Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 solange.pdf: 2775683 bytes, checksum: 46071894d9093e9a49db563b8828e03d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-13 / The present study is related to the current issues concerning the process of inclusion of students who have special educational needs in regular education. It aims at understanding how such students have been included in state public schools in Ensino Fundamental Ciclo I, Ciclo II and Ensino Médio , and how regular schools and their professionals have responded to the students needs. The research is focused on public schools, their differences in hierarchy and respective management, as well as on teachers continuing education process regarding inclusion. In order to reach those goals and understand the present situation, it is necessary to look back in the past through book and document references, searching for historical data that have followed the process regarding public policies. Besides, the field research helps make a triangulation to support that complex subject. The collected results view some kind of educational scene that points out significant advances and possibilities in inclusion. They also show good willing educational professionals who have effectively committed to the inclusion of students who have special educational needs. On the other hand, there are still some issues that must be considered regarding the uniqueness of different educational realities / O presente estudo se relaciona às questões postas na atualidade em relação ao processo de inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais na rede regular de ensino. Tem como objetivo compreender como esse processo vem de fato acontecendo na Rede Estadual de Ensino no Ensino Fundamental Ciclo I, Ciclo II e Ensino Médio, e como a escola regular e seus profissionais têm encontrado alternativas para atender à demanda desses alunos. O foco da pesquisa é a instituição escolar pública, observando suas diferentes instâncias hierárquicas e respectivas gestões, como também os processos de formação continuada de professores no que tange a essas questões. Para tanto, faz-se necessário uma incursão no passado através da pesquisa bibliográfica para compreender o presente, utilizam-se recursos na modalidade da pesquisa documental, buscando historicamente os dados que acompanham esse processo em relação às políticas públicas da atualidade e caminha-se também na modalidade da pesquisa de campo de modo a buscar uma triangulação que possa sustentar a complexidade dessa temática. Os resultados obtidos representam uma determinada realidade educacional que imprime marcas significativas nos avanços e possibilidades desse processo, e retrata igualmente a predisposição de profissionais da educação que efetivamente se comprometeram com o processo de inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Ao mesmo tempo, ressignifica tal processo, inferindo imperativos que deverão ser repensados e construídos a partir da singularidade das diferentes realidades educacionais

The diploma thesis focuses on the role of teacher assistant in the nursery class. Its aim is to capture the activities that the assistant teacher performs in this class through qualitative research. The main aim of the research was to describe the activities of the teacher assistant that support pupils directly in the logopedic class of the kindergarten. The research was carried out at the nursery class of the kindergarten. The case studies of five pupils were processed on the basis of documentary analysis and observation and teacher assistant activities were categorized. It has been found that pupils has disruptive communication skills that has been shown since the beginning of development and, besides communication skills, involves in other areas of development. Teacher assistant pays attention to all pupils in the class. Activities that encourage them to engage in education and all kindergarten activities do not differ in content. His work focuses mainly on ensuring understanding, orientation and involvement of pupils in every situation. KEYWORDS Teacher Assistant, Pupil with Special Educational Needs, Speech and Language Disorders, Nursery School, Class for children with speech and language disorders, Special Education

The Diploma Thesis represents teachers' approach to the inclusion, and the inclusive education in a common primary school. The theoretical part provides information about the basic legislation in the field of inclusion, and explains terms such as integration, inclusion, inclusive education. It focuses on the supportive arrangements for pupils with special educational needs, and analyses specifics of inclusive settings in the concrete school. The practical part describes the research. The aim of the research was to point out the teachers' attitude towards the inclusion and to evaluate their experience with the inclusive settings at the concrete school. The research reveals positive as well as negative opinions. It also summarises difficulties regarding the inclusive education. The research points out that there is slightly more of a negative attitude among the teachers towards the inclusion, however more than half of the teachers feel the importance of inclusion regarding pupils with specific educational needs. For further development of inclusion, the teachers would appreciate a reduction of students in their working groups, as well as an increase number of teacher assistants. Furthermore, the teachers expressed a wish for a better supportive methodical help while working with students within this...

