The researcher sought to understand the differences in framing used by alternative media outlets and traditional or mainstream media outlets. A sampling of articles about the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks was used from alternative and traditional media publications to conduct this study. These articles were analyzed by a software program to determine themes and concepts within both data sets. The analysis revealed traditional media was less varied in themes than was alternative media, with the latter clearly showing an effort to be. Traditional media was found to provide routine coverage of commemorative services and very little critical analysis. Further highlighting the differences in the 2 media paradigms was the use of profanity in alternative media, which was discovered by using the "find" function available with word processing software.

En 1759, le chevalier de La Pause, un officier français débarqué en Nouvelle-France en 1755 et qui a connu quatre années de guerre en Amérique, note dans son journal : « Toute la science de la guerre en Canada consiste dans l’attaque ou la défense des postes qui ferment ou ouvrent la communication d’une frontière à l’autre ». Cette remarque se veut révélatrice de la place qu'occupe la guerre de siège, dans l'esprit des officiers européens, dans la conduite de la guerre en Amérique. Mais par extension, elle montre également le poids qu'occupe cette pratique particulière de la guerre dans la culture militaire des armées européennes au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Cette étude analyse et compare le modèle militaire théorique de la guerre de siège tel que pratiqué en Europe au Siècle des Lumières avec son application par l’armée française dans le contexte colonial de la Nouvelle-France lors de la guerre de Sept Ans. / In 1759, the Chevalier de La Pause, a French officer who landed in New France in 1755 and saw four years of war in North America, wrote in his diary: "The science of all war in Canada consists in the attack or defense of posts that close off or open up communication from one region to another. " This remark reveals the place that siege warfare occupied in the minds of European officers and in the conduct of war in North America. By extension, it also shows the importance of this particular method of warfare in the military culture of the European armies in the middle of the eighteenth century. This study analyzes the theoretical military model of siege warfare as practiced in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment and comparatively examines the French Army’s use of these methods in the Seven Years' War in New France.

Bruhn (2008) and Griffiths (1978) have referred in passing to Messiaen's use of non-Western content as an appropriation, but a consideration of its potential moral and aesthetic failings within the scope of modern literature on artistic cultural appropriation is an underexplored topic. Messiaen's first encounter with India came during his student years, by way of a Sanskrit version of Saṅgītaratnākara (c. 1240 CE) written by the thirteenth-century Hindu musicologist Śārṅgadeva. I examine Messiaen's use of Indian deśītālas within a cultural appropriation context. Non-Western music provided a safe space for him to explore the familiar, and served as validation for previously held creative interests, prompting the expansion and development of rhythmic techniques from the unfamiliar. Chapter 1 examines the different forms of artistic cultural appropriation, drawing on the ideas of James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (2012) and Bruce H. Ziff and Pratima V. Rao (1997). I consider the impact of power dynamic inequality between 'insider' and 'outsider' cultures. I evaluate the relation between aesthetic errors and authenticity. Chapter 2 considers the internal and external factors and that prompted Messiaen to draw on non-Western rhythm. I examine Messiaen's appropriation of Indian rhythm in relation to Bloomian poetic misreading, and whether his appropriation of Indian rhythm reveals an authentic intention. Chapter 3 analyses Messiaen's interpretation of Śārṅgadeva's 120 deśītālas and its underlying Hindu symbolism. Chapter 4 contextualises Messiaen's Japanese poem Sept haïkaï (1962) in relation to other European Orientalist artworks of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and also in relation to Michael Sullivan's (1987: 209) three-tiered definitions of japonism.