura â a localizaÃÃo em que foi construÃda. à como se nesta exata coordenada (do mapa, das Ãguas, da cidade) pudesse estar concentrada, sempre atravÃs da degeneraÃÃo, uma narrativa que se apresenta ao pensamento como uma explosÃo de destroÃosâ De inÃcio acompanhada por uma equipe pequena, e, logo depois, sozinha, desde dezembro de 2012 passei a visitar semestralmente as ruÃnas do Alagoinha, a fim de capturar em filme e arquivar os fragmentos de tal explosÃo. Em paralelo, deparei-me com os registros do passado do prÃdio atravÃs do acervo de fotografias e de fitas em VHS e K7 cedido a mim pela FamÃlia Costa, fundadora do clube. A soma do meu arquivo abrange hoje cerca de 40 horas de gravaÃÃes em vÃdeos, 1800 fotografias e 20 horas de ambiÃncias sonoras e conversas gravadas na ruÃna com narradores que emprestaram seus diferentes pontos de vista à minha construÃÃo. MONTAR UMA RUÃNA: CLUBE ALAGOINHA propÃe, portanto, uma investigaÃÃo da poÃtica da montagem que se configura num duplo movimento: por um lado, hà uma exposiÃÃo do jogo de procedimentos na criaÃÃo e manipulaÃÃo desse arquivo na montagem dentro e fora da cÃmera, entre o espaÃo da ruÃna, da mente e da ilha de ediÃÃo; por outro, a operaÃÃo de montagem que aqui se realiza à tambÃm a do despedaÃar da possibilidade de uma narrativa linear do declÃnio do Alagoinha, alvo de ocupaÃÃes transitÃrias e de ameaÃas constantes de desaparecimento, principalmente apÃs o anÃncio da obra do âMarco Referencial do Turismoâ em MaceiÃ. Ao desdobrar a matÃria fragmentada e heterogÃnea desse arquivo precÃrio (e ainda em aberto) numa primeira trama possÃvel, experimento o exercÃcio de montagem de uma dissertaÃÃo-filme (ou seria um filme-dissertaÃÃo?), por meio de imagens fotogrÃficas ou descritas, palavras sonoras, relatos de processo e interlocuÃÃes de diversas naturezas. / From the moment its foundations were settle within the sea so that its facade could rest over the surface at a famous corner by the seafront, ALAGOAS YACHT CLUB (âAlagoinhaâ)âs presence stamped Ponta Verde and PajuÃaraâs beaches encounter in such a remarkable way that, nowadays, its remains still hang over MaceiÃâs urban landscape both as a cultural icon and an undesirable wart. Bound together by the force of time, one cannot think about the city unless the already diluted shape of the ruins rising from the reefs comes to mind. The ancient beach club location is in fact the strongest and toughest beam of this architecture. As if in that exact point of Ocean and geography, and always through a degeneration process, a bigger narrative could be surprisingly agglutinated, erupting as a precise explosion amongst the wreckageâ Formerly with a small team, later by myself, I kept visiting Alagoinhaâs ruins every six months, in order to capture in film the fragments of such eruption. In parallel, I came across the rare photograph and VHS/ K7 tape registers owned by clubâs founders, the Costa family, all of which were personally handed to me. My collection was then extended to more than 40 hours in video footages, 1800 photos, and about 20 hours in audio tapes fully recorded inside the ruins, including a number of ambient sounds plus testimonials by different narrators in a series of conversations with me. The (re)combination of all this material is what gives my own construction its particular form. MOUNTING A RUIN: ALAGOINHA CLUB proposes, therefore, an investigation on the poetics of montage that is performed in a double movement: on the one hand, it is a disclosure of the game proceedings involved in the creation and treatment of that archive inside and outside the camera, through the spaces of the very ruins, the mind, and the editing room/island; on the other, the montage operation itself is also that of the disruption of the possibility to create a linear narrative on the ongoing decline of Alagoinha, while its ruins are being targeted by transitory occupations and, especially after the announcement of a plan to build there a âtouristic milestoneâ, by the imminent threat of disappearance as well. Unfolding the fragmented content of that precarious archive in a prime possible plot, and so connecting photographic, and descriptive, images, sonorous words, process reports, and distinct conversations, I get to experience the assembling of an authentic thesis-film (or would it be a film-thesis?).