For a long time, inclusion or inclusive education (IE) has been high on the agenda both internationally and in Sweden, not least since the signing of the Salamanca Declaration in 1994 and the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006. These call for inclusion to be the norm and are guided by the principle that all pupils, regardless of needs, feel that their social, emotional and academic needs are being met. Since the introduction of Lgr11 (2011), the most recent Swedish curriculum, special educational needs (SEN) should be seen as arising out of educational environments and methods that are not adapted enough to be accessible to a wide diversity of pupils. Despite a significant body of research into inclusive education, several researchers raised that few studies focused on the pupil perspective, few were collaborative and few focused on all pupils, that is to say, their focus lies only on pupils with SEN. Arguably, selecting certain groups to investigate goes against the ethos of inclusion and risks missing information from pupils experiencing difficulties that are not yet identified.  When considering factors impacting feelings of inclusion, many studies have raised the importance of socio-emotional functioning alongside academic self-concept. This collaborative study looks at how included pupils in a free school in Stockholm feel, with a focus on whether there is a difference between the pupils’ perception of inclusion depending on whether they have self-reported SEN or not, what grade they are in and their gender. This is measured using a new instrument, the ‘Perception of Inclusion Questionnaire (PIQ) - student version’, which is also being validated as a tool for measuring inclusion in Sweden. Results indicate clearly that pupils with SEN feel significantly less included than their typically-developing peers across all three scales, emotional inclusion, social inclusion and academic self-concept. In addition, grade has an impact, with pupils in Grade 8 having lower feelings of emotional inclusion, social inclusion and academic self-concept than in Grade 5. This difference was apparent for all pupils but the effect was greater in pupils with SEN. Gender returned insignificant results on all three scales. Another interesting result is that more pupils self-report actual or suspected SEN than the school reports, indicating that there are a number of pupils with difficulties who would be overlooked in studies that do not include all pupils. The Swedish version of the PIQ for Students has been validated.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how high school students felt that the computer helped or hindered participation and self-esteem in the learning situation and if the students experienced any differences between when they had been relatively alone in using a computer compared to when everyone had their own computer. The starting point was the national one-to-one projects made to give every student access to a personal computer and how it affected students in special educational needs and previous research. The theoretical approach was based on socioculture/activity theory and theories of self-esteem. Ten high school students in grade one at a senior high school that previously had started up a one-to-one project was interviewed. The results showed that the students primarily used the computer to write and to search the Internet, but even as a alternative or compensatory tool. Students felt that the computer contributed to increased motivation and self-esteem and better results both in secondary and senior high school. Several students stressed the teacher's importance for if and how the computer was used as a learning tool. The main difference between the computer utilization was seen between the high school programs. Students in the individual program felt the education more individualized and customized compared to secondary school, while students in the vocational program used the computer less as a special education tool than in secondary school. Therefore, any conclusion re-garding one-to-one and its impact could not be drawn. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur gymnasieelever upplevde att datorn bidrog till eller hindrade delaktighet och självkänsla i lärsituationen samt om eleverna upplevde någon skillnad mellan då de var relativt ensamma om att ha en egen dator jämfört med då alla elever hade en egen dator. Utgångspunkten var de nationella en-till-en-satsningar som gjorts för att ge varje elev tillgång till en egen dator och på vilket sätt det påverkade elever i behov av särskilt stöd samt tidigare forskning. Den teoretiska ansatsen grundade sig i sociokulturell teori/verksamhetsteori och teorier om självbild. Tio gymnasieelever i årskurs 1 på en gymnasieskola som precis startat upp en en-till-en-satsning intervjuades. Resultatet visade att eleverna i första hand använde datorn till att skriva och till informationssökning i skolan, men även som alternativt eller kompenserande lärverktyg. Eleverna upplevde att datorn bidrog till ökad motivation och självkänsla samt bättre resultat i skolarbetet både i grundskolan och på gymnasiet. Flera elever framhöll lärarens betydelse för om och hur datorn nyttjades som lärverktyg. Den största skillnaden mellan hur datorn nyttjades kunde man se mellan gymnasieprogrammen. Eleverna på det individuella programmet upplevde att de fick mer individualiserad och datoranpassad undervisning jämfört med i grundskolan, medan eleverna på det yrkesförberedande programmet använde datorn som specialpedagogisk verktyg mer sällan jämfört med i grundskolan. Någon slutsats angående en-till-en och dess påverkan kunde därför inte dras.

