Cross-gender casting (i.e. the casting of female performers for male parts and vice versa) of plays by William Shakespeare is not a scarce phenomenon and is getting more and more popular in the recent years. In spite of the frequent claim of the theatre-makers and critics that it is in fact a gender blind casting, where the gender of the performer does not matter, the thesis attempts to prove that, in fact, it is not the case. This is exemplified on three most frequently staged and also most commonly cross-gender cast plays: Hamlet, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet. Via these examples the thesis shows the variability of approaches to cross-gender casting and the differences in realization. In the first chapter, the key terminology is defined, in order to avoid confusion, discussing the differences between cross-dressing, travesty and cross-gender casting. That is followed by subchapters in which the basic frame of thought is suggested, building on Judith Butler's deconstruction of gender and the concept of gender performativity. The last subchapter of this section deals with the history of cross-gender casting, including the Elizabethan all-male staging tradition. The next three chapters are then devoted to each of the plays, analyzing the possible interpretive keys and motivations for a cross-gender cast...

The first part of this thesis makes the task to illuminate Nietzsche 's basic concepts, as is "The Will of Power", "Superman" and The Eternal Return" to be understood as the most directly substance of his basic filosophic views. This understanding is a necessary assumption for the second part. Its intention is refer the connection of Nietzsche with this age. It opens question for ethos. The author talks about ontologic diference and its connection in relation to a man of today in the third part. The ethos at thinker do not find it finally, and so it forges to fourth part to only possible relevant step forward. Though it is finding etics in source of every man as background from postmodern 's nihilism. The aim of the thesis is to show not only that Niezzsche destroyed ethical values. These values were inculcated by institutions of power for a long time. By this destroying, he created the bridge to finding himself. It is task and postmodern still does not mature to it, but environment has already been ready here.

Deux populations de tortues d’Hermann (Testudo hermanni, une espèce à maturité tardive ~10 ans) ont été étudiées sur le continent et sur une île dans la région du lac Prespa en Macédoine. Avant la maturité, la croissance des tortues est lente, puis accélère, entrainant une augmentation des taux de survie annuelle (de 0.30 à 0.70) et des variations de taille. Un potentiel pour une croissance continue, le durcissement de la carapace et un plateau de survie à cinq ans (0.90) induisent de fortes variations interindividuelles des trajectoires de croissance, et donnent une gamme étendue des tailles asymptotiques. Nos données questionnent la notion d’une taille unique à maturité puisqu‘une augmentation progressive des taux de testostérone suggère que la maturité s’établit pour des tailles entre 115 et 140 mm. Dans le genre Testudo les femelles sont plus grandes que les mâles ; les estimations des tailles asymptotiques observées le confirment. Mais sur l’île les plus grandes tortues sont des mâles. Avec ~100 individus/ha et un sexe ratio opérationnel (OSR ♂/♀) de ~11, la coercition exercée par les mâles entraine des blessures cloacales chez les femelles et dégrade leur condition corporelle, augmentant les coûts des accouplements. La survie des mâles (0.97) surpasse celle des femelles (0.84). Les femelles insulaires ne vivent pas longtemps, sont détournées de la reproduction et le faible recrutement biaise encore le sexe ratio, poussant la population vers l’extinction. Les rares femelles souffrent tandis que les mâles frustrés exhibent des comportements homosexuels fréquents, voire exubérants. Ces résultats sont discutés dans un contexte de conservation. / Two populations, island and mainland, of promiscuous sexually coercive Hermann tortoises (Testudo hermanni, a species with delayed maturity ~10 years) from the Prespa Region in Macedonia were scrutinized. Prior maturity, tortoises first grow slowly, thereafter gradually increase growth speed, variation in body size and survival probability (mean annual survival rate: 0.30 to 0.70). Potential for indeterminate growth, progressive hardening of the carapace and a survival plateau at the age of five (0.90) promote inter-individual variations in growth trajectories and a wide range of adult asymptotic sizes. Our data question the classical notion of a given size at maturity; instead progressive raise of testosterone levels suggests that maturity is established in growing males ranging from 115 to 140mm in body length. In the Testudo genus females are larger than males; asymptotic estimates of body size show that the studied populations make no exception. Yet, the largest island tortoises are males. With ~100 individuals/ha and an operational sex ratio (OSR ♂/♀) of ~11, male sexual coercion provokes cloacal injuries to females and reduces their body-condition, increasing female mating costs. Male adult survival (0.97) is greater compared to female survival (0.84). Island females do not live long, are discouraged from reproduction and low recruitment further exacerbates OSR-bias, eventually leading to population extinction. Where females suffer and are underrepresented, frustrated males exhibit frequent same-sex sexual behaviours along with extravagant sexual behaviours. The results are discussed in a conservation framework.