The aim of this study is an attempt to investigate the relations of power between Sweden and the North African state of Algiers during the 18th century with small and intermediary agents as merchants and their role in the political and tradeoriented diplomacy practised in the Mediterranean Sea as point of departure. It is also an attempt to try and develop the understanding of this lesser investigated subject. Furthermore, it is an attempt to survey what historical documents are available on the subject of my study and the perspective adherent to it. The problem in this study are the relations of power between Sweden and the North African state of Algiers during the 18th century with small and intermediary agents as merchants and their role in the political and tradeoriented diplomacy practised in the Mediterranean as point of departure.The method used is a manuscriptanalysis with a historical character, a method with which historical documents, litterature and previous research are analyzed and interpreted. The source material used are the written documents of consul Georg Logie to the Board of Trade (Kommerskollegium).1 In the first chapter of the study it is stated that there is little evidence in the material, literature and previous research for small agents such as merchantmen and their role in the diplomacy and relations between states as well as in the international context created by states, but also the possibility that the merchants had a potential role in the diplomacy and relations between states as well as in the international context created and constituted by states. In the second chapter of the study it is stated that based upon relevant information obtained in a pilot study there is little evidence in the material with regards to an essay and the time limit it has in relation to an archive and the amount of material it possesses.The possibility that small agents as the merchants potentially had room to act in the international context created and constituted by states is also put forward here. The possibility that it became beneficial for agents as merchantmen to act is put forward in the third chapter. The problem of studying relations between states setting from small and intermediary agents is probably due to a perspective in which trade is defined and seen as a collective phenomenon and merchants is defined as a collective. 1 The equivalent in today's society would be along the lines of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs., my note.

The purpose of this essay is to study what conditions Afghanistan and Iraq have in order to create democracy in their countries. The study is interesting in a political science perspective because it engages many scientists how democracy can be created in authoritarian states. The overall questions my study is based on are: - What are the conditions for Afghanistan and Iraq to develop democracy based on Dankwart Rustow's four democratization phases? and which of these countries Afghanistan or Iraq has bigger chance to develop democracy in its country? My approach to answering my questions has been to study Dankwart Rustow’s theory based on that the creation of democracy can be achieved by four different democracy phases: unit phase, dissolution phase, transition phase and consolidation phase. The conclusion of my study shows that Afghanistan and Iraq have the same conditions for democracy, but Iraq has come further in its democratization and has more opportunities to develop democracy in its country compared to Afghanistan. This is because Iraq has not been involved in any long term war and that Afghanistan is still in civil war with the Taliban, which prevents democratic development in their country. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera vilka förutsättningar Afghanistan och Irak har för att utveckla demokrati i sina länder. Studien är intressant ur ett statsvetenskapligt perspektiv eftersom det engagerar många forskare hur demokrati kan skapas i auktoritära stater. De övergripande frågeställningarna som min studie är baserad på är: -Hur ser förutsättningarna ut för Afghanistan och Irak att utveckla demokrati utifrån Dankwart Rustows fyra demokratiserings faser? och vilka av dessa länder Afghanistan eller Irak har störst möjlighet att utveckla demokrati i sitt land? Mitt tillvägagångssätt för att besvara mina frågor har varit att studera Dankwart Rustows teori, som bygger på att demokrati kan skapas utifrån att fyra olika demokratifaser uppnås: enhetsfas, upplösningsfas, övergångsfas och konsolideringsfas. Uppsatsens slutsats visar på att Afghanistan och Irak har liknande förutsättningar att skapa demokrati men att Irak har kommit längre i sin demokratisering och har större förutsättningar att kunna utveckla demokrati än Afghanistan. Det beror på att Irak inte har varit inblandat i några långvariga krig och att Afghanistan fortfarande är i inbördeskrig med talibanerna, vilket förhindrar en demokratisk utveckling i deras land.

This study aims to test the strength of Shaun Clarkes air theory SPOT-bombing for small nations, to see if the theory could be of good use for all the small states around the world which are not able to master the capacity needed for large nation air theories. The British use of airpower during the Falkland war serves as case which is compared to the SPOT-bombing theory. The British task force, although much smaller than the Argentine military force, succeeded to win the war through extensive use of airpower. The studies analytic results reveal that the indicators taken from the air theory are not found to any greater extent in the British use of airpower during the war. Therefore this study is not able to strengthen or falsify Clarkes air theory as a whole, but reaches the conclusion that using unconventional methods are useful for a smaller state to get effect on strategic level against a larger opponent. Still, after this study there is more work to be done to test the relevance of the SPOT-bombing for small nations air theory, to be able to state if it is worth for small states to base their airpower doctrines upon it.