Στην προσχολική παιδαγωγική, το σώμα του παιδιού αποτελεί το μέσο για την ολοκλήρωση της ολόπλευρης και ισόρροπης ανάπτυξής του. Το παιδί ολοκληρώνει τη συνολική ανάπτυξή του, καθώς εξελίσσεται το σώμα του· εξέλιξη που επηρεάζει και τη μαθησιακή και κοινωνικο- συναισθηματική ζωή του και, εν συνεχεία, κατά πολύ την ακαδημαϊκή του πορεία (Ευαγγελινού & Παππά, 2002). Σε κάθε κινητική δραστηριότητα, άλλωστε, συμμετέχει πάντα ολόκληρο το άτομο με αποτέλεσμα οι κινήσεις του να έχουν συναισθηματικές, νοητικές και κοινωνικές προεκτάσεις (Zimmer, 2007). Η διδασκαλία της ψυχοκινητικής αγωγής (ΨΑ) στηρίζει τις βάσεις της στα γενικά αναλυτικά προγράμματα του Νηπιαγωγείου, δίνοντας έμφαση στην ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη των νηπίων, μέσα από τις ιδιαίτερες εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες τους. Από τα αποτελέσματα της μέχρι σήμερα ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας, η ψυχοκινητική αγωγή έχει ευεργετική επίδραση στις κινητικές δεξιότητες των μαθητών και υποστηρίζει σημαντικά εκείνους που παρουσιάζουν φτωχή κινητική απόδοση ή αναπτυξιακές διαταραχές (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Σπανάκη, Σκορδίλης & Βενετσάνου, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Παράλληλα, στο χώρο του Νηπιαγωγείου, μεγάλη αξία έχουν οι δραστηριότητες που εμπεριέχουν τεχνικές θεατρικών δράσεων, καθώς υποστηρίζουν την ομαλή ένταξη του νηπίου στην ομάδα του Νηπιαγωγείου και την κοινωνικοποίησή του και αναπτύσσουν τις δεξιότητές του, που εξελίσσονται σε αυτήν την ηλικία (Μπουρνέλη, 2002). Σημαντικός, όμως, είναι ο ρόλος τους όσον αφορά την αντιμετώπιση μαθητών με κοινωνικο- συναισθηματικές και μαθησιακές δυσκολίες (Κουρετζής, 2008), με δυσκολίες προσαρμογής ακόμα και άτομα με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες (Κουρκούτας, 2007; Λενακάκης, 2001). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εξέτασε την επίδραση ενός παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών/τριών προσχολικής ηλικίας με ή χωρίς ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες. Η επίδραση του παραπάνω προγράμματος εξετάστηκε σε μαθητές γενικού σχολείου, σε μαθητές με κώφωση/ βαρηκοΐα, αλλά και σε μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης ‘γενικού’ Νηπιαγωγείου. Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτέλεσαν 63 μαθητές/ τριες που φοιτούσαν σε Νηπιαγωγεία, Αθήνας και Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Συγκεκριμένα: α) Ν = 13 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές με κώφωση β) Ν = 41 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού και γ) Ν = 9 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης. Με τυχαία δειγματοληψία, το ένα τμήμα Νηπιαγωγείου από κάθε ομάδα πληθυσμού αποτέλεσε την πειραματική ομάδα και το άλλο τμήμα την ομάδα ελέγχου, αντίστοιχα (Thomas & Nelson, 2003). Η αρχική αξιολόγηση συμπεριλάμβανε δοκιμασίες που αξιολογούσαν την κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη όλων των συμμετεχόντων, με τη χρήση των ‘Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘ΑΘΗΝΑ τεστ’ (Παρασκευόπουλος & Παρασκευοπούλου, 2011), και το ‘Ερωτηματολόγιο Δια- προσωπικής και Ενδο- προσωπικής Προσαρμογής’ (ΕΔΕΠ) (Παρασκευόπουλος & Γιαννίτσας, 1999), για κάθε μία από τις παραπάνω αξιολογήσεις, αντίστοιχα. Στη συνέχεια, σχεδιάστηκε το παρεμβατικό πρόγραμμα ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού, σε συνεργασία με τους εκπαιδευτικούς των επιλεγμένων τμημάτων, για τις πειραματικές ομάδες. Το πρόγραμμα ΨΑ βασιζόταν στις εξατομικευμένες ανάγκες και δυνατότητες του κάθε μαθητή ξεχωριστά και εμπεριείχε δραστηριότητες προσαρμοσμένες στις αρχές ΨΑ της Zimmer (2007) σε συνδυασμό με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού και πραγματοποιήθηκε η υλοποίησή του στις πειραματικές ομάδες. Οι ομάδες ελέγχου ακολούθησαν το ημερήσιο πρόγραμμα του κάθε Νηπ/είου. Η πειραματική παρέμβαση είχε χρονική διάρκεια δυόμιση μήνες (10 