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-04T17:34:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Cristianetti_.pdf: 1207673 bytes, checksum: 8e6dbeb727addc4815619e98b99686ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T17:34:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Cristianetti_.pdf: 1207673 bytes, checksum: 8e6dbeb727addc4815619e98b99686ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho objetiva-se realizar uma análise filosófica e jurídica da estratégia argumentativa utilizada pelos Ministros do STF no julgamento da ADI 4277/ ADPF 132. O principal problema dessa pesquisa é: em que medida os referenciais teóricos de Post, Siegel e Fraser podem elucidar - ou criticar - a estratégia argumentativa implícita aos votos dos Ministros do STF no julgamento da ADI 4277-DF? As respectivas estruturas conceituais revelariam alcance para desconstruir o binarismo sexual? No âmbito filosófico, a dissertação trabalha sob as perspectivas teóricas de Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth, onde objetivou-se responder a questão: o reconhecimento é uma questão de justiça ou de autorrealização? Já no que diz respeito à questão jurídica, o problema que se põe é: à luz do Constitucionalismo Democrático sustentado por Post e Siegel, a recepção de uma perspectiva minimalista - delineada por Sunstein – à cultura política brasileira, revela alcance teórico para potencializar a efetivação judicial de direitos fundamentais de minorias LGBT? Para tanto, será utilizado o método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, por se tratar de um método de abordagem que pretende aproximar o sujeito e o objeto da pesquisa. Segundo Stein (1979), não se trata de uma análise externa, pois sujeito e objeto não estão desconectados. Diferentemente, o sujeito está diretamente implicado, relacionando-se com o objeto de estudo, o qual interage com ele. O método de indução analítica (método de abordagem) também será utilizado. Deslauriers (1997) leciona que trata-se de um procedimento lógico, que consiste em partir do concreto para chegar ao abstrato, delimitando as características essenciais de um fenômeno. Assim, seguindo a indução analítica, a pesquisa é desenvolvida de “baixo” para “cima”, iniciando-se por uma análise aprofundada do conteúdo dos votos dos Ministros, para estabelecer conceitos e proposições teóricas que se articularão ao caso estudado. Como resultado, afirma-se a relevância da teoria de Fraser, que tem como questão central a justiça social, que é tridimensional. Esta teoria é mais adequada para trabalhar a questão do papel do STF na efetivação de direitos de minorias LGBT estigmatizadas, justamente por desvincular-se de uma abordagem psicológica. Por sua vez, sustenta-se que o Minimalismo Judicial também não revela alcance teórico para incrementar a concretização dos direitos de minorias LGBT, porquanto o recurso a argumentos estreitos desconsidera o potencial democrático do backlash, que é uma condição normal para o desenvolvimento do direito constitucional. Por fim, com base em Bunchaft (2016), a dissertação pretende articular as teorias de Post, Siegel e Fraser por meio da ideia de Constitucionalismo Democrático-Paritário. O Constitucionalismo Democrático-Paritário, potencializando as práticas comunicativas de interpretação constitucional dos movimentos sociais e sua interação com o Judiciário a partir de contrapúblicos subalternos, pode desmascarar assimetrias de poder que surgem na esfera pública oficial e que se refletem em decisões judiciais que ainda consagram o binarismo sexual, o qual foi expresso no voto do Ministro Relator da ADI 4.277-DF. Essa dissertação sustenta que as estratégias argumentativas dos votos dos Ministros Marco Aurélio, Celso Mello e Ellen Gracie contêm um conjunto de discursos implícitos inerentes ao paradigma da autorrealização. / This work aims to outline a philosophical and legal analysis of the argumentative strategy used by the Justices of the STF in the judgment of ADI 4277 / ADPF 132. The main problem of this research is: to what extent the theoretical referencials of Post, Siegel and Fraser can clarify - or criticize - the implicit argumentative strategy presupposed by the votes of STF justices in the judgment of ADI 4277-DF? Would their conceptual structures reveal potential to deconstruct the sexual binarism? In philosophical context, the dissertation works on the theoretical perspectives of Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth, which aim to answer the question: the recognition is a matter of justice or self-realization? In what concerns the legal issue, the problem that arises is: in the light of Democratic Constitutionalism endorsed by Post and Siegel, the reception of minimalist approach - outlined by Sunstein – in the Brazilian