Il lavoro propone la traduzione annotata del poema “Pogorel'ščina“ (Terra bruciata, 1928), una delle ultime opere di Nikolaj Alekseevič Kljuev (1884-1937), inedita fino al 1954, e mai apparsa in lingua italiana. La traduzione si mantiene il più possibile aderente al testo originale, che accosta il registro basso del canto popolare e quello alto letterario, liturgico ed epico. Le note al testo illustrano gli arcaismi e i localismi, tipici del linguaggio kljueviano, e approfondiscono alcuni motivi legati al folklore e alla tradizione ortodossa così come a quella vecchio-credente e settaria. Completano il lavoro i dati relativi alla storia redazionale del poema, la cronologia della vita e delle opere dell'autore, fra i protagonisti della cosiddetta “Età d’argento” della poesia russa novecentesca, e un’appendice iconografica. / Our work offers a commented translation of the poem “Pogorel'shchina“ (The Burned Ruins, 1928), one of Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev’s (1884-1937) last works. It was composed in 1928, remained unpublished until 1954 and was never translated into Italian. In our translation, we have endeavoured to adhere to the original lexicon and syntax of the original text, which combines the low register of the folk songs with the upper, liturgical and epic register. In our notes to the text we illustrate the archaisms and localisms that are typical of Klyuev’s language and explore motifs related to the folklore, to the Orthodox tradition as well as to the Old Believers’ and sectarian tradition. Finally, our work includes the redactional history of the poem, the chronology of the life and works of the author, one of the protagonists of the so called “Silver Age“ of XXth century Russian poetry, and an iconographic appendix.

As a link between past and present, ruins play for human  groups an active role intheir reality representation, leaving their perceptions rationalized under a triple psycho­ social conflict of cultural identity, spatial ubiquity and temporal continuity. From this proposal, we broach in this paper the tourism incidence on heritage revalorization among Lípez Highland rural communities (Department of Potosí, Bolivia). Taking the communities of Santiago K and Santiago Chuvica and the Lakaya archaeological site as study case, we analyze heritage-tourism relationship from a local point of view, falling into the emic lecture of the progress concept that sees in the past a potentialcultural consumer good to be exploited from tourism = economical development equation. Considering different glances on ruins that are perceived by communities as of their own, we try to grasp the logic that guide its transformation in a tourist­ heritage product, where aesthetic, identity, mythic, psychosocial, spatial, and strategic points of view come together. / En tanto que nexo entre pasado y presente, las ruinas juegan para los grupos humanos un papel activo en la representación de la realidad, con lo que queda su percepción racionalizada desde un triple conflicto psicosocial de identidad cultural, ubicación espacial y continuidad temporal. Partiendo de esta premisa, en el presente trabajo se aborda la incidencia del turismo en la revalorización del patrimonio entre las comu­ nidades rurales del altiplano de Lípez (departamento de Potosí, Bolivia). Tomando como caso de estudio las comunidades de Santiago K y Santiago Chuvica, así como el yacimiento arqueológico de Lakaya, se analiza la relación patrimonio-turismo desde un punto de vista local, con incidencia en esa lectura emic del concepto de progreso que, a partir de la ecuación turismo = desarrollo económico, ve en el pasado un potencial bien de consumo cultural que se puede explotar. Considerando distintas miradas sobre unas ruinas sentidas como propias por las comunidades, se trata de penetrar la lógica que guía su transformación en producto turístico-patrimonial, en la cual confluyen puntos de vista psicosociales, de identidad, estéticos, míticos, estra­tégicos y espaciales.

The transcriptions of Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894) on Beethoven's "Marcia alla turca" serve as unique examples within the area of transcription since each of these important virtuosos transcribed the movement with drastically different results. Liszt's Capriccio alla turca (1846) is built on Beethoven's thematic materials although it is presented with a greatly embellished accompaniment providing countermelodies, expanded passages, and vigorous rhythmic features. In contrast, Rubinstein's Turkish March (1848) attempts to capture Beethoven's original (1811) as closely as possible adhering to the form and harmonies. Each composer's approach served to showcase new pianistic innovations capturing orchestral sonorities at the piano previously unimagined. This dissertation offers musical insight for two less well-known works from significant pianist-composers which should receive further attention. Additionally, this research provides greater documentation for the compositions of Rubinstein, supplementing the historical accounts of his abilities as a performer. Examination and comparative analysis of each transcription not only illuminates the creative approaches each composer employed in creating his transcription, but also serves pianists wishing to perform these neglected works.

本論文はイギリス20世紀のカトリック作家イーヴリン・ウォー(Evelyn Waugh)(1903-66)の後期作品、主に1940-1960年代に書かれた小説について論じるものであり、とりわけ、彼の最後の作品である『名誉の剣』三部作(the Sword of Honour trilogy)を中心に考察する。本論の考察の目的は、作品が書かれた時代のイギリス社会とウォーの作品との関連性、そして彼が希求した、キリスト教徒としての召命のテーマを探ることである。 / This dissertation is on Evelyn Waugh's (1903-66) later novels, written from 1942, through the Second World War, to 1965, especially on his last ones, the Sword of Honour trilogy. With discussions focusing on the relationship of Waugh's works with British society of the same period, this thesis clarifies the theme of vocation, which is observed in most of his novels. / 博士(英文学) / Doctor of Philosophy in English Literature / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University