Contre une conception essentialiste du point de vue du genre, et irénique, de la galanterie, cette étude appréhende cette dernière en termes d’histoire de la sexualité pour mettre en évidence la mise en place d’une micropolitique galante dès le premier XVIIe siècle. Elle se concentre sur les premières comédies de Corneille, dont le succès fait fond sur l’essor d’une nouvelle culture amoureuse, la galanterie. La première partie problématise le succès du discours galant, qui, produit par la sphère des belles lettres, peut toujours tourner à la simple politesse, mais ne s’en impose pas moins dans le contexte de la mixité d’ancien régime. La comédie cornélienne constitue ainsi une technologie galante où s’élabore, et d’où se diffuse, le discours galant qui, en régulant le commerce amoureux, légitime le mariage d’amour. La deuxième partie appréhende le conflit dramatique autour duquel s’organise l’intrigue galante en termes de constructionnisme social pour définir les contours de l’érotique galante. Dispositif « hétérotopique », la galanterie commande des processus de subjectivation tels que l’amour hétérosexuel cède désormais le pas à l’amitié homosociale, naturalisant du même coup le lien entre sexe et investissement affectif – ce complexe bientôt appelé « sexualité ». La galanterie s’inscrit ainsi dans la généalogie de la matrice hétérosexuelle. La troisième partie aborde la dramaturgie tragique de Corneille et montre comment la tragédie classique, en réponse à la tendance du discours galant à fonctionner à titre d’art de plaire autant qu’à titre d’art d’aimer, a inventé un discours amoureux adapté à l’individualisme moderne : non plus l’amour comme « passion de l’âme », mais, tout simplement, « la passion ». / As opposed to an irenic conception of gallantry that also relies on an essentialist definition of gender, this study addresses gallantry in terms of the history of sexuality, so as to emphasize the deployment of a gallant micropolitics the early 17th century France. It focuses on the success of Pierre Corneille’s comedies in the context of the blooming of a new amorous culture, soon to be called gallantry. The first part problematizes the discourse of gallantry produced by the sphere of the belle-Letters, which can always turn to mere courtesy, but nevertheless becomes pervasive to regulate men/women interactions in the Ancien Régime France. The Cornelian comedy functions as a gallant technology that produces and diffuses the discourse of gallantry, which organizes amorous relationships so as to legitimize love marriage. The second part addresses the conflict around which turns the whole plot of Corneille’s gallant comedies in terms of social constructionism, so as to account for the erotic subjectivities construed by gallantry. As an “heterotopic” apparatus, gallantry implies processes of subjectivation such that heterosexual love now prevails over homosocial friendship, thereby naturalizing the link between sex and emotional investment – a complex soon to be called “sexuality”. Thus, gallantry is part of the genealogy of the heterosexual matrix. The third part focuses on Pierre Corneille’s poetics of tragedy, and shows that the genre of the 17th century French tragedy replied to the tendency for the discourse of gallantry to function as a form of politeness rather than an authentic form of love by inventing an amorous discourse more suitable to modern individualism, and which no longer depicts love as a “passion of the soul” but simply as, in French, la passion.