εβδομάδες) συνολικά, με συχνότητα δύο φορές την εβδομάδα. Στο τέλος της παρέμβασης ακολούθησε η επαναξιολόγηση των συμμετεχόντων των δύο ομάδων, ως προς την κινητική, γνωστική και ψυχοκοινωνική τους ανάπτυξη, με τα ίδια ερευνητικά εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την αρχική αξιολόγηση. To Στατιστικό Πρόγραμμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS) (Norusis, 1993) χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τις ανάγκες της έρευνας. Συγκεκριμένα, τρεις ομάδες από παραγοντικές αναλύσεις διασποράς (2 x 2 ANOVAs) αξιολόγησαν την επίδραση του παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ, στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών Νηπιαγωγείου. Στα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας υπήρξαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις παρεμβατικού προγράμματος και χρονικού σημείου μέτρησης σχετικά με τις κινητικές ικανότητες των τριών ομάδων μαθητών/τριών (‘γενικό’, κωφών και φοιτούντων σε τμήματα ένταξης). Επίσης, υπήρχαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις αναφορικά με τις γνωστικές δεξιότητες. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν, επίσης, σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση στις ψυχοκοινωνικές δεξιότητες των συμμετεχόντων στην ομάδα του ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού, ενώ δεν υπήρχε αντίστοιχη σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση για την ομάδα των κωφών και των μαθητών/τριών σε τμήματα ένταξης. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας έρευνας παρουσιάζουν τη σημαντικότητα ψυχοκινητικών προγραμμάτων μέσα στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, προκειμένου να υποστηριχτεί ο μαθητής αναφορικά με την κινητική αλλά και τη γνωστική και την ψυχοκοινωνική του ανάπτυξη. Σύγχρονοι παιδαγωγοί οφείλουν να ενημερώνονται και να αξιοποιούν προγράμματα σαν το παρόν παρεμβατικό προκειμένου να στοχεύουν στην περαιτέρω βελτίωση των δυνατοτήτων των μαθητών/τριών τους. Το κατάλληλο πρόγραμμα παρέμβασης στηριζόμενο στην ψυχοκινητική εκπαίδευση μπορεί να επηρεάσει την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη του ατόμου συνολικά. Σημαντική, εξάλλου, είναι η πρώιμη ανίχνευση δυσκολιών και ο προσδιορισμός των ιδιαίτερων εκπαιδευτικών αναγκών του κάθε μαθητή, και, εν συνεχεία, ο σχεδιασμός παρεμβατικών προγραμμάτων κατάλληλων για την αντιμετώπιση των προαναφερόμενων και την κατάλληλη υποστήριξη. / In preschool pedagogy, child's body is the instrument for the integration of comprehensive and balanced development. Children complete their overall development, as their body evolves; this development affects their learning and socio-emotional life and, subsequently, to a large extent, their academic course. However, in several motor activities, the whole person is always involved and the movements have an emotional, cognitive and social implication. The teaching of psychomotor bases its foundation on the general curricula of kindergarten, emphasing in all-round growth of infants, through their specific educational needs. From the results of research activity up to now, psychomotor therapy has a beneficial effect on motor skills of students and supports significantly those who have poor motor performance or developmental disorders (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Spanaki, Skordilis & Venetsanou, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Simultaneously, in the space of kindergarten, the activities with some technical theatrical actions have high value , as they support the smooth integration of infants in the nursery team and their socialization as well as develop their skills, which evolve in this age. However, their role as far as dealing with students facing socio- emotional or learning difficulties difficulties in adapting, even people with special educational needs can be considered really important. This thesis examined the effect of the intervention psychomotor