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de modèles et de méthodes numériques pour les écoulements diphasiques compressibles à faible nombre de Mach. Toutes les méthodes numériques développées dans cette étude sont basées sur une formulation de type volumes finis en maillages non structurés. La première partie de cette thèse propose une analyse du comportement des schémas décentrés de type Godunov dans la limite des faibles nombres de Mach. Nous expliquons de manière rigoureuse les raisons pour lesquelles ces schémas aboutissent à des approximations imprécises lorsque les écoulements sont très proches de l'incompressible. Nous développons alors des méthodes de préconditionnement adaptées qui permettent de retrouver de bonnes approximations. Ce premier travail complète un certain nombre de travaux récents sur l'analyse des schémas décentrés dans la limite des faibles nombres de Mach. Le deuxième point abordé dans cette thèse est un travail de modélisation où nous développons à partir d'un modèle bi-fluides à sept équations de type Baer-Nunziato, un modèle réduit à cinq équations pour les écoulements diphasiques. Ce travail présente une méthode originale de réduction de systèmes hyperboliques avec termes sources raides. Nous développons pour ce modèle un schéma numérique implicite et suivant la stratégie utilisée dans la première partie de cette thèse, une technique de préconditionnement adaptée aux écoulements à faible vitesse. Les expériences numériques réalisées montrent que ce modèle est bien adapté au calcul d'ondes de détonations ainsi qu'à la simulation d'interfaces entre fluides compressibles. Enfin la dernière partie de cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'un modèle à sept équations pour le calcul d'écoulements diphasiques à faible nombre de Mach. On développe des méthodes numériques implicites basées sur des solveurs de Riemann approchés, permettant de réduire les coûts de calcul pour ce type de régime.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les études sur la mémoire, qui connaissent une grande popularité depuis les années 1980, ont mené à un intérêt pour l’histoire de l’histoire et pour la création de figures héroïques. Ce mémoire de maîtrise s’inscrit dans ces courants de recherche en étudiant le sort qu’une historiographie plurinationale a réservé à trois officiers français du théâtre nord-américain de la guerre de Sept Ans. Nous observerons comment les ouvrages britanniques, français, américains, canadiens-anglais et canadiens-français ont traité de Vaudreuil, Bougainville et Lévis. Nous pourrons ainsi exploiter la richesse de l’historiographie relative à cette guerre, qui date du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il s’agira de suivre les regards croisés que les historiens des différentes époques et allégeances nationales ont porté sur nos personnages. C’est que ces trois hommes incarnent trois postures que l’historiographie interprétera de façon variable. En effet, comme cette production historique est surtout marquée par des rivalités entre les personnages qui prennent des allures de conflits nationaux, nos héros seront surtout jugés selon une perspective nationale. Vaudreuil, le gouverneur canadien né dans la colonie y devient donc le champion de son «pays», Bougainville, le métropolitain critique des conditions coloniales, futur navigateur et homme des Lumières, est jugé en fonction de ses propos sur le Canada, alors que Lévis, le métropolitain discret dans ses écrits, sera surtout jugé en fonction de sa victoire à Sainte-Foy en 1760. / Very popular since the 1980s, studies on collective memory have stimulated interest in historiography and especially in the construction of heroic figures. The thesis follows this trend in studying how a multinational historiography treated three French officers of the Seven Years’ War’s North American theatre. We observe how Vaudreuil, Bougainville and Lévis have fared at the hands of historians from Great Britain, France, the United States and English and French Canada, from the eighteenth century to the present. The purpose of the study is to isolate the varying perspectives from which historians of different times and national allegiance have examined the three figures. In the end, the three men were seen to incarnate three contrasting, variously interpreted postures. Since historians were particularly sensitive to what they saw as national conflicts, they judged their heroes accordingly. Vaudreuil, the Canadian-born governor of Canada, thus became the champion of his “country”; Bougainville, French-born future navigator and protagonist of the Enlightenment who wrote disparagingly about the colony, was judged on these opinions; while Lévis, a Frenchman who was more discreet in his writings, was evaluated above all as the victor of the battle of Sainte-Foy in 1760.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-12T12:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tratamento_consorciado.pdf: 6140063 bytes, checksum: 2e4f0cc893d0de295c3aa7272060c547 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T12:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tratamento_consorciado.pdf: 6140063 bytes, checksum: 2e4f0cc893d0de295c3aa7272060c547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No Brasil, apenas uma pequena parcela do esgoto sanitário coletado é efetivamente tratado. Entretanto, no âmbito urbano há a geração de outros tipos de efluentes tais como lodos de tanques sépticos, neste caso considerado um efluente devido ao teor de água superior a 90%, efluentes de sanitários químicos e lixiviados de aterro sanitários, todos gerados a partir de atividades urbanas, e que necessitam de tratamento adequado para disposição final. O tratamento consorciado destes efluentes externos com esgoto sanitário tem sido utilizado como estratégia para diminuir os custos no tratamento. No entanto, devido a grande variabilidade de composição e concentração, estes efluentes têm difícil tratabilidade, principalmente em estações convencionais. Ainda não há consenso sobre os impactos provocados por esta mistura de efluentes sobre os processos de tratamento encontrados nas ETE's, nem sobre a proporção segura para a diluição a ser adotada em relação ao esgoto sanitário. A ETE Canoas - CORSAN possui um sistema de lodos ativados operando em batelada, tratando de forma consorciada esgotos sanitários, lixiviados de aterros sanitários, lodos de tanques sépticos e efluentes de sanitários químicos, sem uma quantidade máxima estipulada para o recebimento destes efluentes externos. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se caracterizar a mistura afluente e avaliar o impacto do tratamento combinado sobre as condições operacionais da ETE, bem como o seu desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, no período de janeiro de 2009 a agosto de 2010. Verificou-se que o percentual de diluição dos efluentes externos no ES variou entre 2,1% e 11,3% e que a contribuição destes efluentes para a carga total da DQO variou entre 14% e 74%. A composição físico-química da mistura afluente ao reator biológico influenciou na composição da microbiota presente no RSB. O impacto mais freqüentemente observado pela entrada de cargas de choque foi a perda de biomassa, devido a problemas de floculação e sedimentação, como o bulking. A ocorrência de cargas de choque decorrentes da entrada de efluentes externos promoveu um aumento do IVL de 46 mL/g para 287 mL/g, da mesma forma verificou-se um aumento da relação A/M, que passou de 0,42 d-¹ para 0,82 d-¹. Entre os metais pesquisados o Ca, Fe e K foram encontrados em maiores percentuais nas amostras de efluentes externos, correspondendo a 15,8%, 10,4% e 10,1%, respectivamente. Também foram detectados teores de Cu, Zn, Ti, Cr, em menores percentuais. No lodo biológico foram detectados 56% de Fe, 16% de Ca, 10% de Si e 8% de S, adsorvidos nos flocos, além Zn (4%), Cu (3%), Mn (1,5%) e K (1,2%). A exposição freqüente da microbiota a cargas de choque foi o principal efeito a colaborar no decréscimo das eficiências de remoção de SST, DBO5, DQO, Ptotal e N-NH4 +, prejudicando a qualidade do efluente final. A adoção de uma unidade de recebimento e tratamento preliminar dos efluentes externos permitirá um maior controle operacional na dinâmica de recebimento e tratamento dos efluentes externos, melhorando o desempenho da ETE. / In Brazil, only a small portion of domestic wastewater collected is effectively treated. In most cities, the treatment system used is the septage, which have low efficiency and need for maintenance and periodic removal of sludge, which must be properly disposed. In the cities there is the generation of other types of waste such as sludge from septage, in this case considered an effluent as the water content exceeds 90%, effluent from chemical toilet and sanitary landfill leachate, all generated from urban activities, and require adequate treatment to final disposal. The combined treatment of these external effluents with domestic wastewater has been used as a strategy to reduce the cost of tractability. However, the great variability of composition and concentration of this effluents, make it a difficult treatability mixture, especially on conventional plants. There is still no consensus on the impacts caused by this mixture of effluents on the degradation processes commonly found in DWTPs nor on the safe ratio for the dilution to be adopted in regard to domestic wastewater. DWTP Canoas - CORSAN has an activated sludge system operating in batch, there is the combined treatment of domestic wastewater, sludge from septage, effluent from chemical toilet and sanitary landfill leachate, without a maximum amount stipulated for receipt of these external effluent. This study aimed to characterize the influent mixture and assess the impact of combined treatment on the operating conditions of the DWTP, as well as its performance in the removal of organics and nutrients between January 2009 to August 2010. It was found that the percentage of dilution of external effluent in domestic wastewater varied between 2.1% and 11.3% and that the contribution of this effluents to the total COD load varied between 14% and 74%. The physico-chemical composition of the influent mixture to biological reactor has influence on the composition of the microfauna present in the SBR. The most frequently observed impact by the shock loads entry was the loss of biomass due to flocculation and settling problems, such as bulking. The occurrence of shock loads due to the entry of external effluents promoted an increase in the SVL of 46 mL/g to 287 mL/g, just as there was an increase in the F/M, which increased from 0.42 d-¹ to 0.82 d-¹. Among the metals analyzed for Ca, Fe and K were found in higher percentages in the external effluent samples, corresponding to 15.8%, 10.4% and 10.1% respectively. Were also detected for Cu, Zn, Ti, Cr, in low percentages. In biological sludge were detected 56% Fe, 16% Ca, 10% Si and 8% of S, adsorbed on the flocs, and Zn (4%), Cu (3%), Mn (1.5%) and K (1.2%). The frequent exposure of activated slugde community to shock loads was the main effect to collaborate in the removal efficiencies reduction of TSS, BOD5, COD, TP and N-NH4 +, damaging the quality of the final effluent. The adoption of a unit for receiving and preliminary treatment of external effluents could permit a greater operational control in the receiving and treatment dynamic of external effluents, improving the performance of DWTP.