political culture, reveals theoretical power to enhance the judicial realization of the LGBT minorities’s fundamental rights? For this, will be used the phenomenological-hermeneutical method, because it is a approach method that intends to join subject and object of search According Stein (1979), it is not an external analysis, because subject and object aren’t disconnected. In contrast, the subject is directly involved, relating to the study object, which interacts with it. The analytical induction method (approach method) will be also used. Deslauriers (1997) teaches that it is a logical procedure, which consists to start from the concrete to reach the abstract, delimiting the essential characteristics of a phenomenon. So following analytical induction, the research is developed from "down" to "top", starting with a deep analysis about the content of the Justices votes, to establish concepts and theoretical propositions that will be linked to the case study. As a result, it states the relevance of the theory sustained by Fraser, whose central question is the social justice which is three-dimensional. This theory is most appropriated to work the issue about the Brazilian Supreme Court role of enforcing rights of LGBT stigmatized minorities, precisely because it’s disconnected from a psychological approach. In turn, maintains that the Judicial Minimalism also does not reveal theoretical power to increase the achievement of the LGBT minorities rights, because the use of narrow arguments disregards the democratic potential of the backlash, which is a normal condition for the development of constitutional right. Finally, based on Bunchaft (2016), this dissertation intends to articulate the Post, Siegel and Fraser’s theories, through the idea of Democratic-participatory Constitutionalism. The Democratic-egalitarian Constitutionalism, enhancing the communicative practices of constitutional interpretation of social movements and their interaction with the judiciary through subaltern counterpublics, can unmask asymmetries of power that arise in own official public sphere and which are reflected in court decisions that still consecrate sexual binarism, which was expressed on the Justice Carlos Brito’ vote in the ADPF n. 132-RJ This dissertation argues that the argumentative strategies presupposed the votes of Justices Marco Aurélio, Celso Mello and Ellen Gracie contain a set of implicit discourses inherent the paradigm of self-realization.

<p>Embedded and automated tests reduce maintenance costs for embedded systems installed in remote locations. Testing multiple components of an embedded system, connected on a scan chain, using deterministic test patterns stored in a system provide high fault coverage but require large system memory. This thesis presents an approach to reduce test data memory requirements by the use of a test controller program, utilizing the observation of that there are multiple components of the same type in a system. The program use deterministic test patterns specific to every component type, which is stored in system memory, to create fully defined test patterns when needed. By storing deterministic test patterns specific to every component type, the program can use the test patterns for multiple tests and several times within the same test. The program also has the ability to test parts of a system without affecting the normal functional operation of the rest of the components in the system and without an increase of test data memory requirements. Two experiments were conducted to determine how much test data memory requirements are reduced using the approach presented in this thesis. The results for the experiments show up to 26.4% reduction of test data memory requirements for ITC´02 SOC test benchmarks and in average 60% reduction of test data memory requirements for designs generated to gain statistical data.</p>

<p>Marriage is an institution found in every society, culture or religion in the world. The Catholic Church has maintained most of her seven Sacraments including that of marriage. The Church of Sweden, an established Evangelical Lutheran faith, born out of the 16^th century Reformation has two Sacraments excluding marriage. This field study was carried out in Gävle, Sweden in spring 2009. A comparative study of marriage in the Catholic Church and the Church of Sweden and the reason each church alludes to based on scripture and tradition was to help me, an African Catholic, understand differences between the respective churches and also understand why the Church of Sweden accepts same sex marriages. This was my motivation for writing this paper. I hope this paper will serve as a study guide to new people who come to Sweden from other cultures to enable them understand why the “Modus Operandi” regarding church marriage in Sweden is different from the church marriage in their native countries.</p>