program with elements of theatrical play in motor, cognitive and emotional development of preschoolers with and without special educational needs. The effect of this program was examined in public school students, students with deafness / hearing loss, but also in students attending integration classes in 'general' kindergarten. The sample consisted of two parts, from: a) 2 kindergartens with deaf students (N = 13), b) two kindergartens with pupils 'general' population (N = 41) and c) two kindergartens with students attending rehabilitation classes (N = 9). Through random sampling, the one part of each population group formed the experimental group and the other part the control group, respectively (random selection) (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The initial assessment included tests evaluating motor, cognitive and emotional development of all participants, using the ‘Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘Athena test’ (Paraskevopoulos & Paraskevopoulou, 2011), and ‘Questionnaire inter-personal and intra-personal adjustment’ (ALCO) (Paraskevopoulos & Giannitsas, 1999), each of the above evaluations, respectively. The design of the intervention program Psychomotor Education with signs of dramatic play was done in collaboration with the teachers of the selected sections, attended the experimental groups proceeded to execution. The psychomotor program was based on the individual needs and abilities of each student and included activities well adapted to the principles of PsA, according to Zimmer (2007), in combination with elements of theatrical game and was held in the groups that were selected as experimental groups randomly (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The groups remained as control groups OE followed the normal daily schedule of every kindergarten. The experimental intervention period lasted two and a half months (10 weeks) in total, with a frequency of two times a week. At the end of the experimental intervention, the reassessment of participants regarding kinetic, cognitive and emotional development, for all groups (experimental and control) followed, with the same research tools used for the initial evaluation. To Statistical Program of Social Sciences (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 13) was used for the purposes of research. Specifically, three 2x2 ANOVA analyses evaluated the effect of the intervention program on kinetics, cognitive and emotional development of kindergarten students. The survey results showed significant interactions existing between the experimental group and the time of assessment regarding the motor skills of all populations ('general', deaf and those attending inclusive classes). Moreover, there were significant interactions of the intervention program for the experimental group compared with the control group of all populations on cognitive skills. The results of the research also showed significant interaction to the psychosocial skills of participants in the group of 'general' population, while there was no significant interaction for the group of deaf and those attending inclusive classes, regarding psychosocial skills. The results of this study highlight the importance of psychomotor programs in the educational process in order to support students with respect to their motor, cognitive and psychosocial development. Modern educators should be informed and take advantage of programs like this intrusive one, in order to aim at further improvement of the capabilities of their students. The appropriate intervention program based on psychomotor education can affect the growth and development of the whole person. Besides, the early detection and identification of the difficulties as well as the special educational needs of each student, and, subsequently, the design of appropriate intervention programs to address the above with the appropriate support is a very important issue.