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 foram representados em uma série de histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) do Capitão América, escrita por John Ney Rieber e desenhada por John Cassaday, publicadas entre junho e dezembro de 2002, nos EUA. Essas HQs dialogam com diversos problemas que incomodavam a sociedade norte-americana no período pós-atentados como, por exemplo, os sentimentos de medo, insegurança, vingança e a recém-lançada Guerra ao Terror. Estes são discutidos e interpretados, partindo de dois pontos de vista diferentes, o do Capitão América e o dos terroristas, ou seja, as HQs procuraram expor as justificativas dos dois lados envolvidos. Elas expõem diversas críticas às ações bélicas dos Estados Unidos e também dos terroristas e têm um forte caráter pacifista. Além disso, divulgam uma mensagem de esperança pautada nas ideias do Sonho Americano, que deve ser entendido como uma força de união e mobilização nacional, visando à superação de todos os problemas causados pelos atentados de 11 de setembro / This study aims to analyze how the attacks of September 11, 2001 were represented in a series of Captain America comics, written by John Ney Rieber and drawn by John Cassaday, published between June and December 2002 in USA. These comics dialogue with various problems that bothered the American society in the post-attack period, for example, the feelings of fear, insecurity, revenge and the newly launched War on Terror. These are discussed and interpreted, from two different points of view, that of Captain America and the terrorists, in other words, the comics sought to expose the reasons on both sides involved. They expose several criticisms of the military actions of the United States and also the terrorists and have a strong pacifist character. Moreover, disseminate a message of hope ruled by ideas of the American Dream, which must be understood as a force for unity and national mobilization, aimed at overcoming all the problems caused by the September 11 attacks

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 foram representados em uma série de histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) do Capitão América, escrita por John Ney Rieber e desenhada por John Cassaday, publicadas entre junho e dezembro de 2002, nos EUA. Essas HQs dialogam com diversos problemas que incomodavam a sociedade norte-americana no período pós-atentados como, por exemplo, os sentimentos de medo, insegurança, vingança e a recém-lançada Guerra ao Terror. Estes são discutidos e interpretados, partindo de dois pontos de vista diferentes, o do Capitão América e o dos terroristas, ou seja, as HQs procuraram expor as justificativas dos dois lados envolvidos. Elas expõem diversas críticas às ações bélicas dos Estados Unidos e também dos terroristas e têm um forte caráter pacifista. Além disso, divulgam uma mensagem de esperança pautada nas ideias do Sonho Americano, que deve ser entendido como uma força de união e mobilização nacional, visando à superação de todos os problemas causados pelos atentados de 11 de setembro / This study aims to analyze how the attacks of September 11, 2001 were represented in a series of Captain America comics, written by John Ney Rieber and drawn by John Cassaday, published between June and December 2002 in USA. These comics dialogue with various problems that bothered the American society in the post-attack period, for example, the feelings of fear, insecurity, revenge and the newly launched War on Terror. These are discussed and interpreted, from two different points of view, that of Captain America and the terrorists, in other words, the comics sought to expose the reasons on both sides involved. They expose several criticisms of the military actions of the United States and also the terrorists and have a strong pacifist character. Moreover, disseminate a message of hope ruled by ideas of the American Dream, which must be understood as a force for unity and national mobilization, aimed at overcoming all the problems caused by the September 11 attacks

les terrains cristallins de Belledonne et du Grand Chatelard sont étudiés du point de vue pétrologique, géochimique et structurale. Cette étude à mis en évidence d'Ouest en Est : (i) le caractère principalement chevauchant de l'accident médian, (ii) des conditions de T° et de P pour le métamorphisme des gneiss de St Rémy évaluées respectivement à 635 +/- 30°C et 4>P<6 kb, (iii) une mise en place du monzogranite des Sept Laux tardive par rapport à (iV) le complexe granitique de St Colomban, lui même composé de faciès hétérogènes comprenant des gneiss +/- migmatitiques, et de faciès plutonique allant des diorites à des leucogranites. Enfin, (v) la tectonique tardi-hercynienne puis alpine le long de l'accident de Fond de France entraine une mylonitisation progressive dans le faciès schistes verts, notamment des granitoïdes.