我國關係人交易普遍且具重要性，而過去研究顯示關係人交易會對公司產生負面效果，且關係人交易之查核具有困難度，因此本研究以關係人交易較多且查核風險較高之高科技公司為研究對象，將關係人交易分為關係人銷貨交易、關係人進貨交易、關係人應收款與關係人應付款等四項類別，探討關係人交易與審計品質的關係。進一步探討當關係人交易分為發行公司與關係人皆受相同會計師查核與受不同會計師查核兩類型，對發行公司財務報表審計品質的影響。實證結果發現：關係人銷貨交易、關係人進貨交易與審計品質呈負向關係；關係人銷貨交易、關係人進貨交易與關係人應收款兩造受不同會計師查核者，對其發行公司財務報表審計品質之負面影響較兩造受相同會計師查核者強。 / Related party transactions are common and important in Taiwan, and empirical studies in Taiwan show that related party transactions have negative impact on earnings management and company performance. Based on auditing standards and literature, related party transactions are difficult to audit, and high technology firms have more related party transactions which may result in higher audit risk than other industry. Therefore, we investigate the association between related party transactions (including sales to related parties, purchases from related parties, accounts receivable from related parties and payable to related parties) and audit quality (proxied by accrual quality) in high technology firms, and find that sales to related parties and purchases from related parties have negative impact on audit quality. Next, we investigate the impact of related party transactions audited by the same auditor or different auditors. Empirical results show that sales to related parties, purchases from related parties and accounts receivable from related parties audited by different auditors show stronger negative impacts on audit quality than those audited by same auditors.

Marriage is an institution found in every society, culture or religion in the world. The Catholic Church has maintained most of her seven Sacraments including that of marriage. The Church of Sweden, an established Evangelical Lutheran faith, born out of the 16th century Reformation has two Sacraments excluding marriage. This field study was carried out in Gävle, Sweden in spring 2009. A comparative study of marriage in the Catholic Church and the Church of Sweden and the reason each church alludes to based on scripture and tradition was to help me, an African Catholic, understand differences between the respective churches and also understand why the Church of Sweden accepts same sex marriages. This was my motivation for writing this paper. I hope this paper will serve as a study guide to new people who come to Sweden from other cultures to enable them understand why the “Modus Operandi” regarding church marriage in Sweden is different from the church marriage in their native countries.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how homosexuality and homosexual adoptions are manifested in children's comic "Bamse" and study the result in the light of a brief background about the western society and gay history. The study has a historical gender perspective and focus homosexuality primarily in modern times. Drawing on critical theory and semiotic analysis, the study shows how ideas and ideology surrounding same-sex relations and parenting are negotiated in the ”Bamse” comic. 2010 was the year when the Bamse cartoon took a step into the gender debate and introduced two gay rabbits who adopted an infant. The study shows that despite the obvious intent to anchor homosexuality as normal and integrated in the society there are hidden ideologies that reveals homosexuality as abnormal and excluded. Homosexuality in "Bamse" includes a male homosexuality and no female representatives are visible. Also is homosexuality normalized by including both traditional male and female attributes and domains. The gay man emerges as emotional, scared, unused to children, colored, not belonging in a middle or upper class, surrounded by darkness, but, while fully capable of providing care to a child, just as heterosexual parents. The study reveals how ”Bamse” contains and negotiates between conflicting ideoligies about same sex parenting. This duality of the prominent ideologies may well reflect the social concepts that exist at the time of this study in the media debate. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur homosexualitet och homoadoption manifesteras i barnserietidningen ”Bamse – världens starkasta björn” och studera resultatet mot en kort bakgrund kring samhälle, ”Bamse-” och homohistoria samt genus. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i ett historiskt genusperspektiv som belyser homosexualitet främst under modern samtid. Vid närmandet av empirin tillämpas kritisk teori och semiotisk analys för att utkristallisera föreställningar och ideologier som omfattar studieobjekt. 2010 var det år då tidningen om Bamse tog steget in i genusdebatten och introducerade två homosexuella kaniner som genom en homoadoption bildade familj. Studien påvisar att trots att ett uppenbart uppsåt finns att förankra homosexualitet som normalt och inkluderat i samhället återfinns dolda ideologier som befäster homosexualitet som avvikande och exkluderande. Homosexualitet i ”Bamse” innefattar en manlig homosexualitet då inga kvinnliga representanter syns. Likaså understryks en homosexualitet som normaliserats genom att innefatta både traditionellt kvinnliga och manliga attribut och domäner. Den homosexuella mannen framträder bland annat som känslosam, rädd, ovan vid barn, färgad, icketillhörande av medel- eller överklass, med ett avsides boende, omgiven av mörker, men samtidigt som fullt kapabel att ge omsorg till ett barn, på samma sätt som heteroföräldrar. Denna kluvenhet eller dubbelhet i de framträdande ideologierna kan också väl avspegla de samhälleliga föreställningar som återfinns vid tiden för studien i till exempel mediadebatten.