The aim of this study was to, from a special educational approach, describe and analyse nine teachers and headmasters experiences and perceptions of the use of laptos, ”1-1”, as a tool for working with 13-16 year old pupils born outside of Sweden and with special educational needs (SEN). Interviews were used for data collection. The interview material was analysed with the phenomenografic analysis method and with meaning condensation method. The result was analysed through three perspectives on special education and the concept of inclusion as the study’s frame of reference. The major result showed that teachers perceived 1-1 facilitated adaption of instruction to multicultural instruction groups. 1-1 also enabled a more individualised and inclusive instruction when pupils could get indvidualised tasks and study material and a lot of technical support in their computers. Cooperation with schoolmates and with families was not facilitated with 1-1, rather were many difficulties exposed in this area.

Esta tese de doutorado trata de um estudo das políticas públicas de inclusão escolar no Rio Grande do Sul, de acordo com o atual cenário nacional de implantação de políticas de educação inclusiva a partir, principalmente, do ano de 2001. Este objetivo primeiro foi complementado pela construção de “mapas de sentidos” sobre este processo no Estado, apontando o “lugar” da modalidade de educação especial na construção de sistemas de ensino inclusivos, revelando aspectos sócio-histórico-políticos e educacionais constitutivos desta área. Esta conjugação de questões de pesquisa exigiu a construção de instrumentos e estratégias de investigação específicas que foram sistematizados através de coleta de dados em dez localidades (municípios), os quais foram considerados amostra dos comportamentos regionais a respeito do processo de inclusão escolar de alunos com deficiência e demais necessidades educacionais especiais no Estado. A sistematização dos dados coletados nas diferentes localidades proporcionou, de forma integrada à teoria, uma análise da atual configuração destas políticas, revelando um fenômeno de características multifacetadas, com diferentes “mapas de sentidos” sobre o assunto; a variação verificada fica por conta das diferenças regionais, sobretudo, das características culturais, das características educacionais e do “modelo” de educação especial vigente. A partir desta constatação, a pesquisa apontou que a viabilidade de construção de um adequado acompanhamento de implementação de políticas públicas de inclusão escolar, por tratar de um fenômeno complexo, exige uma matriz de interpretação que extrapole a simples questão técnica das avaliações. Neste sentido, um acompanhamento que favoreça um processo genuíno de compreensão das configurações locais indica a necessidade de se partir de uma perspectiva cultural e do entendimento da política como um processo de aprendizagem, adotando uma abordagem cognitiva das políticas públicas, perspectiva que se esforça por apreendê-las como matrizes cognitivo-normativas que constituem sistemas de interpretação do real, valorizando os valores, as idéias e as representações locais. O estudo aponta, por fim, um Estado que, apesar das diferentes interpretações verificadas, reúne-se em torno da modalidade de educação especial como “elemento” fundamental ao processo de inclusão escolar, ainda que a sua “localização” e o seu “sentido” na organização dos sistemas de ensino não seja unânime entre os municípios pesquisados. / This doctoral thesis deals with the study of the public policies of school inclusion in Rio Grande do Sul, in accordance with the current national scene of implementation of policies of inclusive education starting, mainly, from the year 2001. This first objective was complemented by the construction of “sense maps” on this process in the State, pointing the “place” of the modality of special education in the construction of inclusive systems of education, disclosing socialhistorical- political and educational aspects constituent of this area. This conjugation of research questions demanded the construction of instruments and specific strategies of investigation that had been systemized through collection of data in ten localities (counties), which had been considered sample of the regional behaviors regarding the process of school inclusion of students with deficiency and others special educational necessities in the State. The systematization of the data collected in the different localities provided, in an integrated way to the theory, an analysis of the current configuration of these policies, disclosing a multifaceted characteristics’ phenomenon, with different “sense maps” about the subject; the verified variation is at the expense of the regional differences, above all, of the cultural characteristics, the educational characteristics, and the valid “model” of special education. From this verification, the research showed that the construction viability of an adequate accompaniment of public policies implementation of school inclusion, by dealing with a complex phenomenon, demands a matrix interpretation that surpasses the simple technical evaluation questions. In this manner, an accompaniment that favors a genuine process of understanding of the local configurations indicates the necessity of starting it from a cultural perspective and from an understanding of the policies as a learning process, adopting a cognitive approach of the public policies, perspective that struggles to apprehend them as first cognitive-normative matrixes that constitute systems of interpretation of what is real, valuing the local values, ideas and representations. The study finally shows, a State that, despite the different verified interpretations, is congregated around the modality of special education as fundamental “element” to the process of school inclusion, despite its “localization” and its “orientation” in the organization of the education systems is not unanimous among the searched counties.