Syfte: Föreliggande studie syftar till att ge svar på vilka bilder av äldre människor som framträder i nyhetsmediet Aftonbladet, hur dessa framträder, och hur dessa bilder kan påverka äldres livssituation och synen på ålderdom. Teori och metod: Studien är förankrad i ett socialkonstruktionistiskt teoriperspektiv och analysen har utformats med inspiration av diskursanalytiska begrepp. Det empiriska urvalet har skapats med hjälp av ett slumpmässigt obundet urval av artiklar från Aftonbladet under år 2013 där uttrycket ”äldre” förekommit. Analys: Analysen har formats genom en induktiv ansats då analysen utformats utan hypoteser och innehållet i empirin har fått påverka metodval. Analysen har formats genom ett reflexivt förhållningssätt för att forma en så subjektiv analys som möjligt. Innehållet i empirin relaterats till tidigare forskning med begreppen grundfigur, motbild, resursperspektiv och eländesperspektiv. Slutsatser: Aftonbladet har under angiven tidsperiod främst format bilden av Den problematiska ålderdomen. Detta sker genom tydliga kopplingar mellan äldre och problematiska attribut, genom betonade, och dramatiska beskrivningar. Det framträder även en bild som benämns Det goda åldrandet men den representeras av betydligt färre artiklar och framkommer genom mer otydliga beskrivningar. Analysen visar att Aftonbladet tilldelar äldre människor ett begränsat redaktionellt utrymme, det finns få fylliga beskrivningar av äldres livssituationer och äldre kopplas till stor del samman med olika former av problematiska sammanhang. Bilden av Den problematiska ålderdomen ger stöd åt den grundfigur som beskriver äldre människor ur ett eländesperspektiv. Som motbild finns bilden av Det goda åldrandet som visar på att det finns människor som avnjuter det goda åldrandet, men de framstår i regel som undantag. / Title: Being older - A discourse analytical study of the portrayal of older people in a Swedish evening newspaper. Objective: The present study aims to provide answers to which images of elderly people that appear in the news media Aftonbladet, how they emerge, and how these images can affect elderly people's lives and the perception of old age. Theory and Method: The study is anchored in a social constructionist theory perspective and analysis have been inspired by discourse analytical concepts. The empirical sample was first restricted to relevant articles that used the term "äldre" during the year 2013. To limit the number of items a random, unbound selection was used. Analysis: The analysis has been shaped by an inductive approach. The analysis was designed without hypotheses and the empiricism has been influencing the choice of method. The analysis has been shaped by a reflexive approach to make the analysis as subjective as possible. The content of the empirical data has been related to previous research with the concepts of basic figure, contrasting picture, resource perspective and misery perspective. Conclusions: During the specified time period, Aftonbladet has primarily shaped the image of The problematic ageing process. This is done through clear links between elderly people and problematic attributes, by highlighting, and dramatic descriptions. A picture called The good ageing process also appears but it’s represented by far fewer articles and emerges through more vague descriptions. The analysis shows that Aftonbladet assigns elderly people a limited editorial space, there are few rich descriptions of elderly people life situations and elderly are largely associated with different forms of problematic contexts. The image of The problematic ageing process supports the basic figure that describes elderly people out of the misery perspective. As counterpart the image of The good ageing process is showing that there are people who enjoy the good aging, but they appear mostly as exceptions.

This dissertation explores the experiences of a psychotherapist in training. Psychotherapeutic training can be described as taxing, because personal change often results from the process, and change can be difficult. This study is an action research enquiry that focused on a living theory methodology. A living theory enquiry strives to find answers to the question of how to improve the practice (in this dissertation, the practice of sychotherapy). In order to find answers to this question, the researcher embarks on a journey of reflective awareness, which highlights whether he or she is able to practise in accordance with his or her personal values. An explicit awareness of both personal and professional values is essential in a living theory enquiry. A living contradiction occurs when a person is unable to consolidate his or her personal and professional values. A living contradiction has a negative impact on a practitioner’s well-being, which may in turn influence how that person practises psychotherapy. This dissertation explores such a living contradiction which the researcher experienced during her training as a psychotherapist. A subtext of the dissertation can be described as the Narrative of a psychotherapist (in training) dealing with personal trauma. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