Denna teoriprövande fallstudie försöker svara på frågan om små staters ökande militära internationella ambitioner, och villighet att ta militära risker är ett förväntat beteende utifrån ett brett realistisk perspektiv. I centrum för undersökningen går den svenska säkerhets- och försvarspolitiska utveckling under luppen. Uppsatsen har en hög abstraktionsnivå och under undersökningens gång görs tre nedslag som alla försöker belysa realismen aktualitet. Inledningsvis undersöks dagens oklara hotbild, för att därefter ta en närmare titt på de motåtgärder som EU- länderna gemensamt har bestämt sig för, varvid begreppet Peace support operations belyses ur ett realistiskt perspektiv. Slutligen diskuteras hur realismen kan förklara små staters agerande varvid olika möjligheter diskuteras. Detta leder fram till en slutsats som konstaterar att små staters militära aktivitet mycket väl kan öka hotet mot den egna staten snarare än att eliminera det, vilket inte är ett förväntat realistiskt beteende av små stater. Dock finns indikationer på att små stater, möjligen använder sig av militära medel för att indirekt maximera sin makt i andra samanhang. ( 26818 ord) / In this case study the pattern of small states increasing willingness to use military force on the international arena, is being used in order to test the realist theory. Are the actions taken by small states expected behavior according to a broad understanding of the realist theory? To find out, the Swedish military development is put in the center of this study. The study proceeds in three steps; first out is a closer look at the new security threat, next the counter measures is examined, in particular the Peace Support Operations. Finally the realist theory tries to explain the behavior of small states. The conclusion of this study indicates that the increasing willingness to take military risk actually can increase the level of threat against the small state. This is not an expected behavior of a small state. Although the study also indicate that small states use its military operation, to indirectly gain power in other fields of interest. (26818 words)

Du Ve s. au Ier s. a.C., l’espace transpyrénéen compris entre l’Èbre et la Garonne, reliant la Méditerranée à l’Atlantique, se situe au carrefour de différentes aires culturelles : la Gaule celtique, la péninsule Ibérique, l’Aquitaine, les cités grecques, mais aussi Rome. En raison du manque de sources littéraires ou de l’insuffisance des données archéologiques, notre connaissance des populations indigènes demeure fragmentaire. Cette lacune ne peut être comblée que par l’étude des vestiges matériels qu’elles nous ont laissés. Aussi, la monnaie peut fournir des données cruciales car elle représente non seulement un témoin privilégié des relations entre communautés protohistoriques, mais constitue également, du fait de sa valeur symbolique, le reflet même de ces sociétés. Il a semblé nécessaire d’aborder le fait monétaire sous un œil nouveau et de se démarquer des approches numismatiques traditionnelles (souvent cloisonnées à des considérations iconographiques et typologiques), dont les interprétations débouchent généralement sur un discours déconnecté des réalités humaines et historiques. La monnaie étant la manifestation d’un état social, ce travail propose d’appréhender sous un angle transdisciplinaire (archéologique, économique, numismatique, statistique et anthropologique) la complexité et la variété des pratiques monétaires. L’une des questions primordiales reste liée à l’apparition du monnayage. Dans cette perspective, il s’est avéré essentiel de déterminer les rythmes, les modalités, et les agents de sa diffusion. Répondant à des origines plurielles, l’introduction de la monnaie dans les échanges implique toute une série de changements structurels dont nous essayons de mesurer l’impact social, économique et politique. D’autre part, une analyse des différents monnayages, nous a mené à caractériser les réalités ethniques, les flux commerciaux, les changements politico-culturels, ainsi que les influences provenant d’environnements plus éloignés. Cette approche a également permis de distinguer des tendances historiques, ainsi que des domaines culturels singuliers. Plus largement, la réflexion se centre sur la place de la monnaie au sein de ces sociétés protohistoriques : quel est son rôle, son importance ? À qui et à quoi sert-elle ? Ces interrogations ont pour objectif de mieux saisir les modalités d’échanges au second âge du Fer. Pour la première fois, ce travail esquisse un panorama monétaire et économique intelligible entre l’apparition des premières espèces monnayées et la mise en place du système monétaire romain. / From the fifth to the first century b.C., the space between the Ebro and the Garonne, which joins the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, is located at the crossroads of various cultural areas : the Celtic Gaul, the Iberian Peninsula, the Aquitaine, the greek cities, as well as Rome. Due to the lack of literary sources and archaeological data, our knowledge of indigenous peoples remains limited. This gap can be filled by the study of archeological materials. Among them, the coinage can provide crucial data because it represents a strong evidence of relations between the different protohistoric communities. In addition to that, owing to its symbolic value, money becomes a genuine expression of protohistoric societies. It seemed necessary to study the coinage in a new light so as to stand out from traditional numismatic approaches often restricted to iconographic and typological considerations. Those interpretations generally lead to a discourse too far from human and historical realities. The coins represent an evidence of a social reality. This work proposes a transdisciplinary point of view (archaeological, economic, numismatics, statistical and anthropological) to learn more about the complexity and the variety of monetary practices. One of the main issues remains the emergence of coinage. In this perspective, it was essential to define rhythms, modes, and also agents involved in its circulation. From various origins, the insertion of money within trade involves a series of structural changes : we try to measure their social, economic and political impacts. On the other hand, an analysis of different coinages drove us to characterize together ethnic realities, trade flows, political and cultural changes, as well as influences coming from more or less distant areas. This approach has also led us to distinguish historical trends and singular cultural fields. More generally, this approach focuses on the role of money in these protohistoric societies : which role does it play, what is its weight? What is it used for and whom does it serve? These questions aim to understand the features of trade during the second Iron Age. For the first time, this work outlines a monetary and economic panorama from the first coining to the advent of the Roman system.