Diese Forschung hat das Ziel die Praxis der Inklusion im Alltag des Unterrichts und der Schule zu erkennen, begründet mit den deutschen pädagogischen Prinzipien der Inklusion, und die Unterrichtspraxis der Lehrer, die mit Schülern besonderen Lernbedüfnisse im Unterricht eines regelmässigen Lernprozesses umgehen, zu analysieren. Der theoretische Bezugspunkt beruht auf den “Pädagogischen Prinzipien der Inklusion” von Hans Wocken (2003), Andréas Hinz und Inês Boban (2005), die einen geschichtlichen Rückblick auf die Bewegung der schulischen Integration und Einschluss und einige individuelle Experimente in der Schulpraxis in Europa gestalten, und auch eine Analyse der Praxis der Inklusion im schulischen Alltag und im Unterricht, ausgegangen von dem individuellen Lehr- Lernprozess und im Bi- Dozenten-System. Die empirische Untersuchung wendet sich an neun Lehrer der fünften bis zur achten Klasse einer regelmässigen Schule. Durch Interwiews, pädagogische Sitzungen und Erfahrungsaustausch versucht sie eine Inhaltsanalyse zu gestalten in einer Perspektive drei gestellte Ziele: (1) Schüler mit besonderen Lernbedürfnissen: man erfährt wie umfangreich dieser Ausdruck ist; (2) Das Entgegenkommen der Schüler im Unterricht: man untersucht die konkrete Auswirkung in der Didaktik, in der Evaluation, im Bi-Dozenten- System und in der Reduzierung der Schülerzahl im Klassenraum. Davon ausgehend, adaptiert man den Lehrplan, gestaltet den Unterricht verschieden und setzt einen zweiten Dozenten als Hilfskraft ein; (3) Die Überlegung über die tägliche Alltagspraxis: die Arbeitsverhältnisse, Vorteile, Schwierigkeiten und Bildungserwartungen, indem man die Erlebnisse und die Gefühle der Lehrer in ihrer Arbeitserwartungen gegenüber der Schüler und der Schule schildert. Unser Vorschlag ist, die Praxis der Inklusion sollte ein Prinzip jeder Schule und nicht nur Initiative einiger Menschen sein; damit man allen Schülern entgegenkommt und nicht nur ein Teil, ist die Gruppenarbeit sehr wichtig; die räumliche und die materielle Anpassung und Ausstattung der Schule, sowie einen geeigneten Lehrplan sind nötig, damit die Entwicklung aller Schüler in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Kenntnis geboten und ermöglicht wird. / A pesquisa tem como objetivos reconhecer práticas inclusivas no dia-a-dia da sala de aula e da escola, baseadas nos princípios pedagógicos inclusivos alemães, e analisar as práticas educativas dos professores que atuam junto a alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais na sala de aula do ensino regular. O referencial teórico assenta-se nos princípios pedagógicos inclusivos dos educadores alemães Hans Wocken (2003), Andréas Hinz e Inês Boban (2005), incluindo uma retrospectiva histórica do movimento de integração/inclusão escolar e algumas práticas individualizadas de ensino no cenário europeu, além de uma análise de práticas inclusivas no cotidiano da sala de aula e da escola a partir da individualização do ensino e do sistema de bidocência. A investigação empírica volta-se para o trabalho desenvolvido por nove professores do Ensino Fundamental, nas séries de 5ª a 8ª, de uma escola regular. Através de entrevistas, reuniões de estudo, observações de aula, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e testemunhos, procura fazer uma análise de conteúdo, na perspectiva de três eixos norteadores: (1) alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais, em que se analisa a dimensão da nomenclatura, ou seja, o que é para o professor um aluno com necessidade educacional especial e qual a importância do diagnóstico no seu trabalho em sala de aula; (2) atendimento aos alunos em sala de aula, em que se examinam as dimensões de individualização dos alvos, da didática, da avaliação, o sistema de bidocência e a redução numérica, evidenciando um currículo com possibilidade de adaptações, práticas diferenciadas em sala de aula e trabalho do professor de apoio; e (3) reflexão sobre a prática cotidiana, relativamente a condições de trabalho, benefícios, dificuldades e expectativas educacionais, em que se buscam retratar as vivências e os sentimentos dos professores no trabalho e suas expectativas em relação aos alunos e à escola. Conclui-se propondo algumas