This thesis looks at the experiences and needs of pastoral counsellors and ministers regarding ethical dilemmas in performing their pastoral duties. Brief attention was paid to the nature of pastoral counselling and the challenges it faces in the South African context. The problem that arose is that pastoral counsellors have a difficult and ethically and psychologically dangerous task and are not necessarily adequately prepared for or supported in that task. As such it is a study conducted within the framework of practical theology. A social constructionist paradigm, supported by a narrative approach to research was chosen. Thus the research was of a descriptive, qualitative nature. The empirical research took on the form of unstructured interviews with pastoral counsellors and others who work in related circumstances. Eight themes were identified as playing a role in pastoral counsellors’ experiences of ethical dilemmas and ethical decision-making. They are: The role of God and faith in the life of the pastoral counsellor; pastoral identity; evangelisation, prayer and preaching; hermeneutics and the role of the Bible; training and the role of mentors; approach to ethics and ethical dilemmas. Professional ethics was also identified as a contributing factor in the literature review. It was shown that these themes cannot be separated from one another and all contribute toward pastoral counsellors’ way of thinking about and dealing with ethics. A further survey of philosophical issues – such as postmodernism, pluralism, relativism, social constructionism and the South African context – shed light on the challenges pastoral counsellors face in ethical dilemmas, as a result of the postmodern discourses that influence contemporary thinking about ethics in general and Christian ethics in specific. It also showed that thinkers within the church have proposed various useful responses to these challenges. This study has shown that the emerging profession of pastoral counselling is faced with great challenges in terms of ethics. Pastoral counselling in South Africa is unique, because of the unique nature of South African society. However, the goals and principles of pastoral counselling remain the same. The value of the Judeo-Christian community’s history and the legacy of hope that has been built by pastoral counsellors in the recent past cannot be underestimated. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

In this qualitative study I explored how postgraduate psychology students treat gender in their accounts of their future profession, using a social constructionist framework. I considered how this group of future psychologists drew upon gendered accounts in three different settings in which they found themselves within the profession. These included exploring how participants constructed their own gendered identities in their narratives of how they came to be pursuing professional training in psychology; how gender featured in their accounts of therapeutic processes and interactions with clients; and finally, their reflections on gendered participation in the broader field of psychology. Interview data from two semi-structured focus group discussions with 12 postgraduate psychology students was analysed using social constructionist thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified that related to participants’ gendered accounts according to their personal, professional and more general constructions of gender, namely: 1) psychology as a profession of choice; 2) setting the scene within psychology in terms of gender, which was divided into: a) a construction of gender from the psychologists’ perspective, and b) psychologists’ construction of gender from their clients’ perspectives. The third and last main theme was 3) Increased competition for females as a consequence of women’s empowerment. This study intended to contribute to the expansion of existing literature by addressing the issue of gender and its related aspects in the field of psychology in a South African context, given the dearth of extended research conducted in developing countries so far. The findings supported those of previous studies to an extent, but mainly redressed the perspective of gender through the identification of new themes. By looking into postgraduate psychology students’ constructions of their own gendered accounts it appeared that upcoming psychologists viewed gender in complex ways, instead of typically reported notions of difference, inequality and inferiority or superiority. In this way, the benefit of understanding professional development within the field of psychology served as a valuable point of departure in understanding debates around how gender was implicated in the clientele psychologists serve. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

Orientador: Mário Sérgio Vasconcelos / Banca: Francisco Hashimoto / Banca: Isaac Antonio Camargo / Banca: Meyre Eiras de Barros Pinto / Banca: Elisabeth da Silva Gelli / Resumo: Ao trabalharmos com idosos e suas fotografias tendemos a valorizar reminiscências da juventude e fotografias que os conduzem a um retorno ao passado. Se, por um lado, este tipo de trabalho valoriza o idoso como detentor de experiência e de sabedoria adquirida com o tempo, por outro lado, o reafirma como aquele para o qual lhe resta pouco tempo de vida e, por isso, mais vale retomar e narrar o passado do que planejar o futuro. A presente pesquisa pretendeu enfraquecer o estereótipo do idoso atado ao passado ao investigar possibilidades de prospecção resultantes do encontro do idoso com o ato fotográfico. Como pano de fundo teórico-metodológico nos orientamos pela vertente do Construcionismo Social, tomado no campo da Psicologia, entendendo, portanto, que a realidade não está dada a priori como objetividade absoluta, mas é construída na interação humana, como processo e se constitui fundamentalmente como produção de