This applied dissertation study was designed to inform and advance knowledge regarding research in the area of the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) in reducing challenging behaviors among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who were nonverbal, by using a quantitative single subject approach. The researcher specifically focused on determining which modality, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or manual sign language, would be the most effective as a replacement behavior to bring about a reduction in challenging behaviors. Previous researchers in the field of FCT did not address this area, thus leaving a gap in the research. The participants for the study were three children with ASD between the ages of 4 and 6. Prior to the start of the study, multiple assessments were administered to assess the function of challenging behaviors, level of functioning, imitation skills, and preferences. The intervention phases consisted of randomly alternating between a session of PECS and manual sign daily with each session consisting of 10 trials. Baseline data was collected to assess preexisting skill level to mand for items. The intervention trials continued until the participants reached mastery level in either modality. Results demonstrated that only PECS was effective for both the participants who completed the study, and for the participant who mastered both manual signing and PECS, PECS had a quicker acquisition rate. Implications from the findings suggest that FCT is an effective intervention in reducing challenging behaviors, and that PECS might be more effective for quick reductions of challenging behaviors. The study is a valuable addition to the current FCT research as it aligns with and extends findings from previous research.

This thesis attempts to clarify the period issue of satirical signs of socialism of the prose "Black Barons" with regard to the Czechoslovak normalization culture. It focuses primarily on the historical role of the work and its artistic components. It studies them with a particularly semiotic perspective of Lotman's texts culturally and literary. Its core is then an analysis of the literary structure of mentioned book. It is realized with regard to the partial characters and aims to find out which specific parts of the world of the story are ridiculed and for what exactly the title is (at the time of its first publication) censorial unacceptable. Keywords: sign, language, system, structure, culture, socialism, satire, Black Barons

The diploma thesis is elaborated on the topic of awareness of primary school pupils about the Deaf community, in general about people with hearing impairment. The aim of the work is obtain information about how students are informed about the issue of the Deaf community and to increase this knowledge using research methods. The theoretical part is focused on a general introduction to the issue of people with hearing impairment, the division of hearing impairments, terms used in this field, as well as on the communication of people with hearing impairment and compensatory aids. One of the chapters then brings important knowledge about the Deaf community, their culture and also about several organizations associating people with hearing impairments in general and their surroundings. The next chapter deals with the possibilities of obtaining information about the culture of the Deaf, while the work lists the Internet, magazines, lectures and sign language courses as sources of information. Its subchapter then specifically focuses on the possibilities of obtaining this information by primary school pupils and specific attempts to inform this age group that have taken place in the past. The empirical part is devoted to the presentation of the results of the research survey. This was done using two...

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Due to the specialist nature of their use of a visual language, Deaf and hard of hearing students have unique experiences at institutions of higher education. This research explored the experiences of Deaf teachers as students at Wits University. I employed a qualitative research design in the study. In -depth interviews and documentary information were used to collect data from twelve current and past Deaf and hard of hearing students. Current theory, practice and legislation designed to guide the creation of an inclusive education society were examined in order to explore the implications they have for Deaf students in terms of inclusion and access to education. The findings showed high level of academic competitiveness among the Deaf and hard of hearing students but low social participation. Their academic success was driven by factors such as commitment to Deaf education, the availability of interpreting services, having Deaf peers and their pre-university experiences.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop the architecture to use the Car2X for observation the local traffic sign and displays it on the OpenStreetMap to provide more information of the road side to the driver. The proposed architecture of this thesis is to convert the traffic sign into the barcode and to be scanned by the barcode scanner and then wirelessly transfers the data to the web server to store the data and displays the traffic sign on the OpenStreetMap in the web browser. It uses two Raspberry Pi boards with CAN-Bus shields for transmitting the data on the CAN-Bus system in the car, a barcode scanner to scan the barcode, a GPS module to get its location, and a WiFi dongle to wirelessly send the data. The thesis also includes the camera to detect the traffic light using OpenCV and sends the GO or STOP command to the car. The results provide the OpenStreetMap with the traffic sign which helps the driver to realize the traffic sign on the road of the desired destination. However, the accuracy of GPS is not satisfied as well as the distance of the barcode scanning, therefore, this thesis suggests that includes the gps position in the barcode and uses the camera to detect the barcode for the improvement in the future.

Den här studien har som syfte att bidra med kunskap om elevers förståelse av likhetstecknet. Studien besvarar två frågeställningar: På vilka kvalitativt olika sätt uppfattar elever likhetstecknet? Vilka nyanser av statisk och dynamisk uppfattning av likhetstecknet framträder av elevernas uppfattningar? Datan består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 14 elever som har genomförts i par. Studien är begränsad till årskurs 1–3. Studien visar att elever kan ha olika uppfattningar av likhetstecknet både en statisk och dynamisk. Däremot visar studien också att ”statiskt” och ”dynamiskt” inte är tillräckligt för att beskriva hur elever uppfattar likhetstecknet. De nyanser av den statiska och dynamiska uppfattningen som presenteras i resultatet är: likhetstecknet indikerar ett svar, likhetstecknet som ett ”stopp”, likhetstecknet indikerarar att det måste finnas en uträkning och likhetstecknet indikerarar att det måste vara jämvikt. / The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about students' understanding of mathematical similarities. Two questions are answered: In what qualitative different ways do students perceive the equal sign? What nuances of static and dynamic perception of the equal sign emerge from students´ perceptions? Data are based on, semi-structured interviews with students 14 students. The interviews have been conducted in pairs. The study is limited to grades 1-3.  The study show that students have different perceptions of the equal sign both static and dynamic. The results also show that “static” and “dynamic” are not sufficient to describe details in students perception of the equal sign The nuances of the static and dynamic perception presented in the result are: the equal sign indicates an answer, the equal sign as a "stop", the equal sign indicates that there must be a calculation, and the equal sign indicates that they must be equilibrium.

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Syftet med studien är att fördjupa kunskapen om hur eleverna introduceras till likhetstecknet och vilka svårigheter som ligger till grund för att eleverna brister i sin förståelse kring likhetstecknet. Studien utgår från två forskningsfrågor. I studien används en kvalitativ ansats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. I resultatet framkommer det att eleverna i viss mån introduceras till symbolerna för större än och mindre än samtidigt, dock är det få som även får kunskap om olikhetstecknet. Svårigheterna hos eleverna är att de utgår från en operationell förståelse för tecknet, att ett resultat ska räknas fram. Denna svårighet beror på bristande förståelse för likhetstecknet vilket kan påverka eleverna när de introduceras för ekvationer. Vår slutsats är att för att motverka detta bör lärarna arbeta med att utveckla den relationella förståelsen genom varierande räknehändelser och bör även introducera alla relevanta symboler samtidigt som större än, mindre än och olikhetstecknet samt undvika symboler för de olika räknesätt under denna introduktion för att undvika att eleverna skapar en operationell förståelse. / The purpose of the study is to deepen the knowledge about how students are introduced to the equal sign and what difficulties underlie the students' lack of understanding of the equal sign. The study is based on two research questions. In the study uses a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. In the result appears that the students are to some extent introduced to the symbols for greater than and less than at the same time, however, few also gain knowledge of the sign of dissimilarity. The difficulty of the students is that they start from a operational understanding of the sign, that a result should be calculated. This difficulty is due to a lack of understanding of the equal sign, which can affect students when introduced to equations. Our conclusion is that to counteract this, teachers should work on developing the relational understanding through varying counting events and should also introduce all relevant symbols while being greater than, less than and the sign of difference and avoiding symbols for the different counting methods during this introduction to avoid students creating an operational understanding.