considerações, como, por exemplo, a práxis da inclusão como um princípio de toda escola e não somente de algumas pessoas; a importância do trabalho em equipe, a fim de que se possam atender todos os alunos e não somente uma parcela; a adaptação da escola tanto em recursos físicos e materiais, como em atendimento curricular, oferecendo um conjunto de situações que favoreçam o desenvolvimento de todos os alunos nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento. / This study aims at spotting daily inclusive practices in the school and in the classroom, based on German inclusive pedagogical principles, as well as analyzing educative practices of teachers who work with students with special educational needs in the classroom of regular schools. Concerning its theoretical reference, it is based on the inclusive pedagogical principles of the German educators Hans Wocken (2003), Andréas Hinz and Inês Boban (2005), including a historical review of the school integration/inclusion movement and some individualized teaching practices in the European setting, as well as an analysis of inclusive practices in the classroom and school routines from the perspective of teaching individualization and bi-instruction system. The empiric investigation approached the work developed by nine teachers of Primary School, from 5th to 8th grade in a regular school. Through interviews, study meetings, classroom observation, semi-structured interviews and testimonials, it attempts to analyze content from the perspective of three guiding axes: (1) students with special educational needs, in which it is analyzed the dimension of nomenclature, i.e., what it means for a teacher a student with special educational needs and how important is the diagnosis in his/her classroom work; (2) assistance to students in the classroom, in which it is examined the dimensions of individualization of targets, didactic, assessment, bi-instruction system and numeric reduction, focusing on a syllabus with possibilities for adaptations, differentiated practices in classroom and supporting teacher’s work; and (3) reflections on daily practice, concerning educational working conditions, benefits, difficulties and expectations, in which it was attempted to portrait the experiences and the feelings of teachers in their work and their expectations regarding students and school. As a conclusion, some considerations are proposed, such as the inclusion praxis as a principle of every school, and not only of some people; the importance of team work, in order to assist all students, and not only a part of them; adaptation of the school both in material and physical resources and syllabus assistance, offering a setting that favors the development of all students in the various areas of knowledge.

This study was conducted to assess the implementation of the expanded core curriculum for learners with visual impairments in special schools in Zambia sub – Saharan Africa. A qualitative case study was used. The main instruments in data collection were face-to-face interviews, a focus group discussion, questionnaire and documents. Data was collected from 28 learners with visual impairments from Grade 5 to 12, 22 teachers from 3 selected special schools; 10 university students, 1 lecturer at university level; 2 college lecturers and 2 curriculum specialists. All the participants were sampled using the purposive sampling procedure. The study found that ECC was taught in segmented patterns without a curriculum guide and learners did not learn all the skills. Methodologies used in teacher training and at school level were inadequate. The main challenges were lack of clear curriculum on ECC, lack of time allocated for teaching ECC, non-availability of teaching and learning resources. The strategies to improve delivery of ECC included formulation of clear ECC and improvement in personnel preparation. The findings offer insight into the kind of ECC skills offered in schools and the challenges that hinder the full teaching of skills. In order to improve skills delivery, all stakeholders: teachers, trainers, curriculum specialists and parents, should collaborate. / Inclusive Education / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)