sentido. Pautado nessa base epistemológica, o objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar os sentidos produzidos pelo ato fotográfico na relação do idoso com o tempo e com a memória, dando maior ênfase às possibilidades da fotografia enquanto prospecção do futuro. Para tanto, foram realizadas oficinas de fotografia com dois grupos de idosos da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Os participantes fotografaram orientados pelas seguintes perguntas: "O que é importante na vida, hoje?"; "Que imagem ou cena você tomaria agora para representar algo que ainda não aconteceu em sua vida, mas que você pretende que aconteça no futuro?". Os grupos produziram imagens relacionadas à atividade, família e à amizade, dentre outras. Quanto ao tempo, percebemos que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: When working with seniors and their photographs we tend to value the youth reminiscences and photographs that lead them to a return to the past. If, on the one hand, this type of work values the elders as the ones who had acquired experience and wisdom in time, on the other hand, it confirms them as the person who remains little time and hence, so it is better return and narrate the past than plan for the future. The present study sought to undermine the stereotype of the elderly tied to the past to investigate the possibilities for exploration of the elderly meeting with the photographic act. As theoretical and methodological background we orient ourselves by the aspects of the social constructionism, taken in the field of psychology, understanding, therefore, that reality is not given a priori as absolute objectivity, but is built on human interaction as a process and build itself fundamentally as production of meaning. Lined in this epistemological base, the research objective was to investigate the meanings produced by the photographic act in respect of the elderly in time and memory, placing greater emphasis on photography while exploring the possibilities of the future. Thus, we conducted photography workshops with two groups of elderly in the Open University of the Third Age of Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Participants photographed guided by the following questions: "What's important in life today?" "What picture or scene you take now to represent something that has not happened in your life, but you want to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The purpose of the present study is to, based on preschool teachers' talk about listening to children with functional variations, contribute knowledge about what conditions preschool teachers feel they have in relation to working with children with functional variations and how preschool teachers feel that they create adequate conditions for children with functional variations.  Listening means being sensitive to the children's own initiatives and their way of understanding the world (Åberg & Lenz Taguchi, 2018). The analysis focused on how preschool teachers talked about listening in relation to children with functional variations and conditions linked with that, both the conditions that they felt they received from the principal, but also the conditions they felt that themselves gave to children with functional variations.  The data was collected both via an individual interview and a group-interview, where the participants both discussed three different cases (see appendix 1) and a variety of interview questions (see appendix 2). The interview was carried out in the participant’s home setting, whereas the group interview was conducted via the digital service Zoom Meetings. The result of the study shows how preschool teachers do have an understanding of the importance of an adapted approach toward children with functional-variations. However, that’s not always how it works in practice. Insecurity within one’s special needs education competence can come to affect to what extent it’s implemented in preschool settings. / Syftet med studien är att utifrån förskollärares tal om lyssnande till barn med funktionsvariationer öka kunskapen om vilka förutsättningar förskollärare upplever att de har i förhållande till arbetet tillsammans med barn med funktionsvariationer, samt hur förskollärare upplever att de skapar förutsättningar för barn med funktionsvariationer. Lyssnande innebär att vara lyhörd inför barnens egna initiativ och deras sätt att förstå världen (Åberg & Lenz Taguchi, 2018). Vid analysen fokuserades hur förskollärare talade om lyssnande av barn med funktionsvariationer och vilka förutsättningar som kopplades till detta, både de förutsättningar som de upplevde att de fick från rektor, men även de förutsättningar som de upplevde att de själva gav till barn med funktionsvariationer.  I en ambition att få svar på studiens frågeställningar skedde datainsamlingen med hjälp av både en individuell intervju samt en gruppintervju, där de totalt tre informanterna fick diskutera tre olika case (se bilaga 1) samt ett antal intervjufrågor (se bilaga 2). Den individuella intervjun ägde rum i informantens hem medan gruppintervjun genomfördes via den digitala tjänsten Zoom Meetings. Studiens resultat visar hur informanterna har förståelse för att det krävs ett annat förhållningssätt gentemot barn med funktonsvariationer. Samtidigt som det i diskussionerna framkommer att det i praktiken inte alltid ter sig så. Osäkerhet för kompetenserna kring specialpedagogik kan komma att påverka i vilken utsträckning arbetslag implementerar specialpedagogiska insatser i förskolans utbildning.