本文旨在探討台灣新聞媒體對於同性婚姻議題的再現，觀察再現論述語言中的特性，包含新聞媒體如何建構同性婚姻議題，以及議題中的同志。亦試圖討論論述特性所隱含的權力關係或意識形態。接著，搭配社會政治脈絡背景，觀察再現論述隨社會變遷與婚姻平權運動發展所產生的變化，討論再現論述與社會之間的互動關係。 　　本研究以《中國時報》、《自由時報》、《聯合報》與《蘋果日報》為研究文本，蒐集2005～2014年共十年間的同性婚姻相關報導，先使用量化的語料庫分析法統計新聞用語和其頻率，再以此資料為基礎，挑出兩則代表性文本進行質性的批判論述分析。 　研究發現，十年間皆存在的論述特性有：（一）反對方自我建構為「多數弱勢」；（二）生育能力為婚姻授權的一大關鍵；（三）同性婚姻與同志是二元對立中的他者。而過去十年間，媒體再現中最關注的是同性婚姻合法化。前五年主要將其描述為單向攻防戰，後五年則建構為勢均力敵的戰爭及國際趨勢。同志主體主要被以「同志遊說」論述來建構，同志的圖像是爭取權利的人。女同志性別被標示的頻率是男同志的1.5倍，顯示女同志受到性傾向與性別上的雙重不平等。另外，同志被視為是一種身分，且可能因為這個身分標籤，被分類為異性戀之外的他者。 　　論述變遷方面，研究發現整體而言後五年的消息來源比前五年來得多元，「異性戀」被標示的情形也增加了。再現論述的變化，代表著新聞產製與社會之間的互動，呼應了文化學者Hall提出的再現動態變化性。 / The aim of this study is to investigate the representation discourse of same-sex marriage issue on the newspapers in Taiwan. The study focuses on the discourse characters, including how media construct same-sex marriage and gays’ image in this issue, and the possible power relationships and ideology within discourses. Besides, how discourses changed along with the social change and marriage equality movement development is also discussed. It relates to the interaction between representation discourse and society. 　　The texts are the same-sex marriage related articles from 2005 to 2014, which are collected from four main newspapers in Taiwan: Chinatimes, Liberty Times, United Daily News and Apple Daily. The study method is first using corpus soft ware WordSmith6 to calculate the words appear in these texts and its frequencies, then basing on those quantitative data to further conduct qualitative discourse analysis. 　　My findings indicate that over the past ten years, the characters of discourse includes the opponents would self-construct as “the disadvantaged majority”; Infertility is a key weakness which builds a wall between gays and marriage; same-sex marriage and gay are “the others” in the binary opposition discourse. 　　Within these ten years, the most focused issue of same-sex marriage representation is legalization. During 2005-2009, same-sex marriage legalization was constructed as a castle war, and for 2010-2014, it was constructed as an evenly-matched war and international trend. Gay images in those discourses were mostly constructed with “the gay lobby” discourse. The gender of lesbians was marked more often than gay men, which shows lesbians suffering a double inequality on sex orientation and gender. Also, Gay was considered as an identity, and gays may be classified as “other” because of this identity label. During these ten years, the biggest news source was gay. Generally, the news sources were more diversified within 2010-2014 than within 2005-2009, and the frequency of “heterosexuality” noted increased. The change of discourses represent that the interaction between news production and society, responded to the flow of representation which is raised by Hall.