Trauma is an event during which individuals are confronted with a threat to their own or to someone else’s integrity. If intense fear, horror and helplessness are experienced during the event there may be psychological traumatisation. However, individuals may experience physical trauma and require hospitalisation. The patients’ subjective experiences from the hospitalisations may precipitate further trauma. Although families of patients are not involved in the traumatic event, they may experience their own traumatisation. The individuals and their families experience the trauma on the biological, psychological and social levels. Medical literature is mostly positivistic and there is little qualitative research on the experience of hospitalisation, particularly of family experiences of the intensive care unit (ICU). There is also a paucity of research on psychological experiences in the medical world. The research that has been conducted in psychology is mostly with psychiatrists. The aim of this research is to explain the sense families make of physical trauma using narrative. Narrative is the sense individuals make of experiences across time through telling and re-telling stories. Qualitative research is most suited to explore these subjective experiences of individuals. Social constructionism is one form of qualitative research and a process exploring the world of individuals in the context of culture, history and social interaction. Individuals arrange these stories using myths, symbols and archetypes that will provide coherence to the lived experience. Languaging the experiences facilitates meaning attribution that informs behaviour. Data was collected through photographs taken by the participants and individual interviews were conducted. The co-construction of this text occurred in the context of the researcher as a counsellor, the researcher as a previous physical trauma patient and the family perspectives of the participants. The exploration of the photographs and their sequence are followed by a narrative analysis of the interview texts using storymaps. Narratives were co-created in this context. The participants selected the stories and created coherence by narrating and ordering the sequence of photographs. Since the family language this lived experience, the members explored various selves and their relationships with their worlds. The family was impacted biopsychosocially and is writing an alternate story in the discourse of the medical world that says further rehabilitation is difficult, if not impossible. They have made sense of the physical trauma by searching for unique outcomes and narrating on a temporal framework: stories of their self, relationships with others, their physical self and their physical environments. This will create space for their alternate story. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

This qualitative study, located within a postmodern and social constructionist framework, explores how the social identities of retired white Afrikaner ex-military South African Defence Force (SADF) servicemen are constructed in South Africa. It considers how retired white Afrikaner ex-military South African Defence Force (SADF) servicemen have chosen to define and experience their social identities in view of the transformed political, socio-cultural and economic landscape and dominant discourses to which they have had to adjust. The literature review describes the multiple, dynamic and socially constructed nature of identities, traces the reciprocal relationship between the individual and society, relates identity formation to the various social category memberships subscribed to by research participants, and elucidates the role of language in the construction of social identities. In this study, ‘discursive threads’ of race (whiteness), culture (Afrikaans traditions, language, practices), gender (masculinity), role status (retiree, ex-soldier) were all woven together by the multiplicity of meanings contained in drawn-upon discourses, which constructed the social identities of research participants. Social identity can be viewed as a compromise between assimilation with and differentiation from others, where the need for similarity is satisfied within ingroups, while the need for distinctiveness is met through inter-group comparison. Discourse analysis was used to analyse the texts produced during semi-structured interviews with five research participants. Additionally, the discursive psychological concepts of action orientation (and positioning were used to explore how temporal, multiple and fluid social identities of participants were constructed by their use of language and invocation of supporting, opposing and overlapping discourses. From the discourse analysis, five discourses were identified as being realised in the texts, namely: a discourse of discipline; a discourse of ‘same-ness’; a discourse of ‘different-ness’; a discourse of ‘loss’: “Old Soldiers never die; they just fade away”; and a discourse of ‘camaraderie’: “Esprit de Corps”. The participants’ accounts have highlighted the complexity, fluidity and multiplicity of identities and the impact of dominant discourses on the reciprocal relationships between individuals, groups and society. This study contributes significantly to the existing knowledge regarding white retired ex-servicemen of the SADF in South Africa by offering insights into how this ingroup defines, re-defines, negotiates and maintains its social identities in accordance with and in reaction to dominant discourses of the past and present. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Psychology / unrestricted

The purpose of the present study is to examine how a multicultural classroom affects the teaching of religion, and which conflicts teachers at secondary school and upper secondary school encounter in multicultural classrooms, as well as how these affect the school’s fundamental values. The study has been conducted through qualitative interviews with seven teachers who either teach religion at secondary school level or upper secondary school level.The study is based on the assumptions that multiculturalism affects teaching in the religion classroom and that there are conflicts where the conduct during the conflicts affects how schools work with their fundamental values. The study has a social constructionism approach where what teachers say about this study’s central concepts multiculturalism and conflict are studied. These concepts have then been used as a foundation for the analysis.The result of the study is that teachers are generally positive about a multicultural classroom for teaching religion; however, the study shows that there are both positive and negative aspects of this. The teachers in the study emphasized that the multicultural classroom, among other things, benefits the students' understanding of each other and that they can share and learn each other's experiences. The disadvantage of a multicultural classroom was considered by teachers to be the skepticism that can arise regarding their legitimacy as a mediator of knowledge. As for conflicts in the multicultural classroom in religion teaching, the result shows that teachers see conflicts as both positive and negative for the work on fundamental values, depending on its outcome. According to the teachers, a conflict can generate understanding and respect among the students, but also provide space for the students to express prejudices that lead to disagreements.Key